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NIOSH Publication No. 2001-110:

Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Asphalt

2001
 

Appendix B

Summary of Occupational Exposure Data


Table B-1. Exposures to general asphalt refinery workers during asphalt refinery operations
    Samples Concentration (mg/m3)  
Occupation Source of exposure Number Type Range Geo. mean Ari. mean References
General asphalt refinery workers Vacuum distillation 4* Total PAHs† 0.0047-0.016 0.0082 0.0095 NIOSH 1980
General asphalt refinery workers Asphalt processing (6 refineries) 14* Total PAHs† 0.0015-0.031 0.067 0.010 NIOSH 1983
General asphalt refinery workers Deasphalting (1 refinery) 4* Total PAHs† 0.0014-0.041 0.12 0.021  
Operator   2 Total PAHs† 0.0034-0.021 0.0084 0.012  
Assistant operator   3 Total PAHs† 0.0025-0.050 0.14 0.025  
Bitumen loaders Outdoor bitumen refinery ‡ Benzene solubles 0.3-1.0 § § Claydon et al.
  unit (bitumen at 170 to 210°C [338 to 410°F]) ‡ Total particulates 0.1-1.4 § §  
Package fillers Indoor area (bitumen at 220°C [428°F] 2 Total particulates 0.20-0.32 0.25 0.23 Brandt et al.
Bitumen loaders Outdoor bitumen refinery unit (bitumen at 170 to 210°C [338 to 410°F]) 4 Total particulates 0.7-2.9 § 1.4  
    4 Benzene solubles <0.1-1.0 § 0.4  
    4 Total PAHs† 3.8-95 § 33  
Operator   11 Total particulates <0.03-8.2 0.17 0.88 Hicks 1995
    11 Benzene solubles 0.034-1.9 0.14 0.42  
Assistant operator Asphalt refinery/terminal (temperature of product at fume source ranged from 160 to 375°C[320 to 707°F]) 9 Total particulates <0.03-0.49 0.18 0.25  
    9 Benzene solubles <0.066-0.32 0.11 0.13  
    4 Total particulates 0.17-0.26 0.22 0.23  
    4 Benzene solubles <0.062-0.43 0.15 0.21  
    10 Total particulates <0.026-14 0.29 1.6  
    10 Benzene solubles 0.038-13 0.29 1.6  
Maintenance /administration Asphalt refinery/terminal (temperature of produce at fume source ranged from 160 to 375°C[320 to 707°F]) 6 Total particulates <0.032-0.77 0.17 0.29  
    6 Benzene solubles 0.011-0.22 0.076 0.1  
Utility worker   4 Total particulates <0.024-0.062 0.039 0.043  
    4 Benzene solubles <0.054-1.1 0.3 0.49  
Abbreviations: Ari. mean=arithmetic mean; Geo. mean=geometric mean.
*Area air samples. All remaining samples were personal-breathing-zone air samples.
†The sampling and analytical methods used for measuring PAH concentrations may vary between studies, and results may not be directly comparable.
‡Number of samples collected not available.
§Information not provided.
NOTE: Sampling periods ranged from 6 to 8 hours. Results shown are time-weighted averages.
NOTE: Solvents such as cyclohexane and acetonitrile have been used in place of benzene to measure the soluble fraction of a particular matrix. Because the extraction ability of these solvents varies, results are not comparable.
Table B-2. Exposures during road paving operations
    Samples Exposure concentration (mg/m3)  
Occupation Source of exposure Number Type Range Geo. mean Ari. mean References
Screedman, rakerman, foreman, roller operator Road paving using an asphalt mix 215 Total particulates * * 0.3-0.7 Byrd and Mikkelsen 1979
Paver operator   72 Total particulates * * 1.1  
Surface dressing worker Hot asphalt cutback surface (cutback at 135°C [275 °F]) 9 Total particulates * * 0.8  
Asphalt cement pavers   17 Total particulates <0.1-1.2 * 0.3 Virtamo et al. 1979
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.3 0.3  
Course asphalt base worker   10 Total particulates 0.4-1.1 * 0.6  
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.6 0.6  
Mastic asphalt worker Road paving (asphalt temperatures ranged from 145 to 195°C [293 to 383°F]) 16 Total particulates 0.2-4.2 * 1.7  
    11 Cyclohexane solubles <0.1-2.7 * 1.2  
Unknown   18 Total particulates 0.1-3.0 * 1.0  
    6 Cyclohexane solubles <0.1-1.3 * 0.7  
Surface dressing worker   4 Total particulates 0.8-2.5 * 1.7  
    4 Cyclohexane solubles <0.1-0.4 * 0.2  
Oil gravel worker   8 Total particulates 0.1-1.4 * 0.6  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles <0.1-0.5 0.22 0.3  
Paver operator Road paving (asphalt mix temperature ranged from 130 to 170°C [266 to 338°F]) 14 Total particulates 0.15-5.6 0.80 1.3 Puzinauskas 1980
Rakerman   7 Total particulates 0.25-3.5 0.61 0.93  
Screedman   7 Total particulates 0.33-1.5 0.62 0.83  
Paver operator, screedman Road paving 4† Total PAHs‡ 0.0043-0.013 0.0075 0.0083 Malaiyandi et al. 1982
Screed operator Sulfur-extended asphalt road construction 1 Total particulates * 4.5 4.5 Daniels and Kramkoski
1983
Laborer   2 Total particulates 2.4-3.6 2.9 3  
Various paving workers Hot bitumen cutback (temperature ranged from 120 to 158°C [248 to 316°F]) 8 Total particulates 0.2-15 * 2.6 Daniels and Kramkoski
1983
    7 Benzene solubles 0.1-0.3 * 0.2  
Surface dressing worker   7 Total particulates 0.2-1.5 * 0.6  
    4 Benzene solubles 0.1-0.5 * 0.2  
Pavers (smokers) Road paving with asphalt 4 Total PAHs‡ 0.00075-0.0031 0.0015 0.0017 Pozzoli et al. 1985
Paver operator Road paving using bitumens 5 Total particulates * * 0.58 Monarca et al. 1987
    5 Cyclohexane solubles * * 0.17  
Screedman   12 Total particulates * * 0.83  
    12 Cyclohexane solubles * * 0.16  
Screedman 1 (smoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.22 0.22 Gunkel 1989
    1 Benzene solubles * 0.11 0.11  
Screedman 2 (nonsmoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.22 0.22  
    1 Benzene solubles * 0.13 0.13  
Luteman (nonsmoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.16 0.16  
    1 Benzene solubles * * ND  
Roller operator (nonsmoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.48 0.48  
    1 Benzene solubles * * ND  
Screedman 1 (smoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.14 0.14  
    1 Benzene solubles * 0.20 0.20  
Screedman 2 (nonsmoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.44 0.44  
    1 Benzene solubles * 0.41    
Luteman (nonsmoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.32 0.32  
    1 Benzene solubles * 0.38 0.38  
Roller operator (nonsmoker)   1 Total particulates * 0.33 0.33  
    1 Benzene solubles * 0.098 0.098  
    1 Total particulates * 0.90 0.90  
Paver operator (nonsmoker)   1 Benzene solubles * 0.76 0.76  
Foreman Paving operations temperature
of product at fume source ranged from 123 to 152 °C [253 to 306 °F])		 2 Total particulates 0.32-0.53 0.41 0.43 Hicks 1995
    2 Benzene solubles 0.12-0.22 0.16 0.17  
Laborer   7 Total particulates 0.22-0.43 0.34 0.34  
    7 Benzene solubles 0.049-0.5 0.15 0.2  
Screedman   10 Total particulates 0.21-0.86 0.48 0.54  
    10 Benzene solubles 0.03-4.4 0.28 0.73  
Luteman   5 Total particulates 0.12-0.35 0.21 0.23  
    5 Benzene solubles <0.078-0.33 0.14 0.16  
Roller operator   5 Total particulates 0.11-0.82 0.3 0.4  
    5 Benzene solubles <0.071-2.5 0.42 0.77  
Spreader operator (screedman)   8 Total particulates 0.14-0.86 0.46 0.54  
    8 Benzene solubles 0.038-1.2 0.33 0.47  
Foreman Paving operation (temperature
of product at fume source ranged from 135 to 151 °C [275 to 304 °F])		 3 Total particulates 0.19-0.24 0.22 0.22 Zey 1992a
    1 Benzene solubles * * ND  
Screedman   5 Total particulates 0.05-0.26 0.18 0.15  
    3 Benzene solubles ND-0.20 0.015 0.047  
    2 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Raker   6 Total particulates 0.01-0.47 0.14 0.23  
    4 Benzene solubles ND-0.35 0.008 0.2  
    2 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Roller   6 Total particulates 0.10-1.21 0.28 0.388  
    4 Benzene solubles ND-0.12 0.0039 0.03  
    2 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Paver operator   3 Total particulates 0.09-0.29 0.19 0.21  
    2 Benzene solubles 0.08-0.1 0.089 0.09  
Foreman Paving operations (temperature
of product at fume source ranged from 135 to 158 °C [275 to 316 °F])		 3 Total particulates ND-0.44 0.047 0.22 Zey 1992b
    2 Benzene solubles * * ND  
    1 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Screedman   6 Total particulates 0.20-1.14 0.45 0.54  
    4 Benzene solubles 0.07-0.13 0.09 0.098  
    2 Acetonitrile solubles ND-0.13 0.0089 0.015  
Raker/Laborer   6 Total particulates 0.24-4.17 0.69 1.2  
    3 Benzene solubles 0.08-0.18 0.14 0.14  
    3 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Roller operator   4 Total particulates 0.32-0.84 0.46 0.49  
    3 Benzene solubles 0.07-0.07 0.07 0.07  
    1 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Paver operator   3 Total particulates 0.24-0.74 0.50 0.50  
    2 Benzene solubles 0.07-0.18 0.11 0.13  
    1 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Screedman/supervisor Paving operations (temperature
of product at fume source ranged from 123 to 198°C [253 to 388 °F])		 2 Total particulates 0.07-0.19 0.12 0.13 Zey 1992c
    1 Benzene solubles * * ND  
    1 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Laborer/supervisor   1 Total particulates * 0.15 0.15  
    1 Benzene solubles * * ND  
Raker/laborer   8 Total particulates 0.09-0.48 0.22 0.28  
    5 Benzene solubles 0.07 0.004 0.026  
    3 Acetonitrile solubles 0.05 0.031 0.033  
Roller   4 Total particulates 0.06-0.16 0.11 0.11  
    3 Benzene solubles * * ND  
    1 Acetonitrile solubles * * ND  
Paver operator   3 Total particulates 0.13-0.21 0.16 0.17  
    2 Benzene solubles 0.07-0.07 0.07 0.07  
    1 Acetonitrile solubles * 0.05 0.05  
Abbreviations: Ari.mean=arithmetic mean; Geo. mean=geometric mean; ND=not detected.
*Information not provided.
†Area air samples. All remaining samples were personal-breathing-zone air samples.
‡The sampling and analytical methods used for measuring PAH concentrations may vary between studies, and results may not be directly comparable.
NOTE: Sampling periods ranged from 6 to 8 hours. Results shown are time-weighted averages.
NOTE: Solvents such as cyclohexane and acetonitrile have been used in place of benzene to measure the soluble fraction of a particular matrix. Because the extraction ability of these solvents varies, results are not comparable.
Table B-3. Exposures during hot-mix asphalt preparation
    Samples Exposure concentration (mg/m3)  
Occupation Source of exposure Number Type Range Geo. mean Ari. mean References
Not specified Preparation of hot-mix asphalt 8 Total particulates 0.5-7.2 * * Puzinauskas and Corbett 1975
    8† Benzene solubles 0.2-5.4 * *  
Man in control cabin and operator on hot-mix asphalt storage bins Asphalt plants (2) * Total particulates ND-1.7 * 0.7 Byrd and Mikkelsen
1979
Loader/operator Hot-mix asphalt preparation
(temperature of product at fume source ranged from 129 to 170°C [264 to 338 °F])		 9 Total particulates 0.16-6.0 1.2 1.8 Hicks 1995
    9 Benzene solubles 0.033-1.7 0.16 0.33  
Groundman   9 Total particulates 0.17-1.4 0.53 0.61  
    9 Benzene solubles 0.062-0.43 0.19 0.23  
Plant operator   6 Total particulates 0.1-1.5 0.58 0.79  
    6 Benzene solubles 0.026-0.28 0.13 0.16  
Laborer   5 Total particulates 0.2-1.5 1.5 4.0  
    5 Benzene solubles 0.011-0.22 0.069 0.1  
Foreman/supervisor   4 Total particulates 0.27-1.1 0.53 0.61  
    4 Benzene solubles <0.065-1.4 0.28 0.5  
Abbreviations: Ari. mean=arithmetic mean; Geo. mean=geometric mean; ND=not detected.
*Information not provided.
†Area air samples. All remaining samples were personal-breathing-zone air samples.
‡Number of samples collected not available.
NOTE: Sampling periods ranged from 6 to 8 hours. Results shown are time-weighted averages.
NOTE: Solvents such as cyclohexane and acetonitrile have been used in place of benzene to measure the soluble fraction of a particular matrix. Because the extraction ability of these solvents varies, results are not comparable.
Table B-4. Exposures during roofing operations
    Samples Exposure concentration (mg/m3)  
Occupation Source of exposure Number Type Range Geo. mean Ari. mean References
Hot asphalt machine operator/carrie Roofing operation 6 Cyclohexane solubles <0.02-0.19 0.050 0.082 Hervin and Emmett
1976 Brown and Fajen 1977a
Kettleman, felt layer Asphalt heating and mopping 1 Benzene solubles * 0.75 (f) 0.75(f)  
          0.04(s) <0.04(s)  
Felt layer Asphalt heating and mopping 2 Benzene solubles 0.35-1.3(f) 0.67(f) 0.825(f)  
        <0.04-0.23(s) 0.096(s) 0.14(s)  
Foreman mopper   1 Benzene solubles * 4.9(f) 0.49(f)  
        * 0.12(s) 0.12(s)  
Felt tacker   1 Benzene solubles * 1.1(f) 1.1(f)  
          0.16(s) 0.16(s)  
Kettleman   4† Benzene solubles 170-420(f) 245(f) 260(f)  
        <0.17-1.1(s) 0.34(s) 0.47(s)  
Felt layer Asphalt heating and mopping 2 Benzene solubles 0.08-0.78(f) 0.25(f) 0.43(f) Brown and Fajen 1977b
        <0.04-0.35(s) 0.12(s) 0.20(s)  
Foreman   1 Benzene solubles * 2.1(f) 2.1(f)  
          0.15(s) 0.15(s)  
Felt machine operator,mopper Application of hot roofing asphalt 2 Benzene solubles 0.17-2.5(f) 0.65(f) 1.3(f) Brown and Fajen 1977c
        0.22-0.47(s) 0.32(s) 0.35(s) Brown and Fajen 1977c
Hot asphalt carrier   1 Benzene solubles * 0.57(f) 0.57(f)  
        * 0.16(s) 0.16(s)  
Mopper   1 Benzene solubles * 0.38(f) 0.38(f)  
        * <0.04(s) <0.04(s)  
Felt layer   1 Benzene solubles * 0.17(f) 0.17(f)  
        * 0.08(s) 0.08(s)  
Asphalt tank operator   1 Benzene solubles   <0.11(f&s) <0.11(f&s)  
Kettleman Type III roofing asphalt 6 Total particulates 1.3-12 2.6 3.7 Merz and Weisgerber 1977
    6 Benzene solubles 0.91-6.9 1.8 2.3  
Mopper   6 Total particulates 1.1-8.4 2.9 3.6  
    6 Benzene solubles 0.68-6.5 2.1 2.6  
Paperman   6 Total particulates 0.35-3.3 1.2 1.5  
    6 Benzene solubles 0.50-2.4 0.8 1.1  
Kettleman Type III roofing asphalt a) low volatility 3 Total particulates 1.28-2.5 1.7 1.7 Puzinauskas 1979
    3 Benzene solubles 0.91-1.9 1.3 1.4  
Mopper   3 Total particulates 1.7-8.4 3.2 4.2  
    3 Benzene solubles 6.6 2.5 3.1  
Paperman   3 Total particulates 0.35-2.0 0.77 1.0  
    3 Benzene solubles 0.25-1.7 0.60 0.81  
Kettleman b)high volatility 3 Total particulates 1.8-13 4.0 5.7  
    3 Benzene solubles 1.4-6.9 2.5 3.3  
Mopper   3 Total particulates 1.1-4.5 2.6 3.1  
    3 Benzene solubles 0.68-3.4 1.7 2.0  
Paperman   3 Total particulates 0.88-3.3 1.8 2.1  
    3 Benzene solubles 0.57-2.4 1.2 1.4  
Mopper Spreading hot bitumen 8 Total particulates 0.2-3.4 * * Priha et al. 1980
    8 Cyclohexane solubles 0.29-2.9      
Mopper and kettleman Asphalt roofing 6* Total PAHs‡ 0.015-0.11 0.023 0.033 Malaiyandi et al. 1982
Kettleman Asphalt heating and mopping 1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.28 0.28 Tharr 1982a
Mopper   2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.16-0.17 0.17 0.17  
Laborer Tear-off operations of an old asphalt roof (petroleum pitch) 9 Cyclohexane solubles 0.09-2.3 0.22 0.47 Tharr 1982b
Paper roller Asphalt roofing 2 Benzene solubles 1.0-1.1 1.1 1.1 Reed 1983
Mopper   1 Benzene solubles * 0.9 0.9  
Kettleman   2 Benzene solubles 1.2-1.2 1.2 1.2  
Kettleman Kettle emissions and bitman spreading 2 Total particulates 4.1-6.4 5.1 5.3 Brandt et al. 1985
    2 Benzene solubles 3.5-5.4 4.3 4.5  
    7 Total particulates 0.5-1.7 * 1.3  
    7 Benzene solubles 0.2-1.1 * 0.7  
Roof-level workers (laborer, mopper, carrier, etc.) Application of an asphalt built-up roof 16 Acetonitrile solubles 0.04-2.7 0.16 0.34 Carson 1986
Ground-level workers(kettlemen)   3 Acetonitrile solubles 0.04-0.83 0.27 0.49  
Laborer Tear-off operations of an old asphalt roof (petroleum pitch) 6 Total particulates 0.76-2.8 1.72 1.9 Reed 1986
    6 Benzene solubles ND-0.32 0.0096 0.11  
Various (kettleman, laborer, etc.) Application of asphalt roof 28 Benzene solubles ND-1.4 0.18 0.39 Zey et al. 1988
Various (kettleman, laborer, etc.) Application of Koppers roof 10 Benzene solubles ND-1.9 0.013 1.9  
Roofer Roofing operation (temperature of product at fume source from 163 to 316 °C [325 to 600 °F]) 12 Total particulates 0.04-2.2 0.36 0.58 Hicks 1995
    12 Benzene solubles 0.011-1.7 0.19 0.45  
Laborer   5 Total particulates 0.21-0.91 0.38 0.47  
    5 Benzene solubles 0.17-0.62 0.3 0.34  
Mechanic   7 Total particulates 0.24-1.2 0.54 0.65  
    7 Benzene solubles <0.078-1.8 0.26 0.49  
Felt machine operator   7 Total particulates 0.57-2.5 1.0 1.3  
    7 Benzene solubles 0.046-2.4 0.21 0.53  
Kettleman   4 Total particulates 0.36-1.6 1.0 1.2  
    4 Benzene solubles 0.14-1.2 0.67 0.89  
Mopper   3 Total particulates 0.27-1.2 0.51 0.63  
    3 Benzene solubles <0.085-0.75 0.21 0.33  
Abbreviations: Ari.mean=arithmetic mean; f=filter; Geo. mean=geometric mean; ND=not detected; s=sorbent tube.
*Information not provided.
† Area air samples. All remaining samples were personal-breathing-zone air samples.
‡Sampling and analytical methods used for measuring PAH concentrations may vary among studies, and these results may not be directly comparable.
NOTE: Sampling periods ranged from 6 to 8 hours. Results shown are time-weighted averages.
NOTE: Solvents such as cyclohexane and acetonitrile have been used in place of benzene to measure the soluble fraction of a particular matrix. Because the extraction ability of these solvents varies, results are not comparable.
Table B-5. Exposures during manufacturing of roofing products
    Samples Exposure concentration (mg/m3)  
Occupation Source of exposure Number Type Range Geo. mean Ari. mean References
Saturator operator Production of asphalt shingles and rolled roofing materials 3 Total particulates 2.2-7.3 4.9 5.6 Apol and Okawa 1977
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.81-2.6 1.4 1.7  
Coater operator   2 Total particulates 14-15 14 14  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.87-6.8 2.4 3.9  
Coater trainee   2 Total particulates 11-15 13 13  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.30-2.3 0.84 1.3  
Press operator   2 Total particulates 6.1-32 14 19  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 1.4-1.5 1.4 1.42  
Seal down operator   2 Total particulates 0.99-1.4 1.2 1.21  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.43-1.2 0.71 0.81  
Foreman   2 Total particulates 5.3-6.3 5.8 5.8  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.47-0.53 0.50 0.5  
Hallmark operation worker   7 Total particulates 0.96-2.16 1.6 1.6  
    5 Cyclohexane solubles 0.23-0.76 0.46 0.50  
Hallmark worker Production of asphalt shingles 8 Total particulates 0.38-5.2 1.0 1.4 Okawa and Apol 1977
    8 Cyclohexane solubles 0.24-3.1 0.76 1.05  
Saturator operator Production of asphalt shingles and rolled roofing materials 1 Total particulates   2.4 2.4 Apol and Okawa 1978
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.76 0.76  
Coater   2 Total particulates 12-16 14 14  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.21-1.1 0.47 0.64  
Wrapping machine operator   1 Total particulates * 1.4 1.40  
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.77 0.77  
Lead man   1 Total particulates * 5.3 5.29  
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.76 0.76  
Presser   2 Total particulates 8.3-22 13 15  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.30-0.54 0.402 0.42  
Coater Production of asphalt shingles and rolled roofing materials 2 Total particulates 4.2-5.1 4.6 4.7 Okawa and Apol 1978a
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 3.3-3.9 3.6 3.6  
Cooling section operator   2 Total particulates 0.3-1.0 0.55 0.65  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.7-1.6 1.06 1.2  
Machine tender   2 Total particulates 0.4-2.8 1.06 1.6  
    2 Cyclohexane solubles 0.6-1.8 1.039 1.2  
Saturator operator Production of asphalt shingles and rolled roofing materials 1 Total particulates * 1.0 1.0 Okawa and Apol 1978b
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 2.1 2.1  
Coaterman   1 Total particulates * 2.1 2.1  
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.22 0.22  
Slateman   1 Total particulates * 3.4 3.4  
    1 Cyclohexane solubles * 0.21 0.21  
Paper production workers (smokers) Asphalted paper production 4 Total PAHs† 0.0048-0.036 0.009 0.014 Pozzoli et al. 1985
Paper production workers (nonsmokers)   2 Total PAHs† 0.0034-0.311 0.010 0.017  
Loader/asphalt handler Roofing manufacturing (temperature of product at fume source from 149 to 377 °C [300 to 710 °F]) 6 Total particulates 0.068-0.94 0.51 0.66 Hicks 1995
    6 Benzene solubles 0.041-0.71 0.31 0.41  
Slate blend operator   4 Total particulates 1.1-13 3.9 5.6  
    4 Benzene solubles 0.013-0.94 0.077 0.27  
Coater operator   8 Total particulates 0.42-2.5 1.0 1.3  
    8 Benzene solubles 0.049-1.6 0.2 0.37  
Machine operator Roofing manufacturing (temperature of product at fume source from 149 to 377 °C [300 to 710°F]) 8 Total particulates 0.8-4.4 1.6 1.9  
    8 Benzene solubles <0.071-3.6 0.55 1.5  
Press operator/cooling operator   7 Total particulates 0.55-11 2.6 4.8  
    7 Benzene solubles <0.085-3.7 0.32 1.0  
Supervisor   1 Total particulates * 1.4 1.4  
    1 Benzene solubles * 0.32 0.32  
Abbreviations: Ari. mean=arithmetic mean; Geo. mean=geometric mean.
*Information not provided.
†The sampling and analytical methods used for measuring PAH concentrations may vary between studies, and results may not be directly comparable.
NOTE: Sampling periods ranged from 6 to 8 hours. Results shown are time-weighted averages.
NOTE: Solvents such as cyclohexane and acetonitrile have been used in place of benzene to measure the soluble fraction of a particular matrix. Because the extraction ability of these solvents varies, results are not comparable
Table B-6. Exposures during flooring and waterproofing operations
    Samples Exposure concentration (mg/m3)  
Occupation Source of exposure Number Type Range Geo. mean Ari. mean References
Brusher of felt interply adhesive Waterproofing of basements, kitchens, bathrooms, and corridors 9 Total particulates 1.1-32 * 10.4 Ahonen et al. 1977
    5 Cyclohexane solubles 0.8-28 * 7.7  
Mixing operator (other possible exposures) Manufacturer of vinyl asbestos and asphalt asbestos floor covering 6 Benzene solubles 0.08-0.66 0.30 0.37 Belanger and Elesh 1979
Spreader of hot bitumen and felt seaming Waterproofing of kitchens, bathrooms, and underground spaces 15 Total particulates 1.9-42 * 18 Priha et al.
    † Cyclohexane solubles 0.3-39 * *  
Spreader of hot bitumen and felt seaming Waterproofing of basements 6 Total particulates 1.6-13 * 6.1  
      Cyclohexane solubles 1.6-11 * 5.6  
Spreader Flooring-industrial asphalt mixture of bitumen, lime, sand, gravel, and coloring agent 10 Carbon tetrachloride extracts 8.2-237 * 8.3 Claydon et al.
Tipper   10 Carbon tetrachloride extracts 3.1-260 * 7.3  
Float finisher   8 Carbon tetrachloride extracts 1.7-214 * 6.3  
Bucket carrier   4 Carbon tetrachloride extracts 0.5-5.5 * *  
Bucket filler   2 Carbon tetrachloride extracts 3.1-4.2 3.6 *  
Troweler Bitumen mastic on gymnasium floor 2 Total particulates 5.5-12 8.1 8.7  
Troweler   2‡ Total particulates 1.2-6.3 2.7 3.8  
    4‡ Total particulates 1.7-30 * *  
Troweler Hand laying mastic containing 11% bitumen at 265-280°C [509-536 °F] 1 Benzene solubles * 10 10  
Tipper   1 Benzene solubles * 7.1 7.1  
Carrier   1 Benzene solubles * 11 11  
Kettleman   1 Benzene solubles * 2.9 2.9  
Bucket carrier, pourer (indoors) Mastic asphalt (265 to 280°C [509 to 536 °F]) 5 Total particulates 11-18 * 13.3 Brandt et al.
    5 Benzene solubles 6.0-14 * 8.8  
Kettleman (outside)   4 Total particulates 2.9-7.7 * 4.4  
    4 Benzene solubles 2.0-5.0 * *  
Troweler   3 Total particulates 11-18 * 14  
    3 Benzene solubles 7.3-13 * 10  
Abbreviations: Ari. mean=arithmetic mean; Geo. mean=geometric mean.
*Information not provided.
†Number of samples collected not available.
‡Area air samples. All remaining samples were personal-breathing-zone air samples.
NOTE: Sampling periods ranged from 6 to 8 hours. Results shown are time-weighted averages.
NOTE: Solvents such as cyclohexane and acetonitrile have been used in place of benzene to measure the soluble fraction of a particular matrix. Because the extraction ability of these solvents varies, results are not comparable.

 

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Appendix A
Appendix C
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