RTECS:ZG8600000 The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

Zinc

RTECS #: ZG8600000

CAS #: 7440-66-6

UPDATE: May 2009 MW: 65.37 MF: Zn

NOTE:

TOXICITY DATA HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED. OMISSION OF A SUBSTANCE OR NOTATION DOES NOT IMPLY ANY RELIEF FROM REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

SYNONYMS:

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA:

TUMORIGENIC DATA:

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA:

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA:

REVIEWS:

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:

REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS:

Blue powder

Granular zinc

LS 2

LS 6

Merrillite

Rheinzink

Zinc dust

Zinc powder

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
skin
human 300 痢/3 day- intermittent mild 85DKA8 -,127,1977

MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
SYSTEM TEST ROUTE/
ORGANISM/
TISSUE DOSE REFERENCE
N/R N/R N/R N/R

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
N/R
N/R N/R N/R

TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
oral
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 12.600 mg/kg/46 week- continuous Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Gastrointestinal: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Facilitates action of known carcinogens CALEDQ 143,63,1999

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
human lowest published toxic concentration: 124 mg/m³/50 minute Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea

Skin and Appendages: Other: Sweating AHYGAJ 72,358,1910
intratracheal
rat lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Testicular tumors VCVN1* -,151,1988
multiple
non-mammalian species lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 23 gm/m³/24 hour N/R TXAPA9 197,177,2004
oral
duck lowest published lethal dose: 388 mg/kg Autonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic

Behavioral: Ataxia

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count JWIDAW 36,111,2000
oral
mouse lowest published lethal dose: 5 gm/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal TOLED5 161,115,2006
oral
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5 gm/kg Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain TOLED5 161,115,2006
oral
mouse lowest published lethal dose: 5,000 mg/kg Gastrointestinal: Other changes

Liver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli TOLED5 161,115,2006
oral
mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5,000 mg/kg Liver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes primarily in glomeruli

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects TOLED5 161,115,2006

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/
ORGANISM DOSE
EFFECT

REFERENCE
inhalation
woman lowest published toxic concentration: 2.4 mg/m³/5 year- intermittent Blood: Normocytic anemia

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) VCVN1* -,154,1988
oral
woman lowest published toxic dose: 70 mg/kg/10 week- intermittent Blood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes TOXID9 72,143,2003

REVIEWS:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
QURBAW 7,75,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ADTEAS 5,51,1972
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
FOREAE 7,313,1942
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
KOTTAM 11,1300,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
AMTODM 3,209,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
CREOH* 42,93,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MAERE* 51,247,2001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
MUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
TPHSDY 23,426,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
CBCPAI 132,269,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
ENTOX* -,479,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
REPTED 23,260,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
REPTED 23,428,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HBTME* ,925,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HUTOX* -,515,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW
HTOPA* 1,595,2002

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD
REFERENCE

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES: RED Completed RBREV* -,346,1998
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m³, JAN1993

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
ORGANIZATION STANDARD or SURVEY
REFERENCE

National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: T0146;
Number of Industries 2;
Total Number of Facilities 44;
Number of Occupations 1;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 324
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 77115;
Number of Industries 120;
Total Number of Facilities 9,450;
Number of Occupations 90;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 118,548
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X4242;
Number of Industries 46;
Total Number of Facilities 3,278;
Number of Occupations 47;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 79,920;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 7,874
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5913;
Number of Industries 1;
Total Number of Facilities 22;
Number of Occupations 2;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 269;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 22
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5990;
Number of Industries 2;
Total Number of Facilities 42;
Number of Occupations 3;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 1,007;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 321
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5991;
Number of Industries 8;
Total Number of Facilities 177;
Number of Occupations 18;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 10,589;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 3,273
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983 National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 77115;
Number of Industries 211;
Total Number of Facilities 23,711;
Number of Occupations 133;
Total Number of Employees Exposed 320,917;
Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 34,194

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
ORGANIZATION
REFERENCE

ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS PB/95/100236/AS)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: In vivo cytogenetics-human lymphocyte
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in copper alloys, galvanizing, light alloys, rolled and wire drawn zinc, sheet products
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
On EPA IRIS database
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Zinc and compounds as Zn, 7030
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Elements in blood or tissue, 8005
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Metals in urine, 8310
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID121
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID125G

REFERENCES:
CODEN
REFERENCE**

85DKA8 "Cutaneous Toxicity, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference, 1976," Drill, V.A., and P. Lazar, eds., New York, Academic Press, Inc. 1977
ADTEAS Advances in Teratology. (New York, NY) V.1-5, 1966-72. Discontinued.
AHYGAJ Archiv fuer Hygiene. (Munich, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1-100, 1883-1928. For publisher information, see ZHPMAT.
AMTODM Advances in Modern Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.1, 1976-79. Discontinued.
CALEDQ Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975-
CBCPAI Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. (Elmsford, NY) V.1-37, 1960-70. For publisher information, see CBPBB8.
CREOH* Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology (Elsevier Science, P.O.Box 7247-7682,Philadelphia,PA 19170 -7682,USA OR Elsevier Science B.V.,P.O.Box 1270,1000 BG Amsterdam,The Netherlands) V. 1- 1983-
ENTOX* Encyclopedia of Toxicology: Reference Book, Elsevier, 2005
FOREAE Food Research. (Champaign, IL) V.1-25, 1936-60. For publisher information, see JFDSAZ.
HBTME*

HTOPA*

HUTOX*

JWIDAW Journal of Wildlife Diseases. (Wildlife Disease Assoc., POB 886, Ames, IA 50010) V.6- 1970-
KOTTAM Kogai to Taisaku. Journal of Environmental Pollution Control. (Kogai Taisaku Gijutsu Dokokai, Shuwa-Akasaka Bldg., 9-1-244, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan) V.1- 1965-
MAERE* Marine Environmental Research. (Kidlington, Oxford : Elsevier) V. 1- 1978-
MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
QURBAW Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. (Cambridge Univ. Press, The Edinburgh Bldg., Shaftesbury Rd., Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK) V.1- 1968-
RBREV* Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
REPTED Reproductive Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987-
TOLED5 Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TOXID9 Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981-
TPHSDY Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1979-
TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
VCVN1* "Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov I-IV groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing I-IV group elements), Filov V.A., Chimia, 1988.

Used in copper alloys, galvanizing, light alloys, rolled and wire drawn zinc, sheet products

NIOSH PROFILE (HEAVY METAL GREASES AND SOAPS), SRI, 2/77

NIOSH PROFILE (PRINTING INDUSTRY), SRC, 10/77

RTECS Compound Description:
   Tumorigen
   Mutagen
   Human Data
   Primary Irritant

Click Here for Additional Information about RTECS

NIOSH Home | NIOSH Search | Site Index | Topic List | Contact Us

SYNONYMS:
Blue powder Granular zinc LS 2 LS 6	Merrillite Rheinzink Zinc dust Zinc powder

SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
skin human	300 痢/3 day- intermittent	mild	85DKA8 -,127,1977

MUTATION DATA AND REFERENCES:
SYSTEM TEST	ROUTE/ ORGANISM/ TISSUE	DOSE	REFERENCE
N/R	N/R	N/R	N/R

REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
N/R	N/R	N/R	N/R

TUMORIGENIC DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
oral mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 12.600 mg/kg/46 week- continuous	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal: Tumors Tumorigenic: Facilitates action of known carcinogens	CALEDQ 143,63,1999

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
inhalation human	lowest published toxic concentration: 124 mg/m³/50 minute	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Skin and Appendages: Other: Sweating	AHYGAJ 72,358,1910
intratracheal rat	lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Testicular tumors	VCVN1* -,151,1988
multiple non-mammalian species	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 23 gm/m³/24 hour	N/R	TXAPA9 197,177,2004
oral duck	lowest published lethal dose: 388 mg/kg	Autonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic Behavioral: Ataxia Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count	JWIDAW 36,111,2000
oral mouse	lowest published lethal dose: 5 gm/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal	TOLED5 161,115,2006
oral mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 5 gm/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	TOLED5 161,115,2006
oral mouse	lowest published lethal dose: 5,000 mg/kg	Gastrointestinal: Other changes Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli	TOLED5 161,115,2006
oral mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 5,000 mg/kg	Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes primarily in glomeruli Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	TOLED5 161,115,2006

OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE DATA AND REFERENCES:
ROUTE/ ORGANISM	DOSE	EFFECT	REFERENCE
inhalation woman	lowest published toxic concentration: 2.4 mg/m³/5 year- intermittent	Blood: Normocytic anemia Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	VCVN1* -,154,1988
oral woman	lowest published toxic dose: 70 mg/kg/10 week- intermittent	Blood: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes	TOXID9 72,143,2003

REVIEWS:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD	REFERENCE
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		QURBAW 7,75,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ADTEAS 5,51,1972
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FOREAE 7,313,1942
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		KOTTAM 11,1300,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		AMTODM 3,209,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CREOH* 42,93,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MAERE* 51,247,2001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 23,426,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CBCPAI 132,269,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,479,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 23,260,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 23,428,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HBTME* ,925,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,515,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HTOPA* 1,595,2002

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD	REFERENCE
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF	PESTICIDES: RED Completed	RBREV* -,346,1998
Occupational Exposure Limit - ARAB Republic of Egypt	time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m³, JAN1993

NIOSH DOCUMENTATION AND SURVEILLANCE:
ORGANIZATION	STANDARD or SURVEY	REFERENCE
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: T0146; Number of Industries 2; Total Number of Facilities 44; Number of Occupations 1; Total Number of Employees Exposed 324
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974: Hazard Code: 77115; Number of Industries 120; Total Number of Facilities 9,450; Number of Occupations 90; Total Number of Employees Exposed 118,548
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X4242; Number of Industries 46; Total Number of Facilities 3,278; Number of Occupations 47; Total Number of Employees Exposed 79,920; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 7,874
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5913; Number of Industries 1; Total Number of Facilities 22; Number of Occupations 2; Total Number of Employees Exposed 269; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 22
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5990; Number of Industries 2; Total Number of Facilities 42; Number of Occupations 3; Total Number of Employees Exposed 1,007; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 321
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: X5991; Number of Industries 8; Total Number of Facilities 177; Number of Occupations 18; Total Number of Employees Exposed 10,589; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 3,273
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983: Hazard Code: 77115; Number of Industries 211; Total Number of Facilities 23,711; Number of Occupations 133; Total Number of Employees Exposed 320,917; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 34,194

STATUS IN FEDERAL AGENCIES:
ORGANIZATION	REFERENCE
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/95/100236/AS)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: In vivo cytogenetics-human lymphocyte
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
Used in copper alloys, galvanizing, light alloys, rolled and wire drawn zinc, sheet products
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
On EPA IRIS database
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Zinc and compounds as Zn, 7030
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Elements in blood or tissue, 8005
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Metals in urine, 8310
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID121
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID125G

REFERENCES:
CODEN	REFERENCE
85DKA8	"Cutaneous Toxicity, Proceedings of the 3rd Conference, 1976," Drill, V.A., and P. Lazar, eds., New York, Academic Press, Inc. 1977
ADTEAS	Advances in Teratology. (New York, NY) V.1-5, 1966-72. Discontinued.
AHYGAJ	Archiv fuer Hygiene. (Munich, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1-100, 1883-1928. For publisher information, see ZHPMAT.
AMTODM	Advances in Modern Toxicology. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.1, 1976-79. Discontinued.
CALEDQ	Cancer Letters (Shannon, Ireland). (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1975-
CBCPAI	Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. (Elmsford, NY) V.1-37, 1960-70. For publisher information, see CBPBB8.
CREOH*	Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology (Elsevier Science, P.O.Box 7247-7682,Philadelphia,PA 19170 -7682,USA OR Elsevier Science B.V.,P.O.Box 1270,1000 BG Amsterdam,The Netherlands) V. 1- 1983-
ENTOX*	Encyclopedia of Toxicology: Reference Book, Elsevier, 2005
FOREAE	Food Research. (Champaign, IL) V.1-25, 1936-60. For publisher information, see JFDSAZ.
HBTME*
HTOPA*
HUTOX*
JWIDAW	Journal of Wildlife Diseases. (Wildlife Disease Assoc., POB 886, Ames, IA 50010) V.6- 1970-
KOTTAM	Kogai to Taisaku. Journal of Environmental Pollution Control. (Kogai Taisaku Gijutsu Dokokai, Shuwa-Akasaka Bldg., 9-1-244, Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan) V.1- 1965-
MAERE*	Marine Environmental Research. (Kidlington, Oxford : Elsevier) V. 1- 1978-
MUREAV	Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964-
QURBAW	Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. (Cambridge Univ. Press, The Edinburgh Bldg., Shaftesbury Rd., Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK) V.1- 1968-
RBREV*	Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration, and Special Review (Rainbow Report), Special Review and Reregistration Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, Spring 1998
REPTED	Reproductive Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.1- 1987-
TOLED5	Toxicology Letters. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1977-
TOXID9	Toxicologist. (Soc. of Toxicology, Inc., 475 Wolf Ledge Parkway, Akron, OH 44311) V.1- 1981-
TPHSDY	Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. (Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, NY 10017) V.1- 1979-
TXAPA9	Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959-
VCVN1*	"Vrednie chemichescie veshestva. Neorganicheskie soedinenia elementov I-IV groopp" (Hazardous substances. Inornanic substances containing I-IV group elements), Filov V.A., Chimia, 1988.