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Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers

Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers
Updated Feb. 6, 2024

This page provides an overview for healthcare providers. For information on CDC research, see Science behind Long COVID.


For the General Public: Long COVID (Post-COVID Conditions)

Key Points

  • The term “Post-COVID Conditions” is an umbrella term for the wide range of physical and mental health consequences experienced by some patients that are present 4 or more weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, including by patients who had initial mild or asymptomatic acute infection.
  • Based on current information, many Post-COVID Conditions can be managed by primary care providers, using patient-centered approaches to optimize the quality of life and function of affected patients.
  • Objective laboratory or imaging findings should not be used as the only measure or assessment of a patient’s well-being; normal laboratory or imaging findings do not invalidate the existence, severity, or importance of a patient’s Post-COVID Conditions.
  • Healthcare providers and patients are encouraged to set achievable goals through shared decision-making, and to approach treatment by focusing on specific symptoms (e.g., headache) or conditions (e.g., dysautonomia). A comprehensive management plan focusing on improving physical, mental, and social well-being may be helpful for some patients.
  • Understanding of Post-COVID Conditions remains incomplete. The approach to caring for patients with Post-COVID Conditions will likely change over time as evidence accumulates.

Overview

Definition

CDC uses the term “Post-COVID Conditions” (PCC) as an umbrella term for the wide range of health consequences that can be present 4 or more weeks after infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.

Post-COVID Conditions are associated with a spectrum of physical, social, and psychological consequences, as well as functional limitations that can present substantial challenges to patient wellness and quality of life.

Although standardized case definitions are still being developed, in the broadest sense, Post-COVID Conditions can be considered a lack of return to a usual state of health following acute COVID-19 illness. Post-COVID Conditions can also include development of new or recurrent symptoms or new conditions after the symptoms of acute COVID-19 illness have resolved.

Time frame

Most patients appear to recover from acute COVID-19 illness within 4 weeks. However, some continue to have persistent, emergent, and re-emergent symptoms and conditions after this acute phase. CDC considers Post-COVID Conditions to be present if recovery does not occur after the 4-week acute phase even though many patients continue to recover between 4 and 12 weeks.

CDC considers Post-COVID Conditions to be present if recovery does not occur after the 4-week acute phase even though many patients continue to recover between 4 and 12 weeks.

  • While patients may still recover after 12 weeks, persistent illness becomes more likely.

Presentation

Different onset patterns for Post-COVID Conditions have been identified that further exemplify their heterogeneity, including:

  • persistent symptoms and conditions that begin at the time of acute COVID-19 illness
  • new-onset signs, symptoms, or conditions following asymptomatic disease or a period of acute symptom relief or remission
  • an evolution of symptoms and conditions that include some persistent symptoms (e.g., shortness of breath) with the addition of new symptoms or conditions over time (e.g., cognitive difficulties)
  • worsening of pre-existing symptoms or conditions

Factors that might make it more difficult to distinguish the presentation of Post-COVID Conditions include:

  • pre-COVID comorbidities (underlying medical conditions)
  • physical deconditioning at baseline or after a prolonged acute disease course that can be nonspecific to COVID-19
  • physical and mental health consequences of illness with a long or complicated disease course, including depression and anxiety
  • social, environmental, and economic stressors

Some presentations may share similarities with other post-infectious syndromes, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and other forms of dysautonomia, or mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). Some of these types of conditions were also reported in patients following severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), two other life-threatening illnesses resulting from coronavirus infections.

New or persistent symptoms

A wide range of other new or persistent symptoms and clinical findings can occur in people with varying degrees of illness from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, including patients who have had mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. These effects can overlap with multiorgan complications, or with effects of treatment or hospitalization. This category is heterogeneous, as it can include patients who have clinically important but poorly understood symptoms (e.g., difficulty thinking or concentrating, post-exertional malaise) that can be persistent or intermittent after initial acute infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Commonly reported symptoms include:

  • Dyspnea or increased respiratory effort
  • Fatigue
  • Post-exertional malaise* and/or poor endurance
  • Cognitive impairment or "brain fog"
  • Cough
  • Chest pain
  • Headache
  • Palpitations and tachycardia
  • Arthralgia
  • Myalgia
  • Paresthesia
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Insomnia and other sleep difficulties
  • Fever
  • Lightheadedness
  • Impaired daily function and mobility
  • Pain
  • Rash (e.g., urticaria)
  • Mood changes
  • Anosmia or dysgeusia
  • Menstrual cycle irregularities
  • Erectile dysfunction

* Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion, with symptoms typically worsening 12 to 48 hours after activity and lasting for days or even weeks.

Prevalence

The prevalence of Post-COVID Conditions has been challenging to estimate, with estimates ranging widely (5–30%). Reasons for these wide-ranging estimates include:

  • differing symptoms or conditions investigated
  • the temporal criteria used (weeks up to many months following SARS-CoV-2 infection)
  • the study settings included (outpatient vs. inpatient)
  • Severity of acute COVID-19 illness
  • Differing patient populations (e.g., children vs. adults)
  • how symptoms and conditions are assessed (e.g., self-report vs. electronic health record database)

CDC posts data on Post-COVID Conditions and provides analyses, the most recent of which can be found on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey.

Possible causes

It can be difficult to distinguish symptoms caused by Post-COVID Conditions from symptoms that occur for other reasons. Alternative reasons for health problems need to be considered, such as other diagnoses or acute respiratory illness including SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.

Post-COVID Conditions are heterogeneous and may be attributable to different underlying pathophysiologic processes. Researchers are working to characterize and differentiate the multiple possible etiologies, such as

  • organ damage resulting from acute phase infection
  • complications from a dysregulated inflammatory state
  • microvascular dysfunction
  • ongoing viral activity associated with an intra-host viral reservoir
  • autoimmunity
  • inadequate antibody response
  • other potential causes

Multiorgan system effects of acute COVID-19 and PCC

Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and PCC have been documented to have the following effects:

  • cardiovascular
  • pulmonary
  • renal
  • psychologic
  • neurologic / cognitive
  • gastrointestinal
  • immunologic
  • endocrine
  • reproductive
  • genitourinary
  • dermatologic

A wide variety of health effects can persist after the acute COVID-19 illness has resolved (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis, myocarditis). Patients who experienced multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) during or after COVID-19 illness may be at higher risk for on-going multiorgan system effects and Post-COVID Conditions. It is unknown how long multiorgan system effects might last and whether the effects could lead to chronic health conditions.

Patients who experienced multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) during or after COVID-19 illness may be at higher risk for on-going multiorgan system effects and Post-COVID Conditions. It is unknown how long multiorgan system effects might last and whether the effects could lead to chronic health conditions.

Effects of COVID-19 illness or hospitalization

Effects of COVID-19 illness or hospitalization can include severe weakness, muscle atrophy, and tracheal stenosis from prolonged intubation.

Some of these effects are similar to those from hospitalization for other respiratory infections or other conditions.

  • This category can also encompass post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), which includes a range of health effects that remain after a critical illness.
  • These effects can include severe weakness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Though the effects of hospitalization may not be unique to COVID-19 illness, they are considered Post-COVID Conditions if they occur after a SARS-CoV-2 infection and persist for 4 or more weeks.

Assessment and Testing for Post-COVID Conditions

Some patients with Post-COVID Conditions will not have had positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 due to a lack of testing, inaccurate testing during the acute period, waning antibody levels, or false-negative antibody testing during follow up.

Many Post-COVID Conditions can be diagnosed clinically based on history and findings on physical examination. Others might require directed diagnostic testing with the understanding that such clinical assessments might be uninformative, and that potential harms could arise from excessive testing such as:

  • the increased risk for incidental findings,
  • anxiety about abnormal results that do not have clinical significance,
  • imaging-related radiation exposure,
  • cost, and
  • time spent for medical appointments.

For most patients with possible Post-COVID Conditions, healthcare professionals might choose a conservative diagnostic approach in the first 4 to 12 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Laboratory and imaging studies can often be normal or nondiagnostic in patients experiencing Post-COVID Conditions and symptoms may improve or resolve during the first few months after acute infection in many patients, further supporting an initial conservative approach to diagnostic testing. However, workup and testing should not be delayed when there are signs and symptoms of urgent and potentially life-threatening clinical conditions (e.g., pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, pericarditis with effusion, stroke, renal failure). Symptoms that persist beyond 3 months should prompt further evaluation.

Physical examination and vital signs

Post-COVID Conditions involve multiple organ systems; thus, a thorough physical examination should be considered.

For patients who report previous infection with SARS-CoV-2, in addition to standard vital signs (i.e., blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse-oximetry, body temperature) and body mass index, healthcare professionals should evaluate ambulatory pulse-oximetry for individuals presenting with respiratory symptoms, fatigue, or malaise. Orthostatic vital signs [1 page, 554 KB] should be evaluated for individuals reporting postural symptoms, dizziness, fatigue, cognitive impairment, or malaise.

Laboratory testing

At this time, no laboratory test can be used to definitively diagnose Post-COVID Conditions or to distinguish Post-COVID Conditions from conditions with different etiologies.

A positive SARS-CoV-2 viral test (i.e., nucleic acid amplification test [NAAT] or antigen test) or serologic (antibody) test can help assess for current or previous infection. However, these laboratory tests are not required to establish a diagnosis of Post-COVID Conditions. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and antigen testing are not 100% sensitive. Further, testing capacity was limited early in the pandemic so some infected and recovered persons had no opportunity to obtain laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, some patients who developed Post-COVID Conditions were asymptomatic with their acute infection and would not have had a reason to be tested.

For information about antibody testing, see Using Antibody Tests for COVID-19. Healthcare professionals should also consider the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. See Guidance for SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection.

Before ordering laboratory testing for Post-COVID Conditions, the goals of testing should be clear to the healthcare professional and to the patient. Laboratory testing should be guided by the patient history, physical examination, and clinical findings.

  • A basic panel of laboratory tests might be considered for patients with persistent symptoms (including testing for non-COVID-19-related conditions that may be contributing to illness) to assess for conditions that may respond to treatment (Table 1a).
  • More specialized testing may not be needed in patients who are being initially evaluated for Post-COVID Conditions; however, expanded testing should be considered if symptoms persist for 3 months or longer (Table 1b).

The absence of laboratory-confirmed abnormalities or the decision to forgo extensive laboratory testing should not lead to dismissing the possible impact of a patient’s symptoms on their daily function. Where clinically indicated, symptom management and a comprehensive rehabilitation plan can be initiated simultaneously with laboratory testing for most patients.

Specialized diagnostic tests should be ordered in the context of suggestive findings on history and physical examination (e.g., testing for rheumatological conditions in patients experiencing arthralgias).

Table 1a. Basic diagnostic laboratory testing to consider for patients with Post-COVID Conditions

Category

Category

Category

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory Tests

Blood count, electrolytes, and renal function

Category

Blood count, electrolytes, and renal function

Complete blood count with possible iron studies to follow, basic metabolic panel, Urinalysis

Laboratory Tests

Complete blood count with possible iron studies to follow, basic metabolic panel, Urinalysis

Liver function

Category

Liver function

Liver function tests or complete metabolic panel

Laboratory Tests

Liver function tests or complete metabolic panel

Inflammatory markers

Category

Inflammatory markers

C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ferritin

Laboratory Tests

C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ferritin

Thyroid function

Category

Thyroid function

TSH and free T4

Laboratory Tests

TSH and free T4

Vitamin deficiencies

Category

Vitamin deficiencies

vitamin D, vitamin B12

Laboratory Tests

vitamin D, vitamin B12

Table 1b. Specialized diagnostic laboratory testing to consider for patients with Post-COVID Conditions

Category

Category

Category

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory Tests

Rheumatological conditions

Category

Rheumatological conditions

Antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, anti-cardiolipin, and creatine phosphokinase

Laboratory Tests

Antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, anti-cardiolipin, and creatine phosphokinase

Coagulation disorders

Category

Coagulation disorders

D-dimer, fibrinogen

Laboratory Tests

D-dimer, fibrinogen

Myocardial injury

Category

Myocardial injury

Troponin

Laboratory Tests

Troponin

Differentiate symptoms of cardiac versus pulmonary origin

Category

Differentiate symptoms of cardiac versus pulmonary origin

B-type natriuretic peptide

Laboratory Tests

B-type natriuretic peptide

Other assessment and testing tools

Symptom inventories and assessment tools, such as those embedded within electronic health records at many healthcare organizations, can help evaluate and monitor the status of Post-COVID Conditions. Functional testing can also be helpful to quantitatively document clinical status over time.

A selection of some available assessment tools is shown in Table 2a and Table 2b. These and other measures can also be found in the health measures toolbox and American Academy of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation’s functional assessments, along with assessment tools for other rehabilitation needs (e.g., bowel and bladder function, pain, activities of daily living, cognition, mobility, sleep).

Testing should be tailored to the patient’s symptoms and presentation.

Table 2a. Selected assessment tools for evaluating people with Post-COVID Conditions

Category

Category

Category

Tools

Tools

Tools

Functional status or quality of life

Category

Functional status or quality of life

  • Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (e.g., Cognitive Function 4a)
  • Post-Covid-19 Functional Status Scale (PCFS)
  • EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D)
Tools
  • Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (e.g., Cognitive Function 4a)
  • Post-Covid-19 Functional Status Scale (PCFS)
  • EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D)

Respiratory conditions

Category

Respiratory conditions

  • Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale
Tools
  • Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale

Neurologic conditions

Category

Neurologic conditions

  • Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
  • Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
  • Compass 31 (for dysautonomia)
  • Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory
Tools
  • Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
  • Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
  • Compass 31 (for dysautonomia)
  • Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory

Psychiatric conditions

Category

Psychiatric conditions

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
  • Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
  • PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS)
  • Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (SPTSS)
  • PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
  • Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IESR)
  • Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
Tools
  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)
  • Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
  • PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS)
  • Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (SPTSS)
  • PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
  • Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IESR)
  • Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

Other conditions

Category

Other conditions

  • Wood Mental Fatigue Inventory (WMFI)
  • Fatigue Severity Scale
  • Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
  • Connective Tissue Disease Screening Questionnaire
Tools
  • Wood Mental Fatigue Inventory (WMFI)
  • Fatigue Severity Scale
  • Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
  • Connective Tissue Disease Screening Questionnaire

Table 2b. Selected functional and other testing tools for evaluating people with Post-COVID Conditions

Category

Category

Category

Tools

Tools

Tools

Exercise capacity

Category

Exercise capacity

  • 1-minute sit-to-stand test
  • 2-minute step test
  • 10-meter walk test (10MWT)
  • 6-minute walk test
Tools
  • 1-minute sit-to-stand test
  • 2-minute step test
  • 10-meter walk test (10MWT)
  • 6-minute walk test

Balance and fall risk

Category

Balance and fall risk

  • BERG Balance Scale
  • Tinetti Gait and Balance Assessment Tool
Tools
  • BERG Balance Scale
  • Tinetti Gait and Balance Assessment Tool

Other

Category

Other

  • Tilt-table testing (e.g., for POTS)
  • Orthostatic vital signs assessment
Tools
  • Tilt-table testing (e.g., for POTS)
  • Orthostatic vital signs assessment

Healthcare professionals should use caution when conducting exercise capacity testing with some patients, especially those with post-exertional malaise (i.e., the worsening of symptoms following even minor physical or mental exertion, with symptoms typically worsening 12 to 48 hours after activity and lasting for days or even weeks).

  • For these patients, and others who may not have the stamina for extended or lengthy assessments, modifications in the testing plan may also be needed.
  • Exercise capacity tests should be scheduled for a dedicated follow-up appointment so that patients can prepare additional home supports.
  • Ensuring that the testing circumstances best support the patient to perform maximally and then documenting this performance can create an objective reliable record of functional status that may be needed for assessment for other services or disability.

Additional diagnostic testing should be guided by findings from the patient history and physical examination and results of previous diagnostic testing, and may include a chest x-ray, pulmonary function tests, electrocardiogram, or echocardiogram for persistent or new respiratory or cardiac concerns, although additional studies and more clinical evidence are needed to support the utility of specific imaging tests for evaluation of Post-COVID Conditions.

For patients who may require imaging based on clinical findings, symptom management and a rehabilitation plan can often be initiated simultaneously with the imaging workup. In patients with normal chest x-rays and normal oxygen saturation, computed tomography (CT) imaging of the chest might have lower yield for assessing pulmonary disease. In patients without an elevated D-dimer and compatible symptoms, CT pulmonary angiogram may be lower yield in the context of a pulmonary embolism workup. In patients with brain fog symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain might not be revealing for pathologic findings in the absence of focal neurological deficits. Further caution may be exercised in ordering imaging in children without a high index of suspicion of pathology. More specialized (e.g., cardiac MRI) imaging studies might merit consultation with specialists.

Management of Post-COVID Conditions

Medical management

For most patients, the goal of medical management of Post-COVID Conditions is to optimize function and quality of life. Ideally, healthcare professionals, in consultation with the relevant specialists, should develop a comprehensive management plan based on their patients’ presenting symptoms, underlying medical and psychiatric conditions, personal and social situations, and their treatment goals.

  • Setting achievable goals through shared decision-making can be beneficial.
  • Transparency is important for the process of goal setting; healthcare professionals should advise patients that Post-COVID Conditions are not yet well understood and assure them that support will continue to be provided as new information emerges.
  • Healthcare professionals and patients should continue to discuss progress and challenges and reassess goals as needed.
  • Symptoms not explained by, or out of proportion to, objective findings are not uncommon after COVID-19 and should not be dismissed, even if there is not yet a full understanding of their etiology or their expected duration.

Effective Post-COVID care can include:

1
Providing holistic patient-centered management approaches to improve patient quality of life and function and partnering with patients to identify achievable health goals.
2
Facilitating standardized, trauma-informed approaches to assessing symptoms and conditions.
3
Setting expectations with patients and their families that outcomes from Post-COVID Conditions differ among patients. Some patients may experience symptom improvement within the first three months, whereas others may continue to experience prolonged or worsening of symptoms.
4
Continuing follow-up over the course of illness, with considerations of broadening the testing and management approach over time if symptoms do not improve or resolve, while remaining transparent that there is much more to learn about Post-COVID Conditions.
5
Establishing partnerships with specialists for physical and mental health care, when needed, which may include comprehensive rehabilitation services.
6
Connecting patients to social services when available, including assistance for other hardships (e.g., financial, family illness, bereavement, caregiving), resources on disability and reasonable accommodations for work or school, and connections to patient support groups.

Symptom management approaches

Many Post-COVID Conditions can be improved through established symptom management approaches (e.g., breathing exercises to improve symptoms of dyspnea). Creating a comprehensive rehabilitation plan may be helpful for some patients, and might include physical and occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, or vocational therapy, as well as neurologic rehabilitation for cognitive symptoms.

A conservative physical rehabilitation plan might be indicated for some patients (e.g., persons with post-exertional malaise) and consultation with physiatry for cautious initiation of exercise and recommendations about pacing may be useful. Gradual return to activity as tolerated could be helpful for most patients.

Optimizing management of underlying medical conditions might include counseling on lifestyle components such as nutrition, sleep, and stress reduction (e.g., meditation).

Patient diaries and calendars might be useful to document changes in health conditions and symptom severity—especially in relation to potential triggers such as exertion (physical and cognitive), foods, menstruation, and treatments or medications. Such diaries and calendars can provide greater insight into patients’ symptoms and lived experience for healthcare providers. Healthcare providers should encourage patients to report any new or changing symptoms and to discuss any changes in activities or routines.

Patients with Post-COVID Conditions may share some of the symptoms that occur in patients who experience:

Symptom management approaches that have been helpful for these disorders may also benefit some patients with Post-COVID Conditions (e.g., activity management (pacing) for post-exertional malaise).

Medications

FDA-approved or over-the-counter medications, as well as vitamin or electrolyte supplements, may be helpful for indicated illnesses (e.g., headache, anxiety) or documented deficiencies (e.g., vitamin deficiency) after carefully weighing the benefits and risks of pharmaceutical interventions. Some treatments have been offered that lack evidence of efficacy or effectiveness and could be harmful to patients. Healthcare providers should inquire about any unprescribed medications, herbal remedies, supplements, or other treatments that patients may be taking for their Post-COVID Conditions and evaluate for drug interactions.

Follow-up visits with a healthcare professional might be considered every 2–3 months, with frequency adjusted up or down depending on the patient’s condition and illness progression. Continuity of care is important in the management of Post-COVID Conditions.

Holistic support for patients with Post-COVID Conditions

Evidence indicates that holistic support for the patient throughout their illness course can be beneficial.

Recognizing and validating the impact of illness on quality of life should be part of the ongoing healthcare professional and patient interaction. Healthcare professionals can provide information on peer support resources (e.g., patient support groups, online forums). Support groups are connecting individuals, providing support, and sharing resources for persons affected by COVID-19 (see Resources). When material, employment, or other social support needs are identified, healthcare professionals should consider referral themselves (if they are knowledgeable and able) and engaging a social worker, case worker, community health worker, or similarly trained professional to assist.

Patient groups with special considerations

People who belong to racial and ethnic minority populations have experienced a higher burden of COVID-19—in part because of structural racism and longstanding disparities in social determinants of health—which has led to a higher number of people being impacted by Post-COVID Conditions in some of these same populations.

  • At the same time, people in these groups might have less access to the primary healthcare and treatment options that are needed by people suffering from Post-COVID Conditions.
  • Furthermore, since people from racial and ethnic minority groups are disproportionately affected by some chronic conditions that have characterized Post-COVID Conditions, new or worsening symptoms from these conditions might not be recognized as Post-COVID Conditions, leading to underestimation of Post-COVID Conditions prevalence in these populations.
  • Tools for cross-cultural communication and language access, including translated materials on Post-COVID Conditions and interpreter services, could help address health literacy and improve communication effectiveness.
  • Deploying resources to these communities can help ensure disproportionately affected residents are aware of Post-COVID Conditions and have access to needed services.

Patient advocacy groups have raised concerns that some Post-COVID Conditions have been either misdiagnosed as or misattributed to psychiatric causes or deconditioning, particularly among persons who belong to groups that have been marginalized or disproportionately impacted. Sensitivity to and awareness of stigma, completing a full clinical evaluation, and maintaining an attitude of empathy and understanding can help address these concerns.

Documentation of Post-COVID Conditions

Documentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Post-COVID Conditions is critical for accurate public health surveillance. The World Health Organization (WHO) provided an ICD-10 code for Post-COVID Condition that was incorporated into the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) as of October 1, 2021:

  • U09.9 Post COVID-19 Condition, unspecified– to allow the establishment of a link with COVID-19; not to be used in cases that still are presenting with acute COVID-19.

The code should be used for patients with a history of probable or confirmed SARS CoV-2 infection who are identified with a Post-COVID Condition. In addition, assign codes for specific conditions and symptoms identified. ICD-10-CM coding guidance can be found at 2022 ICD-10-CM Guidelines [583 KB, 115 pages], pages 30-31 (Section I.C.1.g.1.m).

Research on Post-COVID Conditions

Medical and research communities are still learning about post-acute COVID-19 symptoms and clinical findings. Scientific knowledge is still limited, including what causes symptoms and how often they occur.

Researchers are actively studying the prevalence, mechanism, duration, and severity of symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as risk factors associated with Post-COVID Conditions. Whereas older patients and those with underlying health conditions might have an increased risk for severe disease, young people, including those who were physically fit before SARS-CoV-2 infection, have also reported symptoms lasting several months after acute illness. Current U.S. government Long COVID research and plans for accelerating research and innovation in Long COVID are summarized in the National Research Action Plan on Long COVID.

Clinics for Post-COVID Conditions have been established at medical centers across the United States, bringing together multidisciplinary teams to provide a comprehensive and coordinated treatment approach to COVID-19 aftercare.

CDC continues to actively investigate the full spectrum of COVID-19 illness, from the acute phase to long-term effects and conditions. This work will help to establish a more complete understanding of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related illnesses, which can inform healthcare strategies, clinical decision-making, and the public health response to this virus.

How to Get Involved in Long COVID Research

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is conducting a research project, called the RECOVER Initiative, to understand how people recover from a COVID-19 infection and why some people do not fully recover and develop Long COVID or Post-COVID Conditions.

Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery

Tools and Resources

References