HISTOPLASMOSIS: Protecting Workers at Risk
 

DHHS (NIOSH) PUBLICATION
NO. 97-146 SEPTEMBER 1997


References

 

  1. Benenson AS, ed. [1995]. Control of communicable diseases manual. 16th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, pp. 237–240.

  2. Johnson PC, Sarosi GA [1987]. Histoplasmosis. Semin. Respir. Med. 9 (2):145–151.

  3. Larsh HW [1983]. Histoplasmosis. In: DiSalvo AF, ed. Occupational mycoses. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, pp. 29–41.

  4. Mitchell TG [1992]. Systemic mycoses. In: Joklik WK, Willett HP, Amos DB, Wifert CM, eds. Zinsser microbiology. 20th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, pp. 1091–1112.

  5. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield PA, Baker RL, Curfman MF, Eads ME, Israel KS, Norris SA, Webb DH, Zeckel ML [1990]. Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Med. 69 (6):361–374.

  6. Deepe GS [1994]. The immune response to Histoplasma capsulatum: unearthing its secrets. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 123:201–205.

  7. Davies SF [1990]. Histoplasmosis: update 1989. Semin. Respir. Infections 5 (2):93–104.

  8. Hajjeh RA [1995]. Disseminated histoplasmosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infectious Dis. 21 (Suppl 1):S108–S110.

  9. Wheat LJ, Slama TG, Zeckel ML [1985]. Histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 78:203–210.

  10. Greenfield RA [1989]. Pulmonary infections due to higher bacteria and fungi in the immunocompromised host. Semin. Respir. Med. 10:68–77.

  11. Selik RM, Karon JM, Ward [1997]. Effect of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality from opportunistic infections in the United States in 1993. J. Infect. Dis. 176:632-636.

  12. Schwarz J [1981]. Histoplasmosis of the eye. In: Histoplasmosis. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, pp. 317–350.

  13. Newell FW [1992]. Ophthalmology principles and concepts. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book, p. 439.

  14. Wheat LJ [1992]. Histoplasmosis in Indianapolis. Clin. Infectious Dis. 14 (Suppl 1):S91–S99.

  15. Wheat J, French MLV, Kohler RB, Zimmerman SE, Smith CD, Slama TG [1982]. The diagnostic laboratory tests for histoplasmosis. Ann. Int. Med. 97 (5):680–685.

  16. George RB, Penn RL [1986]. Histoplasmosis. In: Sarosi GA, Davies SF, eds. Fungal diseases of the lung. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp. 69–85.

  17. Bowman BH [1992]. Designing a PCR/probe detection system for pathogenic fungi. Clin. Immunol. Newsletter 12:65–69.

  18. Check WA [1994]. Molecular techniques shed light on fungal genetics. Am. Soc. Microbiol. News 60:593–596.

  19. Rippon JW [1988]. Chapter 15: Histoplasmosis (histoplasmosis capsulati and histoplasmosis farciminosum). In: Medical mycology: the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, pp. 381–423.

  20. Wheat LJ, Kohler RB, Tewari RP:[1986]. Diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum and urine specimens. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:83–88.

  21. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield P, Kohler RB, Frame PT, Gupta MR [1989]. Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen detection in diagnosis and management of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 87:396–400.

  22. Walsh TJ, Mitchell TG, Larone DH [1995]. Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and other dimorphic fungi causing systemic mycoses. In: Murray PR, ed-in-chief. Manual of clinical microbiology. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, pp. 749–764.

  23. Edwards LB, Acquaviva FA, Livesay VT [1973]. Further observations on histoplasmin sensitivity in the United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 98 (5):315–325.

  24. Ajello L, Weeks RJ [1983]. Soil decontamination and other control measures. In: DiSalvo AF, ed. Occupational mycoses. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, pp. 229–238.

  25. Stobierski MG, Hospedales CJ, Hall WN, Robinson-Dunn B, Hoch D, Sheill DA [1996]. Outbreak of histoplasmosis among employees in a paper factory—Michigan, 1993. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34 (5):1220–1223.

  26. Morse DL, Gordon MA, Matte T, Eadie G [1985]. An outbreak of histoplasmosis in a prison. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122 (2):253–261.

  27. Bartlett PC, Weeks RJ, Ajello L [1982]. Decontamination of Histoplasma capsulatum-infested bird roost in Illinois. Arch. Environ. Health 37:221–223.

  28. Gustafson TL, Kaufman L, Weeks R, Ajello L, Hutcheson RH, Wiener SL, et al. [1981]. Outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in members of a wagon train. Am. J. Med. 71:759–765.

  29. Chick EW, Compton SB, Pass III T, Mackey B, Hernandez C, Austin Jr E, et al. [1981]. Hitchcock's birds, or the increased rate of exposure to Histoplasma from blackbird roost sites. Chest 80 (4):434–438.

  30. Storch G, Burford JG, George RB, Kaufman L, Ajello L [1980]. Acute histoplasmosis. Description of an outbreak in northern Louisiana. Chest 77:38–42.

  31. DiSalvo AF, Johnson WM [1979]. Histoplasmosis in South Carolina: support for the microfocus concept. Am. J. Epidemiol. 109 (4):480–492.

  32. Latham RH, Kaiser AB, Dupont WD, Dan BB [1980]. Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis following the excavation of a bird roost. Am. J. Med. 68:504–508.

  33. Sarosi GA, Parker JD, Tosh FE [1971]. Histoplasmosis outbreaks: their patterns. In: Ajello L, Chick EW, Furcolow ML, eds. Histoplasmosis: proceedings of the second national conference. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 123–128.

  34. Tosh FE, Weeks RJ, Pfeiffer FR, Hendricks SL, Greer DL, Chin TDY [1967]. The use of formalin to kill Histoplasma capsulatum at an epidemic site. Am. J. Epidemiol. 85:259–265.

  35. Tosh FE, Weeks RJ, Pfeiffer FR, Hendricks SL, Chin TDY [1966]. Chemical decontamination of soil containing Histoplasma capsulatum. Am. J. Epidemiol. 83:262–270.

  36. Tosh FE, Doto IL, D'Alessio DJ, Medeiros AA, Hendricks SL, Chin TDY [1966]. The second of two epidemics of histoplasmosis resulting from work on the same starling roost. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 94:406–413.

  37. Weeks RJ [1984]. Histoplasmosis sources of infection and methods of control. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

  38. Dean AG, Bates JH, Sorrels C, Sorrels T, Germany W, Ajello L, Kaufman L, McGrew C, Fitts A [1978]. An outbreak of histoplasmosis at an Arkansas courthouse, with five cases of probable reinfection. Am. J. Epidemiol. 108:36–46.

  39. Raphael SS, Schwarz J [1953]. Occupational hazards from fungi causing deep mycoses. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 8:154–165.

  40. Felson B, Jones GF, Ulrich RP [1950]. Roentgenologic aspects of diffuse miliary granulomatous pneumonitis of unknown etiology: report of twelve cases with eighteen months' follow-up. Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. 64 (5):740–746.

  41. Leslie L, Arnette C, Sikder A, Adams J, Holbrook C, Bond J, King B, Roberts K, Patrick MS, Palmer C, Finger R, Tomford JW, Rushton T [1995]. Histoplasmosis—Kentucky, 1995. MMWR 44 (38):701–703.

  42. Lenhart, SW [1994]. Recommendations for protecting workers from Histoplasma capsulatum exposure during bat guano removal from a church's attic. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 9:230–236.

  43. Gordon SM, Reines SS, Alvarado CS, Nolte F, Keyserling HL, Bryan J [1993]. Disseminated histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum in an immunocompromised adolescent after exploration of a bat cave. Pediatric Infect. Dis. J. 12 (1):102–104.

  44. Sacks JJ, Ajello L, Crockett LK [1986]. An outbreak and review of cave-associated Histoplasma capsulati. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 24:313–327.

  45. Bartlett PC, Vonbehren LA, Tewari RP, Martin RJ, Eagleton L, Isaac MJ, Kulkarni PS [1982]. Bats in the belfry: an outbreak of histoplasmosis. Am. J. Public Health 72:1369–1372.

  46. Schwarz J [1981]. Bats and soil. In: Histoplasmosis. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, pp. 179–186.

  47. Sorley DL, Levin ML, Warren JW, Flynn JPG, Gerstenblith J [1979]. Bat-associated histoplasmosis in Maryland bridge workers. Am. J. Med. 67:623–626.

  48. Chick EW, Bauman DS, Lapp NL, Morgan WKC [1972]. A combined field and laboratory epidemic of histoplasmosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 105:968–971.

  49. DiSalvo AF [1971]. The role of bats in the ecology of Histoplasma capsulatum. In: Ajello L, Chick EW, Furcolow ML, eds. Histoplasmosis: proceedings of the second national conference. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, pp. 149–161.

  50. Gordon MA, Ziment I [1967]. Epidemic of acute histoplasmosis in western New York State. N.Y. State J. Med. 67:235–243.

  51. Ajello L, Hosty TS, Palmer J [1967]. Bat histoplasmosis in Alabama. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 16:329–331.

  52. Hasenclever HF, Shacklette MH, Young RV, Gelderman GA [1967]. The natural occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum in a cave – 1. Epidemiologic aspects. Am. J. Epidemiol. 86 (1):238–245.

  53. Shacklette MH, Hasenclever HF, Miranda EA [1967]. The natural occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum in a cave – 2. Ecologic aspects. Am. J. Epidemiol. 86 (1):246–252.

  54. Shacklette MH, Hasenclever HF [1967]. The natural occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum in a cave – 3. Effect of flooding. Am. J. Epidemiol. 88 (2):210–252.

  55. Campins H, Zubillaga C, Lopez LG, Dorante M [1956]. An epidemic of histoplasmosis in Venezuela. Am. J. Trop. Med. 5:690–695.

  56. Englert E, Phillips AW [1953]. Acute diffuse pulmonary granulomatosis in bridge workers. Am. J. Med. 15:733–740.

  57. Scalia SP [1961]. An outbreak of histoplasmosis in Baltimore County. Maryland State Med. J. 10:614–619.

  58. Lehan PH, Furcolow ML [1957]. Epidemic histoplasmosis. J. Chron. Dis. 5 (4):489–503.

  59. Furcolow ML, Menges RW, Larsh HW [1955]. An epidemic of histoplasmosis involving man and animals. Ann. Int. Med. 43:173–181.

  60. Imbach MJ, Larsh HW, Furcolow ML [1954]. Epidemic histoplasmosis and airborne Histoplasma capsulatum. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 85:72–74.

  61. Zeidberg LD, Ajello L [1954]. Environmental factors influencing the occurrence of histoplasma capsulatum and Microsporum gypseum in soil. J. Bacteriol. 68:156–159.

  62. Kier JH, Campbell CC, Ajello L, Sutliff WD [1954]. Acute bronchopneumonic histoplasmosis following exposure to infected garden soil. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 155:1230–1232.

  63. Schwarz J [1981]. Global epidemiology and distribution of histoplasmosis. In: Histoplasmosis. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, p. 87.

  64. Hasenclever HF [1979]. Impact of airborne pathogens in outdoor systems: histoplasmosis. In: Edmonds RL, ed. Aerobiology: the ecological systems approach. Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., pp. 199–208.

  65. Ward JI, Weeks M, Allen M, Hutcheson RH Jr., Anderson R, Fraser DW et al. [1979]. Acute histoplasmosis: clinical, epidemiologic and serologic findings of an outbreak associated with exposure to a fallen tree. Am. J. Med. 66:587–595.

  66. Schlech WF, Wheat LJ, Ho JL, French MLV, Weeks RJ, Kohler RB, Deane CE, Eitzen HE, Band JD [1983]. Recurrent urban histoplasmosis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1980-1981. Am. J. Epidemiol. 118:301–312.

  67. Schwarz J, Kauffman CA [1977]. Occupational hazards from deep mycoses. Arch. Dermatol. 113:1270–1275.

  68. Wheat LJ, Slama TG, Norton JA, Kohler RB, Eitzen HE, French MLV, Sathapatayavongs B [1982]. Risk factors for disseminated or fatal histoplasmosis, analysis of a large urban outbreak. Ann. Intern. Med. 96:159–163.

  69. Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK, McNeil MM, Schonberger LB, Navin TR, et al. [1995]. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: introduction. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21 (suppl 1):S1–S11.

  70. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1997]. 1997 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 46 (No. RR-12):1–46.

  71. Wilcox KR Jr., Waisbren BA, Martin J [1958]. The Walworth, Wisconsin, epidemic of histoplasmosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 49:388–418.

  72. Byrd RB, Leavey R, Trunk G [1975]. The Chanute histoplasmosis epidemic. Chest 68 (6):791–795.

  73. Dealing with unwanted guests! [1997]. Austin, TX: Bat Conservation International, Inc.

  74. Tuttle MD [1988]. America's neighborhood bats. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

  75. Bat Conservation International, Inc. [1996]. Exclusion experts promote pest control industry changes. Bats 14 (2):10–11.

  76. Courtsal FR [Date unknown]. Pigeons (rock doves). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.

  77. Smith CD, Furcolow ML, Tosh FE [1964]. Attempts to eliminate Histoplasma capsulatumfrom soil. Am. J. Hyg. 79 (2):170–180.

  78. CDC [1977]. Histoplasmosis control: decontamination of bird roosts, chicken houses and other point sources. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

  79. Olson DK, Bark SM [1996]. Health hazards affecting the animal confinement farm worker. Am. Assoc. Occup. Health Nurses J. 44 (4):198–204.

  80. Lenhart SW, Morris PD, Akin RE, Olenchock SA, Service WS, Boone WP [1990]. Organic dust, endotoxin, and ammonia exposures in the North Carolina poultry processing industry. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5 (9):611–618.

  81. Furcolow ML [1965]. Environmental aspects of histoplasmosis. Arch. Environ. Health 10:4–10.

  82. Myers WR, Lenhart SW, Campbell D, Provost G [1983]. Letter to the editor; topic: respirator performance terminology. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 44 (3):B25–B26.

  83. NIOSH [1987]. NIOSH respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 87-108.

  84. Furcolow ML [1961]. Airborne histoplasmosis. Bacteriological Rev. 25:301–309.

  85. Imbach MJ, Larsh HW, Furcolow ML [1954]. Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from the air. Science 119:71.

  86. NIOSH [1987]. NIOSH guide to industrial respiratory protection. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87–116.

  87. 59 Fed. Reg. 58937-58948 [1994]. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Respiratory protection; proposed rule. (Codified at 29 CFR Part 1910.134).

  88. 60 Fed. Reg. 30336 [1995]. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Respiratory protective devices; final rule. (Codified at 42 CFR Part 84).

  89. Smith DL [1983]. Eye. In: Dr. Luigi Parmeggiani, ed. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol. 1. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation, pp. 819–822.

  90. Popendorf W, Merchant JA, Leonard S, Burmeister LF, Olenchock SA [1995]. Respirator protection and acceptability among agricultural workers. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 10 (7):595–605.

  91. USAEHA [1992]. Managing health hazards associated with bird and bat excrement. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U. S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, U. S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Technical Guide 142.

  92. Hajjeh RA, Brandt ME, Pinner RW [1995]. Emergence of cryptococcal disease: epidemiologic perspectives 100 years after its discovery. Epidemiol. Rev. 17 (2):303–320.

  93. Levitz SM [1991]. The ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans and the epidemiology of cryptococcosis. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13:1163–1169.

  94. Pinner RW, Hajjeh RA, Powderly WG [1995]. Prospects for preventing cryptococcosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21 (Suppl 1):S103–S107.

  95. Mitchell TJ, Perfect JR [1995]. Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS – 100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8:515–548.

  96. Grose E, Marinkelle CJ, Striegel C [1968]. The use of tissue cultures in the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from Colombian bats. Sabouraudia 6:127–132.

  97. Mitchell TG [1992]. Opportunistic mycoses. In: Joklik WK, Willett HP, Amos DB, Wifert CM, eds. Zinsser microbiology. 20th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, pp. 1135–1157.

  98. Bodet CA, Graybill JR [1986]. Cryptococcal pulmonary disease. In: Sarosi GA, Davies SF, eds. Fungal diseases of the lung. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp. 131–152.

  99. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1997]. Compendium of psittacosis (chlamydiosis) control, 1997. MMWR 46 (No. RR-13):1–13.

  100. Benenson AS, ed. [1995]. Control of communicable diseases manual. 16th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, pp. 377–379.

  101. Wyrick PB, Gutman LT, Hodinka RL [1992]. Chlamydiae. In: Joklik WK, Willett HP, Amos DB, Wifert CM, eds. Zinsser microbiology. 20th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, pp. 719–729.

  102. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1990]. Psittaccosis at a turkey processing plant – North Carolina, 1989. MMWR 39 (27):460–469.

  103. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1991]. Rabies prevention – United States, 1991 recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (ACIP). MMWR 40 (No. RR-3):1–19.

  104. Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Krebs J, Niezgoda M, Childs JE [1996]. Current issues in rabies prevention in the United States: health dilemmas, public coffers, private interests. Public Health Rep. 111:400–407.

  105. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1997]. Compendium of animal rabies control, 1997. MMWR 46 (No. RR-4):1–9.

  106. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [1997]. Human rabies – Kentucky and Montana, 1996. MMWR 46 (18):397–400.


Return to the Table of Contents

CDC Home page

NIOSH Home page
 

Delivering on the Nation's Promise: Safety and Health at Work for all People...
Through Research and Prevention