| Author, Date |
Sample |
Measure of Overtime |
Other Illness Measure |
Statistical Methods Controls |
Results Reported by Authors |
| Bergquvist et al.1995 |
260 visual display terminal workers:
- Women 76%
- Sweden |
One-time questionnaire: frequent overtime yes/no |
One-time Nordic Survey of Musculoskeletal Symptoms and physiotherapeutic examination identified discomfort of arm/hand, neck/shoulder, back |
- Multivariate logistic regression
- Covariates: age, activities, attitudes, eye conditions, organization type, time planning work load, ergonomic factors |
Arm/hand discomforts associated with extensive overtime (OR 2.2, CI 1.2 - 4.4) |
| Ettner and Grzywacz 2001 |
Data from the 1995 midlife study of 2,048 residents:
- Age R 25 - 74, M 42
- Women 51%
- United States |
One-time questionnaire: average h/wk working at all jobs < 35, 35 - 45, >45 |
Combined responses from two questions asking effect of job on physical or emotional/mental health: 1 = negative; 2 = mixed; 3 = positive |
- Ordinal logistic regression
- Covariates: demographics, personality type, job characteristics |
Working >45 h/wk increased by 25% likelihood of reporting negative effects of work on health |
| Fredriksson et al.1999 |
484 white collar and blue collar workers from broad range of occupations without musculoskeletal diagnoses in 1969;
- Age M 48, R 42 - 59
- Women 52%
- Sweden |
Interview in 1969:
- Overtime yes/no (work hour criteria not specified)
- Day verses night or shift work
- Interactions: overtime and domestic workload |
- Medical exam recorded neck disorders in 1969
- In 1993, 17 questions from 1969 interview used for follow-up structured medical interview to record neck, shoulders, hands and wrists disorders |
- PR in 1969 and 1993
- CIR for 1970 - 1992:
- Analysis adjusted for age
- Cox proportional hazards models for multivariate analysis |
- For neck disorders in women in 1993:
-Overtime associated with PR of 2.3 (CI 1.0 - 5.0; age adjusted)
- Combination of both overtime and additional domestic workload associated with PR of 3.3 (CI 1.3 - 8.6; age adjusted), with 0.6 excess risk due to the interaction
- For neck disorders in men from 1970 to 1992:
- Combination of both overtime and additional domestic workload associated with CIR of 3.0 (CI 1.1 - 8.6), with 0.6 excess risk due to the interaction
- For shoulder disorders in women in 1993:
- Overtime associated with PR of 2.7 (CI = 1.1 - 6.9; multivariate analysis) |
| Kawakami et al.1999 |
2,194 male managers, clerks, mechanics, machine operators at one electrical plant who did not have diabetes or cardiovascular disease:
- Age R 18 - 60
- Japan |
Questionnaire in 1984 and 1985:
- Overtime h/month:
- < 25 h (8 - 9 h/day, 40 - 46 h/wk)
- 26 - 50 h (9 - 10 h/day, 47 - 52 h/wk)
- > 50 h (10+ h/day 53+ h/wk)
- Schedules were day shift or rotating 2 - 3 shifts, including nights with weekly forward rotation |
- Urine/blood glucose measured annually from 1984 to 1992
- Glucose tolerance test as needed
- Diagnosis based on WHO criteria |
- Cox's proportional hazard model
- Covariates: age, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, family history, shift work, occupation, job strain, social support at work, new technology at work. |
Increased risk (RR = 3.73, CI 1.4 - 9.9) associated with > 50 h overtime as compared with < 25 h while controlling for covariates |
| Kiraldy et al.2000 |
262 public and private managers:
- Women 66%
- Age R 18 - 65
- Germany |
Source not clearly reported: work h/wk < 48; > 48 |
One-time physical symptom subscale, created from Pressure Management Indicator, a 120 item survey |
Multiple one-way ANOVA |
Physical symptoms not significant |
