Table 1.1a: Skin-to-skin contact among vaginal births by facility type, size, NICU level, and region
CDC National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) -- 2013
  How many patients experience mother-infant skin-to-skin contact for at least 30 minutes within 1 hour of uncomplicated vaginal birth
Few Some Many Most Not sure N
All 3.4 8.2 16.2 72.0 0.3 2631
Type of facility
Birth center 0.6 0.6 0.6 97.6 0.6 165
Government hospital 6.4 11.9 18.1 63.0 0.6 481
Non-profit hospital 2.2 7.4 16.1 74.2 0.2 1617
Private hospital 6.4 10.2 19.9 63.5 0.0 342
Military hospital 0.0 11.5 34.6 53.8 0.0 26
Teaching hospital
Yes 0.5 3.3 21.3 74.9 0.0 183
No 3.8 9.1 16.9 70.0 0.3 2283
Size of facility
1-249 4.9 8.9 15.8 70.0 0.3 587
250-499 5.4 10.5 14.6 69.3 0.2 466
500-999 4.2 10.5 17.2 67.7 0.4 569
1000-1999 1.7 6.6 17.8 73.8 0.0 516
2000-4999 0.5 4.6 14.3 80.4 0.2 433
5000 or more 0.0 0.0 20.0 78.3 1.7 60
Level of Neonatal Care
Healthy newborn only 4.5 9.0 15.1 71.1 0.2 1143
Level 2 special care 3.2 9.0 17.4 70.0 0.4 841
Level 3 NICU 1.3 6.1 17.5 74.8 0.4 559
Level 4 Regional NICU 3.4 2.3 9.1 85.2 0.0 88
Census region
Pacific 0.3 2.0 7.9 89.5 0.3 353
Mountain 2.5 5.4 16.6 75.5 0.0 241
West North Central 4.8 14.3 20.4 60.5 0.0 357
East North Central 1.6 6.8 15.0 76.3 0.2 426
West South Central 7.0 10.6 16.1 65.8 0.6 330
East South Central 8.7 11.0 18.5 61.3 0.6 173
New England 0.0 2.4 11.8 85.8 0.0 127
Middle Atlantic 2.1 7.3 21.0 69.5 0.0 233
South Atlantic 3.8 10.5 18.2 67.0 0.5 391
Table 1.2a: Skin-to-skin contact among Cesarean births by hospital type, size, NICU level, and region
CDC National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) -- 2013
  How many patients experience mother-infant skin-to-skin contact for at least 30 minutes within 2 hours of uncomplicated Cesarean birth
Few Some Many Most Not sure N
All 9.9 12.5 18.1 59.2 0.2 2452
Type of facility
Government hospital 14.3 15.5 19.1 50.5 0.6 477
Non-profit hospital 8.2 10.3 17.1 64.2 0.1 1608
Private hospital 12.3 17.3 21.4 49.0 0.0 341
Military hospital 0.0 30.8 23.1 42.3 3.8 26
Teaching hospital
Yes 5.5 14.2 19.7 60.7 0.0 183
No 10.2 12.4 18.0 59.1 0.3 2269
Size of facility
1-249 11.7 14.5 16.1 57.5 0.2 428
250-499 13.2 13.4 20.2 53.0 0.2 455
500-999 11.4 13.8 17.0 57.9 0.0 560
1000-1999 6.8 10.7 20.0 62.4 0.2 516
2000-4999 7.2 10.9 16.4 65.4 0.2 433
5000 or more 3.3 8.3 25.0 60.0 3.3 60
Level of Neonatal Care
Healthy newborn only 11.9 13.7 17.9 56.4 0.1 968
Level 2 special care 9.1 11.9 19.1 59.7 0.2 838
Level 3 NICU 7.9 12.0 16.7 62.9 0.5 558
Level 4 Regional NICU 8.0 8.0 21.6 62.5 0.0 88
Census region
Pacific 5.2 5.8 21.3 67.1 0.6 310
Mountain 4.2 14.0 16.3 65.1 0.5 215
West North Central 7.5 15.3 19.0 57.9 0.3 347
East North Central 7.2 11.6 15.5 65.7 0.0 414
West South Central 16.0 15.0 19.4 49.3 0.3 294
East South Central 22.3 12.0 15.7 50.0 0.0 166
New England 2.5 2.5 14.0 81.0 0.0 121
Middle Atlantic 8.3 16.7 16.2 58.8 0.0 228
South Atlantic 15.4 14.8 21.6 47.9 0.3 357
Facilities not performing Cesareans are not included in these tabulations.
Table 1.3a: Early breastfeeding initiation among vaginal births by facility type, size, NICU level, and region
CDC National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) -- 2013
  What percent of healthy breastfed infants are put to the breast within 1 hour of uncomplicated vaginal birth
<10% 10-49% 50-89% 90% or more N
All 1.5 6.0 27.7 64.8 2618
Type of facility 0.0 0.0 5.4 94.6 166
Birth center
Government hospital 1.9 6.5 32.4 59.2 478
Non-profit hospital 1.3 6.4 27.3 64.9 1609
Private hospital 2.1 6.8 32.6 58.5 340
Military hospital 4.0 4.0 40.0 52.0 25
Teaching hospital
Yes 0.0 8.2 38.8 53.0 183
No 1.7 6.3 28.4 63.6 2269
Size of facility
1-249 2.7 6.1 21.0 70.2 587
250-499 1.1 5.0 25.7 68.3 463
500-999 1.9 7.1 28.3 62.7 566
1000-1999 0.6 5.9 31.3 62.3 512
2000-4999 0.7 5.1 32.0 62.2 431
5000 or more 0.0 11.9 42.4 45.8 59
Level of Neonatal Care
Healthy newborn only 2.1 5.9 22.2 69.8 1137
Level 2 special care 1.2 5.9 30.6 62.3 841
Level 3 NICU 0.5 6.1 34.7 58.7 554
Level 4 Regional NICU 1.2 8.1 27.9 62.8 86
Census region
Pacific 0.3 2.3 21.3 76.1 352
Mountain 0.4 5.9 25.1 68.6 239
West North Central 1.4 4.8 29.8 64.0 356
East North Central 1.2 6.8 30.7 61.3 424
West South Central 4.3 7.6 28.0 60.1 328
East South Central 1.8 10.7 30.2 57.4 169
New England 0.0 2.4 18.9 78.7 127
Middle Atlantic 0.9 6.5 25.4 67.2 232
South Atlantic 1.8 7.4 32.7 58.1 391
Table 1.4a: Early breastfeeding initiation among Cesarean births by hospital type, size, NICU level, and region
CDC National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) -- 2013
  What percent of healthy breastfed infants are put to the breast within 2 hours of uncomplicated Cesarean birth
<10% 10-49% 50-89% 90% or more N
All 4.9 9.0 25.7 60.4 2444
Type of facility
Government hospital 6.9 11.3 29.0 52.7 476
Non-profit hospital 3.9 7.2 24.4 64.6 1606
Private hospital 6.5 13.4 28.3 51.8 336
Military hospital 7.7 26.9 15.4 50.0 26
Teaching hospital
Yes 5.5 14.8 29.1 50.5 182
No 4.8 8.6 25.5 61.1 2262
Size of facility
1-249 5.6 8.6 24.2 61.5 429
250-499 4.7 8.4 25.8 61.1 450
500-999 5.4 9.6 24.5 60.5 560
1000-1999 3.5 7.8 26.3 62.4 513
2000-4999 5.3 9.9 28.4 56.4 433
5000 or more 5.1 15.3 23.7 55.9 59
Level of Neonatal Care
Healthy newborn only 4.8 9.6 22.3 63.3 964
Level 2 special care 4.4 7.3 28.3 60.0 835
Level 3 NICU 5.6 10.8 27.1 56.6 557
Level 4 Regional NICU 5.7 8.0 30.7 55.7 88
Census region
Pacific 3.2 8.4 24.3 64.1 309
Mountain 3.7 9.3 23.1 63.9 216
West North Central 0.9 7.2 24.8 67.1 347
East North Central 4.1 7.0 24.5 64.4 413
West South Central 10.6 9.9 27.4 52.1 292
East South Central 8.5 9.1 28.5 53.9 165
New England 0.0 3.3 14.9 81.8 121
Middle Atlantic 6.6 12.3 26.8 54.4 228
South Atlantic 5.9 12.7 31.4 49.9 353
Facilities not performing Cesareans are not included in these tabulations.
Table 1.5a: Performance of routine procedures while skin-to-skin among vaginal births by facility type, size, NICU level, and region
CDC National Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) -- 2013
  How often are routine infant procedures performed while mother & infant are skin-to-skin after uncomplicated vaginal birth
Rarely Sometimes Often Almost always Not sure N
All 9.7 19.4 30.0 40.5 0.3 2630
Type of facility
Birth center 0.0 1.8 1.2 97.0 0.0 165
Government hospital 14.8 22.2 29.5 32.8 0.6 481
Non-profit hospital 8.0 18.9 33.2 39.5 0.3 1616
Private hospital 15.5 26.9 27.8 29.5 0.3 342
Military hospital 3.8 15.4 50.0 30.8 0.0 26
Teaching hospital
Yes 7.1 14.3 35.7 42.9 0.0 182
No 10.6 21.1 31.6 36.3 0.4 2283
Size of facility
1-249 11.1 14.7 24.2 49.6 0.5 587
250-499 10.1 20.6 31.3 37.8 0.2 466
500-999 12.5 22.5 28.2 36.7 0.2 570
1000-1999 8.7 20.6 32.8 37.7 0.2 515
2000-4999 5.3 19.4 35.0 39.8 0.5 432
5000 or more 6.7 18.3 33.3 40.0 1.7 60
Level of Neonatal Care
Healthy newborn only 10.0 18.1 25.2 46.5 0.3 1143
Level 2 special care 10.9 20.4 34.1 34.3 0.2 842
Level 3 NICU 8.1 21.7 33.5 36.0 0.7 558
Level 4 Regional NICU 4.6 12.6 31.0 51.7 0.0 87
Census region
Pacific 3.4 10.2 25.2 60.9 0.3 353
Mountain 6.3 18.0 29.7 46.0 0.0 239
West North Central 10.1 22.4 31.9 35.0 0.6 357
East North Central 6.1 17.8 38.5 37.3 0.2 426
West South Central 18.1 25.7 23.0 32.6 0.6 331
East South Central 20.8 23.7 27.2 28.3 0.0 173
New England 1.6 8.7 24.4 65.4 0.0 127
Middle Atlantic 11.6 18.5 33.6 36.2 0.0 232
South Atlantic 10.5 24.5 30.4 33.9 0.8 392