Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs and HIV/AIDS)

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Research

Chlamydia

2012

Highlights of the 2012 STD Prevention Conference: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea (3/302012)
Summaries of research presented at the March 2012 STD Prevention conference focus on:
Self-Reported Chlamydia Testing of Women in the United States, 2006-2008; Trends in Chlamydia Retesting Rates Among Males and Females; How One Simple Clinic Systems-Level Intervention Increased Overall Chlamydia/Gonorrhea Retesting Rates; and Increasing Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Retesting Rates in a Student Health Center Using a Quality Improvement Approach.

National Estimate Shows Not Enough Young Women Tested for Chlamydia (3/302012)
Just 38 percent of sexually active young women were screened for chlamydia in the previous year, according to the most recent nationally representative estimate of chlamydia screening among this population conducted by the CDC. CDC recommends annual screening for all sexually active women aged 25 and under.

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2011

CDC Grand Rounds: Chlamydia Prevention: Challenges and Strategies for Reducing Disease Burden and Sequelae (4/20/2011)
Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in chlamydial infection exist, with prevalence among non-Hispanic blacks approximately five times the prevalence among non-Hispanic whites. Among sexually active females aged 14-19 years, chlamydia prevalence is 6.8% overall (4.4% among non-Hispanic whites and 16.2% among non-Hispanic blacks).

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2010

Chlamydia Prevention: Challenges and Strategies for Reducing Disease Burden (5/28/10)
This session of Public Health Grand Rounds focused on current efforts to reduce the burden of chlamydia and its complications, as well as addressed the myriad social disparities and challenges that face those seeking to limit the reach of this serious public health problem.

Chlamydia Profiles, 2008
Each of the Regional Profiles, one for each of the ten HHS regions, contains a map of the region and a bar graph showing trends in chlamydia positivity rates among women 15 to 24 years of age attending family planning clinics. Information on the proportion of all chlamydia tests performed that were nucleic acid amplification tests is included.

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea - Two Most Commonly Reported Notifiable Infectious Diseases in the United States (4/30/10)
Adolescent girls and young women are especially hard hit by these two diseases. The largest number of reported cases of both chlamydia and gonorrhea in 2008 was among girls between 15 and 19 years of age, followed closely by young women 20 to 24 years of age.

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2009

Chlamydia and Women Podcast (5/15/09)
This women's health podcast focuses on chlamydia, its severe health consequences for women if left untreated, and the importance of annual chlamydia screening.

Chlamydia Screening among Sexually Active Young Female Enrollees of Health Plans- United States, 2000-2007 (5/15/09)
CDC analyzed data reported by commercial and Medicaid health plans to the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) during 2000-2007. The percentage of enrolled sexually active females who were screened for chlamydia was estimated for each of 41 states that had at least five health plans reporting HEDIS chlamydia screening data and for four U.S. geographic regions. Nationally, the annual screening rate increased from 25.3% in 2000 to 43.6% in 2006, and then decreased slightly to 41.6% in 2007. The regional rate of chlamydia screening in 2007 was highest in the Northeast (45.5%) and lowest in the South (37.3%). Increased screening by health-care providers is necessary to reduce the burden of chlamydial infection in the United States.

Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project, 2007 (2/27/09)
This report presents statistics and trends for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States through 2007. In 2007, 1,108,374 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Among women, the highest age-specific rates of reported chlamydia in 2007 were among 15- to 19-year-olds and 20- to 24-year-olds.

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Syphilis

2012

Syphilis Profiles, 2010 (3/8/2012)
The profiles provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The profiles consist of figures and tables of data on syphilis from the U.S. states and territories through 2010.

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2010

Syphilis Profiles, 2008 (2/24/10)
The profiles provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The profiles consist of figures and tables of data on syphilis from the U.S. states and territories through 2008.

Congenital Syphilis - United States, 2003-2008 (4/30/10)
This report indicates that after declining for 14 years, the congenital syphilis rate among infants aged <1 year increased 23%, from 8.2 cases per 100,000 live births in 2005 to 10.1 during 2008. That increase followed a 38% increase in the P&S syphilis rate among females aged ≥ 10 years from 2004 to 2007.

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STD

2012

Reportable STDs in Young People 15-24 Years of Age, by State (3/8/2012)
Regardless of race or gender, data show that sexually active adolescents and young adults are at increased risk for STDs when compared to older adults.

Atlas on HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Data (1/31/2012)
The Atlas provides interactive maps, graphs, tables, and figures showing geographic patterns and time trends of HIV, AIDS, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary syphilis surveillance data. TB and viral hepatitis are slated to be included in 2012.

Partner Services Providers Quick Guide (1/31/2012)
A reference tool for disease intervention specialists, public health nurses and other partner services providers in health departments and community organizations that provide STD and HIV partner services.

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2011

STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis (12/29/2011)
This document summarizes 2010 national data on gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis that are published in CDC’s report, Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2010. The data are based on state and local STD case reports from a variety of private and public sources, the majority of which come from non-STD clinic settings, such as private physician offices and health maintenance organizations.

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2010 (12/8/2011)
Data from the report show a heavy burden in the United States for chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis and highlight ongoing health inequalities that drive racial disparities. CDC estimates that there are 19 million new infections each year in the U.S. with an annual cost of $17 billion to the U.S. healthcare system.

10 Ways STDs Impact Women Differently from Men (9/16/2011)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remain a major public health challenge in the U.S., especially among women, who disproportionately bear the long-term consequences of STDs.

Community Approaches to Reducing Sexually Transmitted Diseases (9/16/2011)
The Division of STD Prevention is pleased to announce that it will award a total of $5.4 million over the next three years to support the planning, implementation, and evaluation of innovative, interdisciplinary interventions to: reduce STD disparities; promote sexual health; and advance community wellness.

STD Goes Mobile (9/16/2011)
Popular fact sheets now available for smart phones and other mobile devices.

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2010

Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Among Persons Aged 14-49 Years - United States, 2005-2008 (4/30/10)
To determine whether HSV-2 seroprevalence in the United States has changed since 1999-2004 and to estimate HSV-2 seroprevalence by age, race/ethnicity, and reported lifetime number of sex partners, CDC analyzed serologic test results from persons aged 14-49 years who participated in NHANES 2005-2008. Seroprevalence was highest among women (20.9%) and non-Hispanic blacks (39.2%). Of those infected with HSV-2, 81.1% had not received a diagnosis.

April is STD Awareness Month  (4/1/10)
This website was created for partners and stakeholders to help educate, motivate and mobilize communities in the prevention of STDs. Visit the site to access materials, educational tools and information to support your STD prevention outreach. This year MTV, the Kaiser Family Foundation, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, CDC, and other partners are supporting National STD Awareness Month with the GYT: Get Yourself Tested campaign designed to encourage and normalize STD testing among young people, and to promote important conversations between young people and their partners, parents, and health care providers.

Get Yourself Tested (GYT) Campaign (4/1/10)
By the age of 25, one in two young people will get a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Most won't know it. GYT is about taking control of YOUR (sex) life by getting tested - and talking openly about it. Getting tested is easier than ever before. What are you waiting for? GYT Today!

Be Smart. Be Well. STD Videos (4/1/10)
These six videos, produced by Be Smart Be Well, raise awareness of sexually transmitted diseases.

Release of the i know initiative of the Act Against AIDS campaign (4/1/10)
CDC launches "i know" – a new initiative of the Act Against AIDS campaign aimed at increasing dialogue around HIV among young African Americans, ages 18-24 years through a variety of social media channels (including Facebook and Twitter).

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2009

CDC STD Surveillance Report (12/28/09)
The report tracks reported cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis in the United States. The report finds that adolescent girls continue to bear a major burden of common sexually transmitted diseases and a disproportionate impact on racial minorities persists.

STD Health Disparities (2/27/09)
STD health disparities are differences in disease rates that occur by gender, race or ethnicity, education or income, disability, geographic location, or sexual orientation. This page provides a quick glance of these disparities for 2002-2007.

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2007 (1/30/09)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2007 presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through 2007. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications of these diseases.

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HIV/AIDS

2012

Diagnoses of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2010 (3/302012)
This report includes estimated numbers and rates of diagnoses of HIV infection based on data from 51 areas (46 states and 5 U.S. dependent areas) that have had confidential name-based HIV infection reporting. The rates among adults and adolescents in 2010 were 20.0 among males and 6.4 among females.

Updated HIV Surveillance - Epidemiology of HIV Infection (through 2010) Slide Set (3/302012)
Slides provide information on diagnosis by sex, adult and adolescent, transmission category, race/ethnicity, sexual contact, injection drug use, and more.

African American Women Claiming their Power in Fight Against HIV (3/302012)
Take Charge. Take the Test. messages remind women that they have the power to take charge of their health and protect themselves from HIV through testing, talking openly with their partners about HIV, and insisting on safe sex.  Resources for Take Charge. Take the Test

National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness (3/302012)
Be aware of the special risks HIV/AIDS pose for women and girls, and help raise awareness of the disease's impact on them.

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2011

PMTCT: A Winnable Battle in South Africa (12/29/2011)
South African and CDC researchers present new evidence that the country is winning the fight against the HIV and AIDS epidemic.  According to their national survey results, the mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) rate for HIV is 3.5% and virtually eliminating this form of HIV transmission is therefore within reach by 2015 with intensified efforts.

Vital Signs: HIV Prevention Through Care and Treatment — United States (12/29/2011)
Among Medical Monitoring Project participants (representing adults aged ≥ 18 years receiving medical care for HIV infection), 89% had been prescribed ART, of whom 77% had a suppressed viral load. However, only 28% of all persons living with HIV infection in the United States are estimated to be virally suppressed, in large part because only approximately 41% are both aware of their infection and receiving ongoing HIV care.

New Hope for Stopping HIV:  Testing and Medical Care Save Lives (12/8/2011)
Getting an HIV test is the first step to finding out if you have HIV and getting medical care. Without medical care, HIV leads to AIDS and early death.

Updated Fact Sheet: HIV in the United States (12/8/2011)
CDC estimates 1.2 million people in the United States are living with HIV infection. One in five (20%) of those people are unaware of their infection.

Updated Fact Sheet: HIV among Women (9/16/2011)
According to 2009 HIV surveillance data, women represented 24% of all diagnoses of HIV infection among United States adults and adolescents in 40 states with long-established, confidential name-based reporting. 

Characteristics Associated with HIV Infection Among Heterosexuals in Urban Areas with High AIDS Prevalence - 24 Cities, United States, 2006-2007 (9/16/2011)
Low SES and other adverse social conditions can increase the risk for HIV infection through sexual exploitation, marital instability, unstable sexual partnerships, poor mental health, substance abuse, and limited access to health care and preventive services. In addition, socioeconomic segregation confines low-SES persons to sexual networks with high underlying rates of HIV and other STDs, thereby further increasing their risk for HIV infection.

HIV Surveillance:  Enhanced Perinatal Surveillance--15 Areas, 2005-2008 (5/10/2011)
The purpose of this report is to describe the popula­tion of HIV-infected women who gave birth during 2005–2008. These data provide information for further focusing perinatal prevention efforts in the United States and the dependent areas.

HIV Surveillance in Women Updated Slide Set (5/10/2011)
The 15 slides are available in Adobe PDF format and PowerPoint PPT format.

Results of FEM-PrEP Clinical Trial Examining Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention Among Heterosexual Women (4/20/2011)
FHI announced that it will stop the FEM-PrEP study of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among heterosexual women.  The decision was made after a regularly scheduled interim review of data by the trial's independent data monitoring committee determined that the trial could not demonstrate efficacy even if it continued to its originally-planned conclusion.

HIV/AIDS among Hispanics/Latinos (1/7/2011)
The HIV epidemic is a serious public health issue in the Latino¹ community. The HIV infection rate among Latinos in 2009 was nearly three times as high as that of whites (26.4 vs 9.1 per 100,000 population).

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2010

HIV Surveillance in Women (Through 2008) (10/29/10)
The slide set covering HIV Surveillance in Women has recently been updated with information from the 2008 HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas.

HIV Among African Americans (9/30/10)
By race/ethnicity, African Americans face the most severe burden of HIV in the United States (US). At the end of 2007, blacks accounted for almost half (46%) of people living with a diagnosis of HIV infection in the 37 states and 5 US dependent areas with long-term, confidential, name-based HIV reporting.

CDC Statement on CAPRISA Microbicide Study Results (8/31/10)
Women represent the majority of new HIV infections globally, and urgently need methods they can control to protect themselves from infection.  The results of this tenofovir-based vaginal gel also give us reason to be very hopeful about the potential of oral antiretroviral (ARV) medications to prevent HIV infection.

Expanded HIV Testing and Trends in Diagnoses of HIV Infection - District of Columbia, 2004-2008 (7/30/10)
During 2004-2008, a total of 3,312 new AIDS cases were diagnosed among blacks/African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and whites in DC. Blacks/African Americans accounted for the highest proportion of diagnoses overall (86%) and for 82% and 94% of diagnoses among males and females, respectively.

HIV/AIDS Questions and Answers (4/30/10)
Updated questions and answers include information on the basics, statistics, testing, transmission, treatment, and more.

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2009

Deaths Among Persons with AIDS through December 2006 (11/12/09)
Through 2007, an estimated total of 1,051,875 persons in the United States and dependent areas were diagnosed with AIDS. At the end of 2006, an estimated 446,098 persons in the United States and dependent areas were living with AIDS. Among females, HIV was the 4th and 7th leading cause of death in blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos, respectively.

Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Risk of Sexual Transmission of HIV Infection and Superinfection (9/30/09)
The past decade has seen substantial advances in the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-medications used in combination to reduce the replication of HIV virus and treat HIV-infected persons. Because of these medications, many HIV-infected persons are able to reduce levels of virus in the bloodstream (plasma viral load) to undetectable levels. Data suggest that HIV-infected persons with undetectable viral load are less infectious, and may be less likely to transmit HIV via sexual contact. This fact sheet summarizes the implications of these data to individual couples and to the potential impact of ART in the prevention of HIV transmission within populations.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention; Planning for Potential Implementation in the U.S. (8/31/09)
One promising approach being explored is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of HIV treatment medications to protect uninfected individuals from HIV infection. CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and other researchers are conducting clinical trials around the world to test the effectiveness of the use of once-daily PrEP pills among populations at high risk for infection, including men who have sex with men in the U.S., Latin America, Asia, and Africa; heterosexual men, women, and couples in Africa; and injection drug users in Asia. The first trial results may be reported this year.
Advocate's Pocket Toolkit 

Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, by Race/Ethnicity, 2003-2007 (8/10/09)
In this report, CDC presents estimated numbers of cases of HIV infection, including cases of HIV infection that progressed to AIDS. Of females with AIDS, 64 percent were among black/African American women, and nearly equal percentages were among Hispanic/Latino women (18 percent) or white women (17 percent).

Oral Sex and HIV Risk (7/7/09)
Like all sexual activity, oral sex carries some risk of HIV transmission when one partner is known to be infected with HIV, when either partner’s HIV status is not known, and/or when one partner is not monogamous or injects drugs. Even though the risk of transmitting HIV through oral sex is much lower than that of anal or vaginal sex, numerous studies have demonstrated that oral sex can result in the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Late HIV Testing- 34 States, 1996-2005 (7/7/09)
To characterize late HIV testing, CDC examined data from 1996-2005 from 34 states with confidential name-based HIV and AIDS reporting (the most recent data available) to determine the percentage of persons who received an AIDS diagnosis within 3 years after receiving their initial HIV diagnosis. At 3 years after their initial HIV diagnosis, 46.9 percent of men had an AIDS diagnosis compared with 41.5 percent of women. A similar pattern was observed by the HIV transmission category.

HIV Testing among High School Students- United States, 2007 (7/7/09)
Results indicated that nationwide, 12.9 percent of all high school students had ever been tested for HIV. The prevalence of HIV testing increased with increasing grade and decreased with increasing age at first sexual intercourse. Prevalence of HIV testing was higher among female students (14.8 percent) than male students (11.1percent).

Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents (3/30/09)
This report updates and combines earlier versions of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections (OIs) in HIV-infected adults (i.e., persons aged ≥18 years) and adolescents (i.e., persons aged 13-17 years), last published in 2002 and 2004, respectively. These guidelines address several OIs that occur in the United States and five OIs that might be acquired during international travel. Topic areas covered for each OI include epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prevention of exposure; prevention of disease by chemoprophylaxis and vaccination; discontinuation of primary prophylaxis after immune reconstitution; treatment of disease; monitoring for adverse effects during treatment; management of treatment failure; prevention of disease recurrence; discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis after immune reconstitution; and special considerations during pregnancy.

Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness (3/30/09)
In 2006, nearly 15,000 or more than a quarter of new HIV cases in the United States were among women and girls ages 13 years and older. Women of color are especially impacted by the disease. If you have never had an HIV test, or if your last HIV test was some time ago, please get yourself tested again. To find an HIV testing location near you, go to www.hivtest.org, or text your zip code to KNOW IT.

Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2007 (2/27/09)
This report presents estimated numbers of cases of diagnosed HIV infection, including cases that progressed to AIDS, from the 39 areas (34 states and 5 U.S. dependent areas) that have had confidential name-based HIV infection reporting for a sufficient length of time. From 2004 through 2007, the estimated number of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases increased approximately 18% among males and 8% among females.

Enhanced Perinatal Surveillance-Participating Areas in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2000-2003 (1/30/09)
This report describes the population of HIV-infected women who gave birth during 2000 through 2003. These data provide information for further focusing perinatal prevention efforts in the United States and the dependent areas. The data are presented by child’s birth year so that readers can understand the characteristics of this population in a particular year. This report includes data from the 24 areas conducting EPS for live births during 2000 through 2003.

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HPV

2012

Updated HPV Vaccine (Gardasil®) What You Need to Know (3/30/2012)
This updated information sheet answers eight questions: what is HPV, why get vaccinated, who should get this HPV vaccine and when, why should some people not get the vaccine or wait, what are the risks from this vaccine, what if there is a moderate or severe reaction, what is the national vaccine injury compensation program, and how can I learn more.

Are Your Kids Protected from HPV-related Cancers? (1/31/2012)
Protect your sons and daughters from human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer and other diseases associated with HPV by getting them the HPV vaccine. It takes 3 shots to complete the series, so make sure they get all 3 to be protected.

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2011

National and State Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13 Through 17 Years - United States, 2010 (9/16/2011)
In 2010, vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years increased from coverage in 2009; however, the percentage-point increase in ≥1 dose of HPV among females (4.4 points) was less than half the increase observed for ≥1 dose of Tdap (13.1) and ≥1 dose of MenACWY (9.1).

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2009

HPV Brochures for American Indian & Alaska Native Women (3/31/09)
CDC’s HPV brochures for American Indian and Alaska Native women are now available online and in print (free ordering).  You can access them from CDC’s new Common Infections Common Reality brochures page at www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/common or from the ‘feature’ sections on our HPV page (www.cdc.gov/std/hpv) and STD home page (www.cdc.gov/std/).  Print orders can also be made directly by emailing DSTDPMatReq@cdc.gov. These products are the culmination of a long but fruitful process of materials adaptation, audience testing and revision, with significant input from our partners in the field.

Assessing the Burden of HPV-Associated Cancers in the United States (1/27/09)
Cancer registry data is used to estimate how many HPV-associated cancers occurred in the United States before the release of the HPV vaccine and to examine current patterns in the distribution of these cancers. Six articles are in this journal supplement.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety (1/27/09)
This page provides links to information on HPV vaccine safety, HPV vaccine, and disease information.

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Gonorrhea

2012

Highlights of the 2012 STD Prevention Conference: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea (3/30/2012)
Summaries of research presented at the March 2012 STD Prevention conference focus on:
Self-Reported Chlamydia Testing of Women in the United States, 2006-2008; Trends in Chlamydia Retesting Rates Among Males and Females; How One Simple Clinic Systems-Level Intervention Increased Overall Chlamydia/Gonorrhea Retesting Rates; and Increasing Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Retesting Rates in a Student Health Center Using a Quality Improvement Approach.

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2010

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea - Two Most Commonly Reported Notifiable Infectious Diseases in the United States (4/30/10)
Adolescent girls and young women are especially hard hit by these two diseases. The largest number of reported cases of both chlamydia and gonorrhea in 2008 was among girls between 15 and 19 years of age, followed closely by young women 20 to 24 years of age.

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Stats in a Snap

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