Division of Bacterial Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch
Dana CASTILLO
Brian HARCOURT
Cynthia HATCHER
Michael JACKSON
Lee KATZ
Raydel MAIR
Leonard MAYER
Chief, Meningitis Laboratory
Ryan NOVAK
Lila RAHALISON
Susanna SCHMINK
Jordan THEODORE
Jennifer THOMAS
Jeni VUONG
Xin WANG
Respiratory Diseases Branch
Lesley MCGEE
Other Institutions
Dominique A. CAUGANT
WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Meningococci
Department of Bacteriology and Immunology
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Susanne CHANTEAU
Institut Pasteur
Nouméa
New Caledonia
Sébastien COGNAT
International Health Regulations Coordination
Health Security and Environment
World Health Organization
Lyon
France
Pierre NICOLAS
WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Meningococci
Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées – IMTSSA
Marseille
France
Reviewers
Bernard BEALL
Chief, Streptococcus Laboratory
Respiratory Diseases Branch
Division of Bacterial Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Thomas CLARK
Epidemiology Team Lead, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch
Division of Bacterial Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Amanda COHN
Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch
Division of Bacterial Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Kimberley FOX
Expanded Programme on Immunization
World Health Organization
Western Pacific Regional Office
Manila
Philippines
Anne von GOTTBERG
Head of Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Reference Unit
National Institute for Communicable Diseases
Johannesburg
South Africa
Nancy MESSONNIER
Chief, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch
Division of Bacterial Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Rasmata OUEDRAOGO
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle
Ouagadougou
Burkina Faso
Fem Julia PALADIN
Expanded Programme on Immunization
World Health Organization
Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Manila
Philippines
Tanja POPOVIC
Deputy Associate Director for Science
Office of the Associate Director for Science
Office of the Director
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Manju RANI
Expanded Programme on Immunization
World Health Organization
Western Pacific Regional Office
Manila
Philippines
Aparna Singh SHAH
Expanded Programme on Immunization
South East Asia Regional Office
World Health Organization
New Delhi
India
Muhamed-Kheir TAHA
Head of the Unit Invasive Bacterial Infections
Director of the National Reference Center for Meningococci
Institut Pasteur
Paris
France
Cynthia WHITNEY
Chief, Respiratory Diseases Branch
Division of Bacterial Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2011 WHO Meningitis Manual other Contributors
Mary AGOCS
Expanded Programme on Immunization
Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals
World Health Organization
Geneva
Switzerland
Eric BERTHERAT
Epidemic Readiness and Intervention
Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response
World Health Organization
Geneva
Switzerland
Jean Bosco NDIHOKUBWAYO
Division of Health System and Services Development
World Health Organization
Regional Office for Africa
Brazzaville
Republic of Congo
Fatima SERHAN
Expanded Programme on Immunization
Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals
World Health Organization
Geneva
Switzerland
Stephanie SCHWARTZ
Division of Bacterial Diseases
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Acknowledgements
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) express their gratitude to those who have contributed their time and experience to this 2nd edition of the “Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae”.
Special thanks should be given to Dr. Leonard Mayer, CDC, Atlanta, USA, WHO Collaborating Center for Meningitis, for taking the lead in the process of developing as well as compiling and editing this manual.
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