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Safe Water System (SWS) - Where Has the SWS Been Used?
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 Project
Partners
CDC
Projet RETRO-CI
Institute d'Hygiene
Koumassi Mother-child Clinic
Target Population and
Location
Urban households in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Project Implementation
Date
Pilot study: April 1999
First intervention: March 2000
Project Design
 Research
project objectives:
- Evaluate the water quality in urban households
within Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Evaluate if use of the SWS can provide microbiologically
safe water for families with young children.
- Determine the feasibility of clinic-based distribution
of the SWS.
Intervention
Elements
The CDC safe water storage vessel
Results of Pilot Study
Municipal water was used for drinking in 112 (93%)
of 120 households, and in 99 (83%), it was stored
for later use. By 1 month of age, 97 (90%) of 108
infants given drinking water were given stored water
for drinking. In 8 (66%) of 12 households where
children were receiving artificial feeding, formula
was prepared from municipal water without additional
treatment. Stored water was found to have lower
levels of chlorine than source water (median 0.05
vs 0.2 mg/dl, p < .001), and E. coli was
detected in 36 (41%) of 87 stored water  samples
and 1 (1%) of 108 source water samples (p < .001).
This research highlights the importance of the use
of safe water when feeding infants and preparing
infant formula. This is especially critical for
HIV-positive mothers who chose to formula-feed to
prevent mother-to-child infection during breast-feeding.
For the full text of this paper, published in the
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes,
click here.
Further laboratory investigation documented the
rapid growth of Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella
flexneri, and Salmonella enterica in
infant formula at 30 degrees Celsius (Wu et al,
2002). Thus, infant formula can provide a growth
medium for bacteria present in contaminated water
used in formula preparation. This research was published
in the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene and a reprint can be obtained by emailing
safewater@cdc.gov.
Results of First Intervention
 In
the first intervention study, vessels were distributed
in the clinic without disinfectant and the quality
of water in the vessels was evaluated over time.
Preliminary data suggest that the vessels alone
were not enough to maintain an adequate level of
free chlorine residual, and that the addition of
disinfectant to the water will be necessary to maintain
adequate chlorine levels. This data has not yet
been published. For further information, please
email sxl2@cdc.gov.
Current Status of Project
This project is currently inactive. We are working
with PSI to establish a nationwide socially marketed
product, however the current political situation
has ceased activities for the time being.
For More Information
CDC: safewater@cdc.gov
Dunne E, Angoran-Bénié H, Kamelan-Tano A, Sibailly
T, Monga B, Kouadio L, Roels T, Wiktor S, Lackritz
E, Mintz E, Luby S. Is
Drinking Water in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire,
Safe for Infant Formula? Journal of Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome. December 2001; 28(4):393-398.
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Date:
July 24, 2006
Content source: National Center for Infectious Diseases
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