RTECS:WS4550000 The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Sulfur dioxide

RTECS #: WS4550000

CAS #: 7446-09-5

UPDATE: May 2009 MW: 64.06 MF: O₂S

NOTE:

TOXICITY DATA HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED. OMISSION OF A SUBSTANCE OR NOTATION DOES NOT IMPLY ANY RELIEF FROM REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

SYNONYMS:

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA:

MUTATION DATA:

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:

TUMORIGENIC DATA:

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:

REVIEWS:

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

Fermenicide liquid

Fermenicide powder

Schwefeldioxyd (German)

Siarki dwutlenek (Polish)

Sulfur oxide

Sulfur dioxide (ACGIH:OSHA)

Sulfur superoxide

Sulfurous oxide

Sulfurous acid anhydride

Sulfurous anhydride

Sulphur dioxide

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
eye
rabbit 6 ppm/32 day mild JPCAAC 10,17,1960

MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis cattle other cell types 2,500 痠ol/L MUREAV 39,149,1977
cytogenetic analysis domestic animal other cell types 5 mmol/L MUREAV 39,149,1977
cytogenetic analysis multiple
human 42 mg/m³ MUREAV 359,25,1996
cytogenetic analysis inhalation
mouse 14 痢/L/4 hour/7 day MUTAEX 17,215,2002
DNA adduct inhalation
rat 72 mg/kg/300 day- intermittent CALEDQ 139,189,1999
DNA damage human lymphocyte 5,700 ppb MUREAV 39,149,1977
DNA damage inhalation
mouse 7 痢/L TXAPA9 197,239,2004
DNA damage inhalation
mouse 14 痢/L/7 day- intermittent EMMUEG 46,150,2005
DNA inhibition human lymphocyte 5,700 ppb MUREAV 39,149,1977
mutation in microorganisms other microorganisms 10 mmol/L (-enzymatic activation step) MUREAV 39,149,1977
mutation in microorganisms Saccharomyes cerevisiae 5 痠ol/L (-enzymatic activation step) MUREAV 39,149,1977
micronucleus test inhalation
mouse 28 痢/L/5 day- intermittent INHTE5 15,1053,2003
other mutation test systems cattle other cell types 2,500 痠ol/L MUREAV 39,149,1977
other mutation test systems Escherichia coli 2 mmol/L CBINA8 43,289,1983
other mutation test systems human lymphocyte 5,700 ppb MUREAV 39,149,1977
sister chromatid exchange multiple
human 42 mg/m³ MUREAV 359,25,1996
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction oral
Drosophila melanogaster 200 痠ol/L MUREAV 39,149,1977

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/7 hour (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) FCTXAV 18,743,1980
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/7 hour (6-15 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system NTIS CONF-771017
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 32 ppm/24 hour (7-18 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral TJADAB 31,9B,1985
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm (9 day prior to copulation/1-14 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral NETEEC 20,543,1998
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4 mg/m³/24 hour (72 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Menstrual cycle changes or disorders

Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) HYSAAV 35(4-6),277,1970
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4 mg/m³/24 hour (72 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects HYSAAV 35(4-6),277,1970
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4,970 痢/m³/12 hour (12 week prior to copulation) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Menstrual cycle changes or disorders

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) HYSAAV 36(7-9),178,1971
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 30 ppm/6 hour (21 week male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct JTEHD6 21,141,1987
inhalation
rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 70 ppm/7 hour (6-18 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system NTIS CONF-771017

TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/5 minute/30 week- intermittent Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors BJCAAI 21,606,1967
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 72 mg/kg/300 day- intermittent Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Tumorigenic: Facilitates action of known carcinogens

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors CALEDQ 139,189,1999

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
frog lowest published lethal concentration: 1 pph/15 minute N/R HBAMAK 4,1396,1935
inhalation
guinea pig lowest published lethal concentration: 1,039 ppm/24 hour N/R CBTIAE 10,281,1939
inhalation
guinea pig lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/30 minute Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP TOXID9 66,193,2002
inhalation
guinea pig lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/1 hour N/R TOXID9 60,425,2001
inhalation
guinea pig lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/1 hour Olfaction: Other olfaction effects

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes TOXID9 60,425,2001
inhalation
human lowest published lethal concentration: 1,000 ppm/10 minute Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression CTOXAO 5,198,1972
inhalation
human lowest published toxic concentration: 3 ppm/5 day Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes TXAPA9 22,319,1972
inhalation
human lowest published toxic concentration: 12 ppm/1 hour Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes SAIGBL 14,449,1972
inhalation
human lowest published lethal concentration: 3,000 ppm/5 minute N/R TABIA2 3,231,1933
inhalation
human lowest published toxic concentration: 2.2 mg/m³/30 minute Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes VCVN5* -,226,1993
inhalation
human lowest published toxic concentration: 2.9 mg/m³/60 minute Olfaction: Other olfaction effects VCVN5* -,226,1993
inhalation
human lowest published toxic concentration: 2.9 mg/m³/10 minute Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea VCVN5* -,226,1993
inhalation
mammal (species unspecified) lowest published lethal concentration: 3,000 ppm/5 minute N/R AEPPAE 138,65,1928
inhalation
mammal (species unspecified) lowest published toxic concentration: 19.6 mg/m³ Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Endocrine: Other changes VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation
mammal (species unspecified) lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m³ Olfaction: Change in sensation of smell

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation
mammal (species unspecified) lowest published toxic concentration: 740 mg/m³ Olfaction: Other olfaction effects

Gastrointestinal: Decreased motility or constipation VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation
mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 3,000 ppm/30 minute Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) JCTODH 4,236,1977
inhalation
mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 3,000 ppm/30 minute N/R ENTOX* ,115,2005
inhalation
rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 2,168 mg/m³ Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Tetany

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m³/5 hour Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Aggression VCVN5* -,225,1993
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m³ Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Blood: Normocytic anemia

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) VCVN5* -,225,1993
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic dose: 57.3 mg/m³/6 hour Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section INHTE5 15,951,2003
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m³/4 hour Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes TPKVAL 14,73,1975
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 57.3 mg/m³/6 hour Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section INHTE5 15,951,2003
inhalation
rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 2,520 ppm/1 hour N/R ENTOX* ,115,2005

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
cattle lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/10 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Blood: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response TOXID9 72,230,2003
inhalation
cattle lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm/7 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Blood: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response TOXID9 72,230,2003
inhalation
dog lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/90 minute/1 year- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi AEHLAU 30,249,1975
inhalation
dog lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/2 hour/21 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression JTEHD6 13,945,1984
inhalation
guinea pig lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/1 hour/30 day- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport INHEAO 23,81,1985
inhalation
human lowest published toxic concentration: 4.5 mg/m³/24 hour/5 day- continuous Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field VCVN5* -,227,1989
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 22 mg/m³/6 hour/7 day- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases ETOPFR 13,1,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 56 mg/m³/6 hour/7 day- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases ETOPFR 13,1,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 64 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects AECTCV 45,423,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 14 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response INHTE5 17,303,2005
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/5 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight INHTE5 15,1053,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 22 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Gastrointestinal: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 56 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 56 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 112 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation
mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/7 week- intermittent Behavioral: Food intake (animal)

Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects NETEEC 29,211,2007
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/5 hour/28 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes CBPCEE 114,89,1996
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4,910 痢/m³/6 hour/17 week- intermittent Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases GISAAA 41(5),6,1976
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 500 痢/m³/96 day- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Changes in surface EEG

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Xanthine, purine or nucleotides including urate GISAAA 34(2),3,1969
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 400 ppm/3 hour/6 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi ATSUDG 9,431,1986
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/24 hour/14 day- intermittent Behavioral: Food intake (animal)

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport ARTODN 70,164,1996
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 8.5 mg/m³/24 hour/65 day- continuous Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Emphysema VCVN5* -,228,1989
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 143 mg/m³/6 hour/17 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse

Endocrine: Hyperglycemia VCVN5* -,229,1989
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 51.2 mg/m³/6 hour/17 week- intermittent Olfaction: Other olfaction effects

Gastrointestinal: Other changes

Liver: Liver function tests impaired VCVN5* -,229,1989
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/1 hour/6 week- intermittent Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Eye: Other eye effects

Behavioral: Food intake (animal) NETEEC 25,587,2003
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/1 hour/6 week- intermittent Behavioral: Fluid intake

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport NETEEC 25,587,2003
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/4 hour/44 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases EJPHAZ 487,7,2004
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/2 hour/10 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression TXAPA9 197,175,2004
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins TXCYAC 216,253,2005
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) TOLED5 160,34,2005
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) TOLED5 160,34,2005
inhalation
rat lowest published toxic concentration: 28.6 mg/m³/3 day- intermittent Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section INHTE5 15,951,2003
inhalation
rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 200 mg/m³/3 hour/13 week- intermittent Cardiac: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Blood: Hemorrhage GISAAA 24(6),22,1959
parenteral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 250 ppm/4 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other TOXID9 44,190,2005

REVIEWS:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 2 ppm;short term exposure limit 5 ppm DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2007
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Not classifiable as human carcinogen DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2007
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT 54,131,1992
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Human Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT 54,131,1992
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Group 3 IMEMDT 54,131,1992
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 558,7,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NTIS PB228-002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
EVHPAZ 10,35,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
GEIGAI 20,299,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AEHLAU 16,903,1968
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ENVRAL 16,139,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NTIS CONF-691001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AMIHBC 10,455,1954
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TPHSDY 23,311,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 140-141,195,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 140-141,213,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TPHSDY 24,609,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
NETOX* 26,555,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
DIMON* 46,551,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ENTOX* -,115,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 658,124,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HUTOX* -,259,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HUTOX* -,661,1996

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES: Supported RBREV* -,320,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³) DTLVS* 3,238,1971
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³) CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³) CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³) CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) 8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³) CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA time-weighted average 2 ppm (5.2 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM time-weighted average 2 ppm (5.3 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m³), OCT 2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE VME 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), VLE 5 ppm (10 mg/m³), FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY MAK 1.3 mg/m³ (0.5 mL/m³), 2005
Occupational Exposure Limit - HUNGARY time-weighted average 5 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 5 mg/m³, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit - JAPAN Occupational Exposure Limit Pending, APR2007
Occupational Exposure Limit - KOREA time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (10 mg/m³), 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - MEXICO time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³);
short term exposure limit 5 ppm (10 mg/m³), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS MAC-TGG 5 mg/m³, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - NEW ZEALAND time-weighted average 2 ppm (5.2 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) 2 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 5 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA short term exposure limit 10 mg/m³, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), ceiling concentration 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND MAK- week 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m³),KZG- week 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m³),DEC2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - TURKEY time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value;

Not classifiable as human carcinogen
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
Not classifiable as human carcinogen

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO SULFUR DIOXIDE-air 10 hour time-weighted average 2 ppm;
short term exposure limit 5 ppm NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 70860;
Number of Industries 85;
Total Number of Facilities 6,399;
Number of Occupations 61;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 51,398
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 70860;
Number of Industries 59;
Total Number of Facilities 2,465;
Number of Occupations 58;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 55,033;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 8,990

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE

ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS PB/99/122020)
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in treating wood pulp for paper manufacturing, in ore and metal refining
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Sulfur dioxide, 6004
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID200
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-104 (for impinger)

REFERENCES:
CODEN
REFERENCE**

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CTOXAO Clinical Toxicology. (New York, NY) V.1-18, 1968-81. For publisher information, see JTCTDW.
DIMON* Disease-a Month (Chicago : Year Book Publishers) V. 24- 1978-
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996
EJPHAZ European Journal of Pharmacology. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1967-
EMMUEG Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987-
ENTOX* Encyclopedia of Toxicology: Reference Book, Elsevier, 2005
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FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7.
FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936-
GEIGAI Gendai Igaku. Current Medicine. (Aichi-ken Ishikai, 14-28, Sakae 4-chome, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460, Japan) V.1- 1950-
GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936-
HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.)
HUTOX*

HYSAAV Hygiene and Sanitation (USSR). English translation of GISAAA. (Springfield, VA) 1964-71. Discontinued.
IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972-
INHEAO Industrial Health. (National Institute of Industrial Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 213 Japan) V.1- 1963-
INHTE5 Inhalation Toxicology. (Published by Taylor & Francis Health, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE) V.1- 1989-
JCTODH Journal of Combustion Toxicology. (Westport, CT) V.3-9, 1976-82.
JPCAAC Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. (Air Pollution Control Assoc., POB 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230) V.5- 1955-
JTEHD6 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76-
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
MUTAEX Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1986-
NETEEC Neurotoxicology and Teratology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.9- 1987-
NETOX* NeuroToxicology (Amsterdam : Elsevier Science) V.1- 1979-
NIOSH* National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda.
NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information.
RBREV* Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
SAIGBL Sangyo Igaku. Japanese Journal of Industrial Health. (Nippon Sangyo Eisei Igakkai, Kosu Eisei Bldg., 1-29-8, Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan) V.1- 1959-
TABIA2 Tabulae Biologicae. (The Hague, Netherlands) V.1-22, 1925-63. Discontinued.
TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968-
TOLED5 Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TOXID9 Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981-
TPHSDY Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1979-
TPKVAL Toksikologiya Novykh Promyshlennykh Khimicheskikh Veshchestv. Toxicology of New Industrial Chemical Substances. For English translation, see TNICS. (Izdatel'stvo Meditsina, Moscow, USSR) No.1- 1961-
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973-
VCVN5 "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov V-VII groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing V-VII group elements), Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1989.

Used in treating wood pulp for paper manufacturing, in ore and metal refining

NIOSH PROFILE (DIESEL EMISSIONS), SRI, 2/77

NIOSH PROFILE (GLASS and CERAMICS MANUFACTURE), SRC, 6/80

NIOSH PROFILE (INCINERATION), FIRL, 4/78

NIOSH PROFILE (LEATHER TANNING), SRI, 2/77

NIOSH PROFILE (PULP AND PAPER MILLS), SRI, 2/77

RTECS Compound Description:
   Agricultural Chemical
   Tumorigen
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data
   Primary Irritant

ALT CAS #: 8014-94-6
ALT CAS #: 12396-99-5
ALT CAS #: 83008-56-4
ALT CAS #: 89125-89-3
Click Here for Additional Information about RTECS

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SYNONYMS:
Fermenicide liquid Fermenicide powder Schwefeldioxyd (German) Siarki dwutlenek (Polish) Sulfur oxide Sulfur dioxide (ACGIH:OSHA)	Sulfur superoxide Sulfurous oxide Sulfurous acid anhydride Sulfurous anhydride Sulphur dioxide

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
eye rabbit	6 ppm/32 day	mild	JPCAAC 10,17,1960

MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
SYSTEM TEST	ROUTE/ ORGANISM/ TISSUE	DOSE	REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis	cattle other cell types	2,500 痠ol/L	MUREAV 39,149,1977
cytogenetic analysis	domestic animal other cell types	5 mmol/L	MUREAV 39,149,1977
cytogenetic analysis	multiple human	42 mg/m³	MUREAV 359,25,1996
cytogenetic analysis	inhalation mouse	14 痢/L/4 hour/7 day	MUTAEX 17,215,2002
DNA adduct	inhalation rat	72 mg/kg/300 day- intermittent	CALEDQ 139,189,1999
DNA damage	human lymphocyte	5,700 ppb	MUREAV 39,149,1977
DNA damage	inhalation mouse	7 痢/L	TXAPA9 197,239,2004
DNA damage	inhalation mouse	14 痢/L/7 day- intermittent	EMMUEG 46,150,2005
DNA inhibition	human lymphocyte	5,700 ppb	MUREAV 39,149,1977
mutation in microorganisms	other microorganisms	10 mmol/L (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 39,149,1977
mutation in microorganisms	Saccharomyes cerevisiae	5 痠ol/L (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 39,149,1977
micronucleus test	inhalation mouse	28 痢/L/5 day- intermittent	INHTE5 15,1053,2003
other mutation test systems	cattle other cell types	2,500 痠ol/L	MUREAV 39,149,1977
other mutation test systems	Escherichia coli	2 mmol/L	CBINA8 43,289,1983
other mutation test systems	human lymphocyte	5,700 ppb	MUREAV 39,149,1977
sister chromatid exchange	multiple human	42 mg/m³	MUREAV 359,25,1996
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	oral Drosophila melanogaster	200 痠ol/L	MUREAV 39,149,1977

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/7 hour (6-15 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	FCTXAV 18,743,1980
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/7 hour (6-15 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	NTIS** CONF-771017
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 32 ppm/24 hour (7-18 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	TJADAB 31,9B,1985
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm (9 day prior to copulation/1-14 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	NETEEC 20,543,1998
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 4 mg/m³/24 hour (72 day prior to copulation)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Menstrual cycle changes or disorders Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)	HYSAAV 35(4-6),277,1970
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 4 mg/m³/24 hour (72 day prior to copulation)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	HYSAAV 35(4-6),277,1970
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 4,970 痢/m³/12 hour (12 week prior to copulation)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Menstrual cycle changes or disorders Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	HYSAAV 36(7-9),178,1971
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 30 ppm/6 hour (21 week male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct	JTEHD6 21,141,1987
inhalation rabbit	lowest published toxic concentration: 70 ppm/7 hour (6-18 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	NTIS** CONF-771017

TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/5 minute/30 week- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors	BJCAAI 21,606,1967
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 72 mg/kg/300 day- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Tumorigenic: Facilitates action of known carcinogens Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors	CALEDQ 139,189,1999

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
inhalation frog	lowest published lethal concentration: 1 pph/15 minute	N/R	HBAMAK 4,1396,1935
inhalation guinea pig	lowest published lethal concentration: 1,039 ppm/24 hour	N/R	CBTIAE 10,281,1939
inhalation guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/30 minute	Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP	TOXID9 66,193,2002
inhalation guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/1 hour	N/R	TOXID9 60,425,2001
inhalation guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 50 ppm/1 hour	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	TOXID9 60,425,2001
inhalation human	lowest published lethal concentration: 1,000 ppm/10 minute	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	CTOXAO 5,198,1972
inhalation human	lowest published toxic concentration: 3 ppm/5 day	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	TXAPA9 22,319,1972
inhalation human	lowest published toxic concentration: 12 ppm/1 hour	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	SAIGBL 14,449,1972
inhalation human	lowest published lethal concentration: 3,000 ppm/5 minute	N/R	TABIA2 3,231,1933
inhalation human	lowest published toxic concentration: 2.2 mg/m³/30 minute	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	VCVN5* -,226,1993
inhalation human	lowest published toxic concentration: 2.9 mg/m³/60 minute	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	VCVN5* -,226,1993
inhalation human	lowest published toxic concentration: 2.9 mg/m³/10 minute	Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea	VCVN5* -,226,1993
inhalation mammal (species unspecified)	lowest published lethal concentration: 3,000 ppm/5 minute	N/R	AEPPAE 138,65,1928
inhalation mammal (species unspecified)	lowest published toxic concentration: 19.6 mg/m³	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Endocrine: Other changes	VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation mammal (species unspecified)	lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m³	Olfaction: Change in sensation of smell Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea	VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation mammal (species unspecified)	lowest published toxic concentration: 740 mg/m³	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Gastrointestinal: Decreased motility or constipation	VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation mouse	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 3,000 ppm/30 minute	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	JCTODH 4,236,1977
inhalation mouse	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 3,000 ppm/30 minute	N/R	ENTOX* ,115,2005
inhalation rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 2,168 mg/m³	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Tetany Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea	VCVN5* -,224,1993
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m³/5 hour	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Aggression	VCVN5* -,225,1993
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 30 mg/m³	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve Blood: Normocytic anemia Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)	VCVN5* -,225,1993
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic dose: 57.3 mg/m³/6 hour	Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section	INHTE5 15,951,2003
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m³/4 hour	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	TPKVAL 14,73,1975
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 57.3 mg/m³/6 hour	Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section	INHTE5 15,951,2003
inhalation rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 2,520 ppm/1 hour	N/R	ENTOX* ,115,2005

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
inhalation cattle	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/10 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Blood: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response	TOXID9 72,230,2003
inhalation cattle	lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm/7 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Blood: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response	TOXID9 72,230,2003
inhalation dog	lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/90 minute/1 year- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi	AEHLAU 30,249,1975
inhalation dog	lowest published toxic concentration: 500 ppm/2 hour/21 week- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	JTEHD6 13,945,1984
inhalation guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/1 hour/30 day- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	INHEAO 23,81,1985
inhalation human	lowest published toxic concentration: 4.5 mg/m³/24 hour/5 day- continuous	Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	VCVN5* -,227,1989
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 22 mg/m³/6 hour/7 day- intermittent	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	ETOPFR 13,1,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 56 mg/m³/6 hour/7 day- intermittent	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases	ETOPFR 13,1,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 64 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	AECTCV 45,423,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 14 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response	INHTE5 17,303,2005
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/5 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight	INHTE5 15,1053,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 22 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Gastrointestinal: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes	INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 56 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 56 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 112 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases	INHTE5 15,397,2003
inhalation mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/7 week- intermittent	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	NETEEC 29,211,2007
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 100 ppm/5 hour/28 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes	CBPCEE 114,89,1996
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 4,910 痢/m³/6 hour/17 week- intermittent	Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases	GISAAA 41(5),6,1976
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 500 痢/m³/96 day- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Changes in surface EEG Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Xanthine, purine or nucleotides including urate	GISAAA 34(2),3,1969
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 400 ppm/3 hour/6 week- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi	ATSUDG 9,431,1986
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/24 hour/14 day- intermittent	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	ARTODN 70,164,1996
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 8.5 mg/m³/24 hour/65 day- continuous	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Emphysema	VCVN5* -,228,1989
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 143 mg/m³/6 hour/17 week- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Endocrine: Hyperglycemia	VCVN5* -,229,1989
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 51.2 mg/m³/6 hour/17 week- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Gastrointestinal: Other changes Liver: Liver function tests impaired	VCVN5* -,229,1989
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/1 hour/6 week- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Eye: Other eye effects Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	NETEEC 25,587,2003
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 10 ppm/1 hour/6 week- intermittent	Behavioral: Fluid intake Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	NETEEC 25,587,2003
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/4 hour/44 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases	EJPHAZ 487,7,2004
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppm/2 hour/10 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	TXAPA9 197,175,2004
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	TXCYAC 216,253,2005
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.)	TOLED5 160,34,2005
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 28 mg/m³/7 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)	TOLED5 160,34,2005
inhalation rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 28.6 mg/m³/3 day- intermittent	Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section	INHTE5 15,951,2003
inhalation rabbit	lowest published toxic concentration: 200 mg/m³/3 hour/13 week- intermittent	Cardiac: Other changes Liver: Other changes Blood: Hemorrhage	GISAAA 24(6),22,1959
parenteral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 250 ppm/4 day- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	TOXID9 44,190,2005

REVIEWS:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD	REFERENCE
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value	time-weighted average 2 ppm;short term exposure limit 5 ppm	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2007
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value	Not classifiable as human carcinogen	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2007
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review	Animal Limited Evidence	IMEMDT 54,131,1992
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review	Human Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 54,131,1992
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review	Group 3	IMEMDT 54,131,1992
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 558,7,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NTIS** PB228-002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		EVHPAZ 10,35,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		GEIGAI 20,299,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		AEHLAU 16,903,1968
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENVRAL 16,139,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NTIS** CONF-691001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		AMIHBC 10,455,1954
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 23,311,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 140-141,195,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 140-141,213,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 24,609,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NETOX* 26,555,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		DIMON* 46,551,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,115,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 658,124,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,259,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,661,1996

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD	REFERENCE
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988	PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION	FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF	PESTICIDES: Supported	RBREV* -,320,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air	time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)	DTLVS* 3,238,1971
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)	8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)	CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)	8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)	CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)	8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)	CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)	8 hour time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)	CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt	time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5.2 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5.3 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - DENMARK	time-weighted average 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m³), OCT 2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - FRANCE	VME 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), VLE 5 ppm (10 mg/m³), FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - GERMANY	MAK 1.3 mg/m³ (0.5 mL/m³), 2005
Occupational Exposure Limit - HUNGARY	time-weighted average 5 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 5 mg/m³, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit - JAPAN	Occupational Exposure Limit Pending, APR2007
Occupational Exposure Limit - KOREA	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (10 mg/m³), 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - MEXICO	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³); short term exposure limit 5 ppm (10 mg/m³), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE NETHERLANDS	MAC-TGG 5 mg/m³, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - NEW ZEALAND	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5.2 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - NORWAY	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES	time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND	MAC(time-weighted average) 2 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 5 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA	short term exposure limit 10 mg/m³, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN	time-weighted average 2 ppm (5 mg/m³), ceiling concentration 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND	MAK- week 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m³),KZG- week 0.5 ppm (1.3 mg/m³),DEC2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND	time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - TURKEY	time-weighted average 5 ppm (13 mg/m³), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN	American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value; Not classifiable as human carcinogen
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM	American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Not classifiable as human carcinogen

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD or SURVEY	REFERENCE
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO SULFUR DIOXIDE-air	10 hour time-weighted average 2 ppm; short term exposure limit 5 ppm	NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 70860; Number of Industries 85; Total Number of Facilities 6,399; Number of Occupations 61; Total Number of Employees Exposed 51,398
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 70860; Number of Industries 59; Total Number of Facilities 2,465; Number of Occupations 58; Total Number of Employees Exposed 55,033; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 8,990

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
ORGANIZATION	REFERENCE
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/99/122020)
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in treating wood pulp for paper manufacturing, in ore and metal refining
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Sulfur dioxide, 6004
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID200
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-104 (for impinger)

REFERENCES:
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HUTOX*
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NETOX*	NeuroToxicology (Amsterdam : Elsevier Science) V.1- 1979-
NIOSH*	National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda.
NTIS**	National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information.
RBREV*	Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
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