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Nickel (II) chloride (1:2)

RTECS #: QR6475000

CAS #: 7718-54-9

UPDATE: May 2009 MW: 129.61 MF: Cl2Ni


NOTE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
  1. SYNONYMS:
  2. SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA:
  3. MUTATION DATA:
  4. REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA:
  5. ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:
  6. OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:
  7. REVIEWS:
  8. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
  9. NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
  10. STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
  11. REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

  1. Nickel chloride
  2. Nickel dichloride
  1. Nickelous chloride


SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
skin
human 		10%/48 hour open irritation test N/R CODEDG 41,413,1963
skin
human 		2%/24 hour CODEDG 41,413,1963
skin
human 		1%/96 hour CODEDG 41,413,1963
skin
human 		0.1%/48 hour CODEDG 20,17,1989


MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:

SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE 		DOSE REFERENCE
cytogenetic analysis intraperitoneal
hamster 		5 mg/kg BLOAAO 38,1107,1983
cytogenetic analysis hamster ovary 10 µmol/L CNREA8 45,2320,1985
cytogenetic analysis intraperitoneal
hamster 		10 mg/kg BLOAAO 38,1107,1983
cytogenetic analysis mouse fibroblast 100 µmol/L CNREA8 47,2142,1987
dominant lethal test unreported route
mouse 		25 mg/kg MUREAV 97,180,1982
DNA adduct multiple
other fish 		20 mg/L MUREAV 577S,1,2005
DNA damage human 1 mmol/L/1 hour TXAPA9 189,153,2003
DNA inhibition Escherichia coli 50 µmol/L NULSAK 22,45,1979
DNA inhibition human HeLa cell 2 mmol/L TECSDY 8,295,1984
DNA repair Escherichia coli 200 mg/L CRNGDP 2,189,1981
unscheduled DNA synthesis hamster embryo 100 µmol/L CALEDQ 17,273,1983
mutation in microorganisms Escherichia coli 25 mg/L (-enzymatic activation step) MUREAV 38,3,1976
mutation in microorganisms other microorganisms 500 µg/L (-enzymatic activation step) FOMIAZ 28,17,1983
mutation in microorganisms Saccharomyes cerevisiae 1 mmol/L (-enzymatic activation step) CPBTAL 33,1571,1985
micronucleus test human fibroblast 27 µmol/L/24 hour MUREAV 490,99,2001
micronucleus test intraperitoneal
mouse 		1,700 µg/kg GWZHEW 12,77,1986
mutation in mammalian somatic cells hamster lung 500 µmol/L TECSDY 14,33,1987
morphological transform hamster embryo 10 µg/L TIVIEQ 2,303,1988
morphological transform mouse fibroblast 0.1 mg/L/21 day (-enzymatic activation step) EMMUEG 37,231,2001
morphological transform rat other cell types 40 µmol/L MUREAV 198,115,1988
other mutation test systems Escherichia coli 50 µmol/L NULSAK 22,45,1979
other mutation test systems human HeLa cell 2 mmol/L TECSDY 8,295,1984
other mutation test systems human fibroblast 100 µmol/L TECSDY 8,295,1984
sister chromatid exchange hamster ovary 3,200 nmol/L ENMUDM 7,381,1985
sister chromatid exchange hamster lung 662 µmol/L MUREAV 217,65,1989
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction Saccharomyes cerevisiae 1 mmol MUTAEX 1,21,1986
specific locus test oral
Drosophila melanogaster 		4 mmol/L MUREAV 320,133,1994


REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intramuscular
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 12 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) TXAPA9 41,205,1977
intramuscular
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death TXAPA9 41,205,1977
intramuscular
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		TXAPA9 43,381,1978
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 30 mg/kg (8 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth) JTEHD6 10,541,1982
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 20 mg/kg (1 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) 		TXCYAC 20,45,1981
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 20 mg/kg (1 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities 		TXCYAC 20,45,1981
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5,078 µg/kg (11 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death TJADAB 19,137,1979
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,649 µg/kg (10 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system 		TJADAB 19,137,1979
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4,426 µg/kg (12 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) TXCYAC 35,47,1985
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 4 mg/kg (11 day pregnant) Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus BECTA6 47,840,1991
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 2,560 mg/kg (2-17 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) 		NTIS** PB83-225383
oral
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg (5 week male) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) BECTA6 64,161,2000
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,170 µg/kg (30 week prior to copulation/1-22 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) 		GISAAA 44(6),86,1979
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 10 gm/kg (11 week male/11 week prior to copulation-3 week after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		TJADAB 33,90C,1986
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg (90 day male/90 day prior to copulation-21 day pregnant) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) 		TOXID9 8,192,1988
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.625 mg/kg (multigenerations) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus 		VCVN5* -,497,1989
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 95 mg/kg (4 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) TXAPA9 101,220,1989
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 71,319 µg/kg (3 day after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) TXAPA9 101,220,1989
unreported route
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 875 mg/kg (35 day male) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility MUREAV 97,180,1982


TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
N/R
 N/R N/R N/R


ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
intramuscular
rabbit 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 27 mg/kg N/R JPETAB 87,119,1946
intraperitoneal
chicken 		lowest published toxic dose: 10 mg/kg Endocrine: Other changes

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) 		CBPAB5 46,427,1973
intraperitoneal
chicken 		lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg N/R CBPAB5 46,427,1973
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg(Ni)/kg Liver: Other changes

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		TXCYAC 103,147,1995
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg(Ni)/kg Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight TXCYAC 103,147,1995
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg(Ni)/kg Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females) TXCYAC 103,147,1995
intraperitoneal
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 11 mg/kg N/R ENTOX* -,223,2005
intraperitoneal
rat 		lethal dose (05 percent kill): 6.5 mg/kg N/R TXAPA9 32,316,1975
intraperitoneal
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 11 mg/kg N/R TXAPA9 32,316,1975
intraperitoneal
rat 		lethal dose (95 percent kill): 17.5 mg/kg N/R TXAPA9 32,316,1975
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 129.6 µg/kg Endocrine: Hypoglycemia

Blood: Other changes 		TXAPA9 32,316,1975
intraperitoneal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1.6 mg/kg Endocrine: Hyperglycemia

Blood: Other changes 		TXAPA9 32,316,1975
intratracheal
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 278.5 µg/kg Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response TOXID9 44,295,2005
intravenous
dog 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.2 mg/kg Vascular: Measurement of regional blood flow VCVN5* -,492,1989
intravenous
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 20 mg/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold 		INJPD2 23,153,1991
intravenous
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 68,100 µg/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold 		INJPD2 23,153,1991
oral
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 369 mg/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold 		INJPD2 23,153,1991
oral
mouse 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 48 mg/kg N/R ENTOX* -,223,2005
oral
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 681 mg/kg Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold 		INJPD2 23,153,1991
oral
rat 		lethal dose (50 percent kill): 105 mg/kg N/R VCVN5* -,489,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) VCVN5* -,491,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published lethal dose: 172 mg/kg N/R VCVN5* -,491,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 98 mg/kg Eye: Lacrimation

Behavioral: Excitement

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) 		VCVN5* -,491,1989
unreported route
mouse 		lowest published toxic dose: 9.15 mg/kg Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight

Endocrine: Changes in thymus weight

Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response 		VCVN5* -,492,1989


OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:

ROUTE/
ORGANISM 		DOSE
EFFECT

 REFERENCE
inhalation
rat 		lowest published toxic concentration: 5 µg/m3/24 hour/26 week- continuous Endocrine: Other changes GISAAA 40(2),7,1975
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 230 µg/m3/6 hour/6 week- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes ENVRAL 30,129,1983
inhalation
rabbit 		lowest published toxic concentration: 0.2 mg/m3/6 hour/4 week- intermittent Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response VCVN5* -,493,1989
oral
guinea pig 		lowest published toxic dose: 0.76 mg/kg/22 week- intermittent Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases 		VCVN5* -,496,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 9 gm/kg/90 day- intermittent Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field TOXID9 8,192,1988
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 91 mg/kg/26 week- intermittent Endocrine: Other changes GISAAA 40(2),7,1975
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 402 mg/kg/1 year- continuous Cardiac: Changes in coronary arteries

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Na

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		GISAAA 52(4),69,1987
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 267 mg/kg/17 week- continuous Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume decreased or anuria

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport 		TXAPA9 31,55,1975
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 1,067 mg/kg/30 week- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Endocrine: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain 		VCVN5* -,495,1989
oral
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 106.7 mg/kg/30 week- intermittent Gastrointestinal: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases 		VCVN5* -,495,1989
oral
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 76.2 mg/kg/22 week- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Endocrine: Hyperglycemia 		VCVN5* -,496,1989
oral
rabbit 		lowest published toxic dose: 14 mg/kg/70 day- intermittent Liver: Other changes

Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases 		VCVN5* -,496,1989
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 340 mg/kg/42 day- intermittent Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases 		TOPADD 16,350,1988
subcutaneous
rat 		lowest published toxic dose: 154 mg/kg/5 week- intermittent Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects 		TXCYAC 191,52,2003


REVIEWS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value time-weighted average 0.2 mg(Ni)/m3 (inhalable) DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2007
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value Confirmed human carcinogen DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2007
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer Review Animal Limited Evidence IMEMDT 49,257,1990
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ACLSCP 3,156,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
85DHAX Ni,168,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TOLED5 127,69,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 567,227,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 567,151,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ENTOX* -,223,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 533,92,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 533,183,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HBTME* ,743,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HBTME* ,177,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HBTME* ,213,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HBTME* ,213,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HUTOX* -,515,1996


STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD - air time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 DTLVS* 3,178,1971
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors) 8 hour time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3 CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt time-weighted average 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - AUSTRALIA time-weighted average 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit - BELGIUM time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - FINLAND time-weighted average 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3, Skin, Carcinogen, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - HUNGARY time-weighted average 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3, short term exposure limit 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit - KOREA time-weighted average 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - NEW ZEALAND time-weighted average 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3, sen, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit - THE PHILIPPINES time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit - POLAND MAC(time-weighted average) 0.25 mg(Ni)/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit - RUSSIA short term exposure limit 0.05 mg(Ni)/m3, Carcinogen, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWEDEN time-weighted average 0.1 mg(Ni)/m3 (total dust), Carcinogen, Sen, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit - SWITZERLAND MAK- week 0.05 mg(Ni)/m3, Carcinogen, DEC2006
Occupational Exposure Limit - THAILAND time-weighted average 1 mg(Ni)/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value;

Confirmed human carcinogen
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
Confirmed human carcinogen


NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO NICKEL, INORGANIC-air Carcinogen;
10 hour time-weighted average 0.015 mg(Ni)/m3 		NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X7161;
Number of Industries 14;
Total Number of Facilities 356;
Number of Occupations 15;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 7,059;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 2,869


STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: B subtilis rec assay; TRP reversion
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Host-mediated assay
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in electroplating
NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens,2004:Known to be human carcinogen


REFERENCES:

CODEN
REFERENCE
85DHAX "Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants Series," Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1972-77
ACLSCP Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science. (1833 Delancey Pl., Philadelphia, PA 19103) V.1- 1971-
BECTA6 Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Service Center, 44 Hartz Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094) V.1- 1966-
BLOAAO Biologia (Bratislava). (PNS-Ustredna Expedicia a Dovoz Tlace, Gottwaldovo nam. 6, 813 81 Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) V.8- 1953-
CALEDQ Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975-
CBPAB5 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, A: Comparative Physiology. (Elsevier Science, 660 White Plains Rd., Tarrytown, NY 10591) V.30- 1971-
CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402)
CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941-
CODEDG Contact Dermatitis. Environmental and Occupational Dermatitis. (Munksgaard International Pub., c/o Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Ave., Elmont, NY 11003) V.1- 1975-
CPBTAL Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. (Japan Pub. Trading Co., USA, 1255 Howard St., San Francisco, CA 94103) V.6- 1958-
CRNGDP Carcinogenesis (London). (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1980-
DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996
EMMUEG Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987-
ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG.
ENTOX* Encyclopedia of Toxicology: Reference Book, Elsevier, 2005
ENVRAL Environmental Research. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1967-
FOMIAZ Folia Microbiologica (Prague). (Academia, Vodickova 40, 112 29 Prague 1, Czechoslavakia) V.4- 1959-
GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936-
GWZHEW Gongye Weisheng Yu Zhiyebing. Industrial Health and Occupational Diseases. (China International Book Trading Corp., POB 2820, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China) V.1- 1973-
HBTME*
HUTOX*
IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972-
INJPD2 Indian Journal of Pharmacology. (Dept. of Pharmacology, Baranas Hindu Univ., Varanasi 221 005, India) V.1- 1968(?)-
JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10-
JTEHD6 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76-
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
MUTAEX Mutagenesis. (Oxford Univ. Press, Pinkhill House, Southfield Road, Eynsham, Oxford OX8 1JJ, UK) V.1- 1986-
NIOSH* National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda.
NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information.
NULSAK Nucleus (Calcutta). (Dr. A.K. Sharma, Centre of Advanced Studies in Cell and Chromosome Research, Calcutta, 35 Baliygunge Circular Rd., Calcutta 700 019, India) V.1- 1958-
TECSDY Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. (Gordon & Breach Science Pub. Inc., 1 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.3(3/4)- 1981-
TIVIEQ Toxicology In Vitro. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987-
TJADAB Teratology, The International Journal of Abnormal Development. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.1- 1968-
TOLED5 Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TOPADD Toxicologic Pathology. (c/o Dr. F.A. de la Iglesia, Warner-Lambert Co., Pharmaceutical Research Div., POB 1047, Ann Arbor, MI 48106) V.6(3/4)- 1978-
TOXID9 Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981-
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973-
VCVN5* "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov V-VII groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing V-VII group elements), Bandman A.L. et al., Chimia, 1989.

Used in electroplating

RTECS Compound Description:
   Tumorigen
   Organometallic
   Mutagen
   Reproductive Effector
   Human Data
   Primary Irritant

ALT CAS #: 37211-05-5
 Click Here for Additional Information about RTECS

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