RTECS:VZ4725000 The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Sodium chloride

RTECS #: VZ4725000

CAS #: 7647-14-5

UPDATE: May 2009 MW: 58.44 MF: ClNa

NOTE:

TOXICITY DATA HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED. OMISSION OF A SUBSTANCE OR NOTATION DOES NOT IMPLY ANY RELIEF FROM REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

SYNONYMS:

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA:

MUTATION DATA:

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:

REVIEWS:

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

Common salt

Dendritis

Extra Fine 200 Salt

Extra Fine 325 Salt

H.G. blending

Halite

Natriumchlorid (German)

Purex

Rock salt

Saline

Salt

Sea salt

Table salt

Top flake

USP sodium chloride

White crystal

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
eye
rabbit 100 mg/24 hour moderate 28ZPAK -,7,1972
eye
rabbit 10 mg moderate TXAPA9 55,501,1980
skin
rabbit 500 mg/24 hour mild 28ZPAK -,7,1972

MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis hamster ovary 160 mmol/L MUREAV 189,15,1987
cytogenetic analysis hamster lung 7,500 mg/L GMCRDC 27,95,1981
cytogenetic analysis intraperitoneal
rat 2,338 mg/kg MUREAV 240,281,1990
DNA damage hamster ovary 275 mmol/L MUREAV 189,15,1987
DNA damage mouse lymphocyte 101 mmol/L MUREAV 203,155,1988
DNA damage Salmonella typhimurium 10 gm/L/120 minute MUREAV 575,34,2005
DNA inhibition human fibroblast 125 mmol/L CNREA8 46,713,1986
DNA repair Salmonella typhimurium 10 gm/L/120 minute MUREAV 575,34,2005
unscheduled DNA synthesis oral
rat 16,800 mg/kg/4 week- continuous CRNGDP 9,1203,1988
mutation in microorganisms Saccharomyes cerevisiae 2 mole/L (-enzymatic activation step) MUREAV 189,11,1987
micronucleus test hamster lung 4 gm/L MUREAV 272,223,1992
micronucleus test mouse other cell types 0.5 pph/4 hour MUREAV 549,29,2004
micronucleus test oral
rat 2 pph/14 day MUTAEX 17,89,2002
mutation in mammalian somatic cells mouse lymphocyte 57,200 ľmol/L MUTAEX 3,193,1988
mutation in mammalian somatic cells mouse other cell types 5,000 mg/L/4 hour MUTAEX 19,195,2004
other mutation test systems Escherichia coli 150 mmol/L ABCHA6 41,257,1977
other mutation test systems oral
rat 400 mg/kg CRNGDP 17,401,1996

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
intraplacental
horse, donkey lowest published toxic dose: 480 mg/kg (45 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects on female

Endocrine: Estrogenic

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death JRFSAR 35,461,1987
intraplacental
woman lowest published toxic dose: 27 mg/kg (15 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion AJOGAH 118,218,1974
intraperitoneal
rat lowest published toxic dose: 1,710 mg/kg (13 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system SEIJBO 8,197,1968
intraperitoneal
rat lowest published toxic dose: 10 gm/kg (17-20 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral PYRTAZ 12,127,1963
intrauterine
monkey lowest published toxic dose: 6 gm/kg (18 week pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion IJEBA6 12,372,1974
intrauterine
rat lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg (4 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) BIREBV 21,47,1979
intrauterine
rat lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg (6 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) BIREBV 23,553,1980
oral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 145 gm/kg (7 day prior to copulation/1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects JCINAO 41,710,1962
oral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 56,400 mg/kg (5 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Postpartum

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic AJPHAP 264,R296,1993
parenteral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 10 mg/kg (1 day prior to copulation) Reproductive: Maternal effects: Ovaries, fallopian tubes JPPMAB 22,668,1970
subcutaneous
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1,900 mg/kg (11 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death ACATA5 74,121,1969
subcutaneous
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1,900 mg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system ACATA5 74,121,1969
subcutaneous
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2,500 mg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) ACATA5 74,121,1969
subcutaneous
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 13,440 mg/kg (2-6 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion HLTPAO 33,624,1977

TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
N/R
N/R N/R N/R

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
intraarterial
guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg N/R AEPPAE 131,171,1928
intracervical
mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 131 mg/kg N/R TYKNAQ 27,131,1980
intraperitoneal
mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2,602 mg/kg N/R COREAF 256,1043,1963
intraperitoneal
rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2,600 mg/kg N/R VCVN1* -,36,1998
intraperitoneal
rat lowest published lethal dose: 3.72 gm/kg Behavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold BJMRDK 34,359,2001
intravenous
dog lowest published lethal dose: 2 gm/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) AEXPBL 21,119,1886
intravenous
dog lowest published toxic dose: 375 mg/kg Cardiac: EKG changes not diagnostic of above BJMRDK 36,531,2003
intravenous
guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg N/R AEPPAE 131,171,1928
intravenous
mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 645 mg/kg N/R ARZNAD 7,445,1957
intravenous
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2.1 mg/kg Vascular: Other changes

Blood: Hemorrhage

Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative JAPTO* 24,409,2004
intravenous
rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 1,100 mg/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Cardiac: Other changes AEXPBL 21,119,1886
intravenous
rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 1.5 mg/kg N/R JAPTO* 24,409,2004
intravenous
rabbit lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg Vascular: Other changes

Blood: Hemorrhage

Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative JAPTO* 24,409,2004
oral
human lowest published toxic dose: 12,357 mg/kg/23 day- continuous Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section AJDDAL 21,180,1954
oral
man lowest published lethal dose: 1 gm/kg Eye: Other eye effects

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Na MACPAJ 65,1587,1990
oral
mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4 gm/kg N/R FRPPAO 27,19,1972
oral
rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3,000 mg/kg N/R VCVN1* -,36,1998
oral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg/24 hour Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on Na-K pump LIFSAK 69,1957,2001
oral
rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 8 gm/kg N/R HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
parenteral
guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg N/R AEPPAE 131,171,1928
subcutaneous
guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 2,160 mg/kg N/R HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
subcutaneous
mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3 gm/kg N/R ARZNAD 7,445,1957
subcutaneous
rat lowest published lethal dose: 3,500 mg/kg Behavioral: Irritability ENDOAO 24,523,1939
subcutaneous
rabbit lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg Vascular: Other changes

Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative JAPTO* 24,409,2004

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
oral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 37,500 mg/kg/30 day- continuous Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume increased EKFAE9 55,21,1992
oral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 12,500 mg/kg/10 day- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume decreased or anuria

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition EKFAE9 55,21,1992
oral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 37.5 gm/kg/10 day- continuous Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition NSAPCC 372(Suppl 1),67,2006
oral
rat lowest published toxic dose: 201.6 gm/kg/6 week- intermittent Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section FTRPAE 78,292,2007

REVIEWS:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 134,3,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 560,101,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ENTOX* -,60,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JPHSC* 100,370,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
JPHSC* 100,370,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HTOPA* 1,595,2002

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES: RED Completed RBREV* -,317,1998
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA short term exposure limit 5 mg/m³, JUN2003

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE

National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 68880;
Number of Industries 265;
Total Number of Facilities 63,391;
Number of Occupations 163;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 630,453
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: E0256;
Number of Industries 1;
Total Number of Facilities 403;
Number of Occupations 5;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 4,029;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 2,015
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 68880;
Number of Industries 336;
Total Number of Facilities 69,628;
Number of Occupations 211;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 1,743,954;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 817,249

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE

EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro cytogenetics-nonhuman; Sperm morphology-mouse
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Mammalian micronucleus
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in preserving foods, manufacture of soaps, in freezing mixtues
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Risk Notification, 8EHQ-0892-9201
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001

REFERENCES:
CODEN
REFERENCE

28ZPAK "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972
ABCHA6 Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. (Maruzen Co. Ltd., POB 5050, Tokyo International, Tokyo 100-31, Japan) V.25- 1961-
ACATA5 Acta Anatomica. (S. Karger Pub., Inc., 79 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1945-
AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC.
AEXPBL Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1-109, 1873-1925. For publisher information, see NSAPCC.
AJDDAL American Journal of Digestive Diseases. (New York, NY) V.5-22, 1938-55; New series: V.1-23, 1956-78. For publisher information, see DDSCDJ.
AJOGAH American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146) V.1- 1920-
AJPHAP American Journal of Physiology. (American Physiological Soc., 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814) V.1- 1898-
ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951-
BIREBV Biology of Reproduction. (Soc. for the Study of Reproduction, 309 W. Clark St., Champaign, IL 61820) V.1- 1969-
BJMRDK Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. (Associacao Brasileira de Divulgacao Cientifica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP, 141000 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil) V.14- 1981-
CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941-
COREAF Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences. (Paris, France) V.1-261, 1835-1965. For publisher information, see CRASEV.
CRNGDP Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1980-
EKFAE9 Eksperimental'naya i Klinicheskaya Farmakologiya. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. (Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, ul. B. Yakimanka, 39, 117049 Moscow, Russia) V.55- 1992-
ENDOAO Endocrinology (Baltimore). (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21203) V.1- 1917-
ENTOX* Encyclopedia of Toxicology: Reference Book, Elsevier, 2005
FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936-
FRPPAO Farmaco, Edizione Pratica. (Casella Postale 227, 27100 Pavia, Italy) V.8-43 1953-88 For publisher information, see FRMCE8
FTRPAE Fitoterapia. (Inverni della Beffa SpA, via Ripamonti, 99, 20141 Milan, Italy) V.18- 1947-
GMCRDC Gann Monograph on Cancer Research. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) No. 11- 1971-
HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.)
HLTPAO Health Physics. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1958-
HTOPA*

IJEBA6 Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. (Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, Hillside Rd., New Delhi 110 012, India) V.1- 1963-
JAPTO* Journal of Applied Toxicology (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oldlands Way Bognor Regis West Sussex, PO22 9SA England) V.1- 1981-
JCINAO Journal of Clinical Investigation. (Rockefeller Univ. Press, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021) V.1- 1924-
JPHSC*

JPPMAB Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (Pharmaceutical Soc. of Great Britain, 1 Lambeth High St., London SEI 7JN, UK) V.1- 1949-
JRFSAR Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement. (Biochemical Soc. Book Depot, POB 32, Commerce Way, Colchester, Essex CO2 8HP, UK) No.1- 1966-
LIFSAK Life Sciences. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1-8, 1962-69; V.14- 1974-
MACPAJ Mayo Clinic Proceedings. (Room 1035, Plummer Bldg., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905) V.39- 1964-
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
MUTAEX Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1986-
NSAPCC Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. (Springer Verlag, Heidelberger, Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.272- 1972-
PYRTAZ Psychological Reports. (Southern Univ. Press, Baton Rouge, LA 70813) V.1- 1952-
RBREV* Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
SEIJBO Senten Ijo. Congenital Anomalies. (Nippon Senten Ijo Gakkai, c/o Kinki Daigaku Igakubu Kaibagaku Kyoshitsu, 380 Nishiyama, Sayama-cho, Mirami-Kawachi-gun, Osaka-fu, Japan) V.1-26, 1960-86. For publisher information, see CGANE7.
TOLED5 Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
TYKNAQ Tohoku Yakka Daigaku Kenkyu Nempo. Annual Report of the Tohoku College of Pharmacy. (Tohoku Yakka Daigaku, 4-4-1 Kamatsujima, Sendai, Japan) No.10- 1963-
VCVN1* "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov I-IV groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing I-IV group elements), Filov V.A., Chimia, 1988.

Used in preserving foods, manufacture of soaps, in freezing mixtues

NIOSH PROFILE (ALUMINUM REDUCTION PLANTS), FIRL, 4/78

FDA-over the counter and proprietary drug

RTECS Compound Description:
   Agricultural Chemical
   Tumorigen
   Drug
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data
   Primary Irritant

Click Here for Additional Information about RTECS

NIOSH Home | NIOSH Search | Site Index | Topic List | RTECS List | Contact Us

SYNONYMS:
Common salt Dendritis Extra Fine 200 Salt Extra Fine 325 Salt H.G. blending Halite Natriumchlorid (German) Purex	Rock salt Saline Salt Sea salt Table salt Top flake USP sodium chloride White crystal

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
eye rabbit	100 mg/24 hour	moderate	28ZPAK -,7,1972
eye rabbit	10 mg	moderate	TXAPA9 55,501,1980
skin rabbit	500 mg/24 hour	mild	28ZPAK -,7,1972

MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
SYSTEM TEST	ROUTE/ ORGANISM/ TISSUE	DOSE	REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis	hamster ovary	160 mmol/L	MUREAV 189,15,1987
cytogenetic analysis	hamster lung	7,500 mg/L	GMCRDC 27,95,1981
cytogenetic analysis	intraperitoneal rat	2,338 mg/kg	MUREAV 240,281,1990
DNA damage	hamster ovary	275 mmol/L	MUREAV 189,15,1987
DNA damage	mouse lymphocyte	101 mmol/L	MUREAV 203,155,1988
DNA damage	Salmonella typhimurium	10 gm/L/120 minute	MUREAV 575,34,2005
DNA inhibition	human fibroblast	125 mmol/L	CNREA8 46,713,1986
DNA repair	Salmonella typhimurium	10 gm/L/120 minute	MUREAV 575,34,2005
unscheduled DNA synthesis	oral rat	16,800 mg/kg/4 week- continuous	CRNGDP 9,1203,1988
mutation in microorganisms	Saccharomyes cerevisiae	2 mole/L (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 189,11,1987
micronucleus test	hamster lung	4 gm/L	MUREAV 272,223,1992
micronucleus test	mouse other cell types	0.5 pph/4 hour	MUREAV 549,29,2004
micronucleus test	oral rat	2 pph/14 day	MUTAEX 17,89,2002
mutation in mammalian somatic cells	mouse lymphocyte	57,200 ľmol/L	MUTAEX 3,193,1988
mutation in mammalian somatic cells	mouse other cell types	5,000 mg/L/4 hour	MUTAEX 19,195,2004
other mutation test systems	Escherichia coli	150 mmol/L	ABCHA6 41,257,1977
other mutation test systems	oral rat	400 mg/kg	CRNGDP 17,401,1996

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
intraplacental horse, donkey	lowest published toxic dose: 480 mg/kg (45 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Other effects on female Endocrine: Estrogenic Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death	JRFSAR 35,461,1987
intraplacental woman	lowest published toxic dose: 27 mg/kg (15 week pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion	AJOGAH 118,218,1974
intraperitoneal rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1,710 mg/kg (13 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	SEIJBO 8,197,1968
intraperitoneal rat	lowest published toxic dose: 10 gm/kg (17-20 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	PYRTAZ 12,127,1963
intrauterine monkey	lowest published toxic dose: 6 gm/kg (18 week pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion	IJEBA6 12,372,1974
intrauterine rat	lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg (4 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)	BIREBV 21,47,1979
intrauterine rat	lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg (6 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)	BIREBV 23,553,1980
oral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 145 gm/kg (7 day prior to copulation/1-22 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	JCINAO 41,710,1962
oral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 56,400 mg/kg (5 day prior to copulation-21 day after birth)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Postpartum Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	AJPHAP 264,R296,1993
parenteral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 10 mg/kg (1 day prior to copulation)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Ovaries, fallopian tubes	JPPMAB 22,668,1970
subcutaneous mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1,900 mg/kg (11 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death	ACATA5 74,121,1969
subcutaneous mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1,900 mg/kg (10 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	ACATA5 74,121,1969
subcutaneous mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 2,500 mg/kg (10 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	ACATA5 74,121,1969
subcutaneous mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 13,440 mg/kg (2-6 day pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Abortion	HLTPAO 33,624,1977

TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
N/R	N/R	N/R	N/R

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
intraarterial guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg	N/R	AEPPAE 131,171,1928
intracervical mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 131 mg/kg	N/R	TYKNAQ 27,131,1980
intraperitoneal mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2,602 mg/kg	N/R	COREAF 256,1043,1963
intraperitoneal rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2,600 mg/kg	N/R	VCVN1* -,36,1998
intraperitoneal rat	lowest published lethal dose: 3.72 gm/kg	Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold	BJMRDK 34,359,2001
intravenous dog	lowest published lethal dose: 2 gm/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)	AEXPBL 21,119,1886
intravenous dog	lowest published toxic dose: 375 mg/kg	Cardiac: EKG changes not diagnostic of above	BJMRDK 36,531,2003
intravenous guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg	N/R	AEPPAE 131,171,1928
intravenous mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 645 mg/kg	N/R	ARZNAD 7,445,1957
intravenous mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 2.1 mg/kg	Vascular: Other changes Blood: Hemorrhage Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative	JAPTO* 24,409,2004
intravenous rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 1,100 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity Cardiac: Other changes	AEXPBL 21,119,1886
intravenous rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 1.5 mg/kg	N/R	JAPTO* 24,409,2004
intravenous rabbit	lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg	Vascular: Other changes Blood: Hemorrhage Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative	JAPTO* 24,409,2004
oral human	lowest published toxic dose: 12,357 mg/kg/23 day- continuous	Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section	AJDDAL 21,180,1954
oral man	lowest published lethal dose: 1 gm/kg	Eye: Other eye effects Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Na	MACPAJ 65,1587,1990
oral mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4 gm/kg	N/R	FRPPAO 27,19,1972
oral rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3,000 mg/kg	N/R	VCVN1* -,36,1998
oral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg/24 hour	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on Na-K pump	LIFSAK 69,1957,2001
oral rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 8 gm/kg	N/R	HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
parenteral guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 300 mg/kg	N/R	AEPPAE 131,171,1928
subcutaneous guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 2,160 mg/kg	N/R	HBAMAK 4,1289,1935
subcutaneous mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3 gm/kg	N/R	ARZNAD 7,445,1957
subcutaneous rat	lowest published lethal dose: 3,500 mg/kg	Behavioral: Irritability	ENDOAO 24,523,1939
subcutaneous rabbit	lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg	Vascular: Other changes Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative	JAPTO* 24,409,2004

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
oral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 37,500 mg/kg/30 day- continuous	Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume increased	EKFAE9 55,21,1992
oral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 12,500 mg/kg/10 day- continuous	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume decreased or anuria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition	EKFAE9 55,21,1992
oral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 37.5 gm/kg/10 day- continuous	Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition	NSAPCC 372(Suppl 1),67,2006
oral rat	lowest published toxic dose: 201.6 gm/kg/6 week- intermittent	Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section	FTRPAE 78,292,2007

REVIEWS:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD	REFERENCE
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 134,3,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 560,101,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,60,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JPHSC* 100,370,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JPHSC* 100,370,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HTOPA* 1,595,2002

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD	REFERENCE
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988	PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION	FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF	PESTICIDES: RED Completed	RBREV* -,317,1998
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA	short term exposure limit 5 mg/m³, JUN2003

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD or SURVEY	REFERENCE
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 68880; Number of Industries 265; Total Number of Facilities 63,391; Number of Occupations 163; Total Number of Employees Exposed 630,453
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: E0256; Number of Industries 1; Total Number of Facilities 403; Number of Occupations 5; Total Number of Employees Exposed 4,029; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 2,015
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 68880; Number of Industries 336; Total Number of Facilities 69,628; Number of Occupations 211; Total Number of Employees Exposed 1,743,954; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 817,249

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
ORGANIZATION	REFERENCE
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro cytogenetics-nonhuman; Sperm morphology-mouse
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Mammalian micronucleus
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in preserving foods, manufacture of soaps, in freezing mixtues
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Risk Notification, 8EHQ-0892-9201
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001

REFERENCES:
CODEN	REFERENCE
28ZPAK	"Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972
ABCHA6	Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. (Maruzen Co. Ltd., POB 5050, Tokyo International, Tokyo 100-31, Japan) V.25- 1961-
ACATA5	Acta Anatomica. (S. Karger Pub., Inc., 79 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1945-
AEPPAE	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC.
AEXPBL	Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) V.1-109, 1873-1925. For publisher information, see NSAPCC.
AJDDAL	American Journal of Digestive Diseases. (New York, NY) V.5-22, 1938-55; New series: V.1-23, 1956-78. For publisher information, see DDSCDJ.
AJOGAH	American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (C.V. Mosby Co., 11830 Westline Industrial Dr., St. Louis, MO 63146) V.1- 1920-
AJPHAP	American Journal of Physiology. (American Physiological Soc., 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814) V.1- 1898-
ARZNAD	Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951-
BIREBV	Biology of Reproduction. (Soc. for the Study of Reproduction, 309 W. Clark St., Champaign, IL 61820) V.1- 1969-
BJMRDK	Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. (Associacao Brasileira de Divulgacao Cientifica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP, 141000 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil) V.14- 1981-
CNREA8	Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941-
COREAF	Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences. (Paris, France) V.1-261, 1835-1965. For publisher information, see CRASEV.
CRNGDP	Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1980-
EKFAE9	Eksperimental'naya i Klinicheskaya Farmakologiya. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. (Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, ul. B. Yakimanka, 39, 117049 Moscow, Russia) V.55- 1992-
ENDOAO	Endocrinology (Baltimore). (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21203) V.1- 1917-
ENTOX*	Encyclopedia of Toxicology: Reference Book, Elsevier, 2005
FEREAC	Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936-
FRPPAO	Farmaco, Edizione Pratica. (Casella Postale 227, 27100 Pavia, Italy) V.8-43 1953-88 For publisher information, see FRMCE8
FTRPAE	Fitoterapia. (Inverni della Beffa SpA, via Ripamonti, 99, 20141 Milan, Italy) V.18- 1947-
GMCRDC	Gann Monograph on Cancer Research. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) No. 11- 1971-
HBAMAK	"Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.)
HLTPAO	Health Physics. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1958-
HTOPA*
IJEBA6	Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. (Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, Hillside Rd., New Delhi 110 012, India) V.1- 1963-
JAPTO*	Journal of Applied Toxicology (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oldlands Way Bognor Regis West Sussex, PO22 9SA England) V.1- 1981-
JCINAO	Journal of Clinical Investigation. (Rockefeller Univ. Press, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021) V.1- 1924-
JPHSC*
JPPMAB	Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. (Pharmaceutical Soc. of Great Britain, 1 Lambeth High St., London SEI 7JN, UK) V.1- 1949-
JRFSAR	Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement. (Biochemical Soc. Book Depot, POB 32, Commerce Way, Colchester, Essex CO2 8HP, UK) No.1- 1966-
LIFSAK	Life Sciences. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1-8, 1962-69; V.14- 1974-
MACPAJ	Mayo Clinic Proceedings. (Room 1035, Plummer Bldg., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905) V.39- 1964-
MUREAV	Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
MUTAEX	Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1986-
NSAPCC	Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. (Springer Verlag, Heidelberger, Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.272- 1972-
PYRTAZ	Psychological Reports. (Southern Univ. Press, Baton Rouge, LA 70813) V.1- 1952-
RBREV*	Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
SEIJBO	Senten Ijo. Congenital Anomalies. (Nippon Senten Ijo Gakkai, c/o Kinki Daigaku Igakubu Kaibagaku Kyoshitsu, 380 Nishiyama, Sayama-cho, Mirami-Kawachi-gun, Osaka-fu, Japan) V.1-26, 1960-86. For publisher information, see CGANE7.
TOLED5	Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TXAPA9	Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
TYKNAQ	Tohoku Yakka Daigaku Kenkyu Nempo. Annual Report of the Tohoku College of Pharmacy. (Tohoku Yakka Daigaku, 4-4-1 Kamatsujima, Sendai, Japan) No.10- 1963-
VCVN1*	"Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov I-IV groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing I-IV group elements), Filov V.A., Chimia, 1988.