Dipyrido(1,2-a;2',1'-c)pyrazinediium, 6,7-dihydro-, dibromide
RTECS #
JM5690000
CAS #
Updated
December 2018
Molecular Weight
344.08
Molecular Formula
C12H12N2·2Br
Synonyms
1,1'-Aethylen-2,2'-bipyridinium-dibromid (German)
1,1'-Ethylene-2,2'-bipyridylium dibromide
1,1'-Ethylene-2,2'-dipyridylium dibromide
5,6-Dihydro-dipyrido(1,2a;2,1c)pyrazinium dibromide
6,7-Dihydropyrido(1,2-a;2',1'-c)pyrazinedium dibromide
9,10-Dihydro-8a,10,-diazoniaphenanthrene dibromide
9,10-Dihydro-8a,10a-diazoniaphenanthrene(1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridylium)dibromide
Diquat dibromide
Ethylene dipyridylium dibromide
Ortho-Diquat
PP 100
Preeglone
Reglon
Reglone
Weedtrine-D
1,1'-Ethylene-2,2'-bipyridylium dibromide
1,1'-Ethylene-2,2'-dipyridylium dibromide
5,6-Dihydro-dipyrido(1,2a;2,1c)pyrazinium dibromide
6,7-Dihydropyrido(1,2-a;2',1'-c)pyrazinedium dibromide
9,10-Dihydro-8a,10,-diazoniaphenanthrene dibromide
9,10-Dihydro-8a,10a-diazoniaphenanthrene(1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridylium)dibromide
Diquat dibromide
Ethylene dipyridylium dibromide
Ortho-Diquat
PP 100
Preeglone
Reglon
Reglone
Weedtrine-D
Skin and Eye Irritation and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| eye /rabbit | 10 mg | mild | BJIMAG 27,51,1970 |
| skin /rabbit | 400 mg/20D | mild | BJIMAG 27,51,1970 |
Mutation Data and Reference
| System Test | Route/Organism/Tissue | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytogenetic Analysis | lung/hamster | 20 µmol/L | TIVIEQ 3,53,1989 |
| DNA inhibition | lymphocyte/human | 500 mg/L | ARTODN 45,101,1980 |
| DNA inhibition | other cell types/rat | 100 mg/L | ARTODN 45,101,1980 |
| DNA repair | /Salmonella typhimurium | 10 µg/plate | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| gene conversion and mitotic recombination | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 1000 ppm | MUREAV 22,111,1974 |
| micronucleus test | oral/mouse | 34.0 mg/kg | MUTAEX 21,375,2006 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 100 nmol/plate (+enzymatic activation step) | TOLED5 3,169,1979 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Aspergillus nidulans | 500 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Escherichia coli | 2200 nmol/L (-enzymatic activation step) | ENMUDM 3,11,1981 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | /Aspergillus nidulans | 10 gm/L | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| sister chromatid exchange | lung/hamster | 100 nmol/L | TOLED5 31(Suppl),214,1986 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | other cell types/human | 20 mg/L | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | fibroblast/human | 1 µmol/L | MUREAV 42,161,1977 |
Reproductive Effects Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| intraperitoneal/rat | 7 mg/kg (7D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | 26UZAB 6,257,1968/1970 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 10800 µg/kg (9-12D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | BECTA6 25,513,1980 |
| intravenous/rat | 15 mg/kg (17D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death | TXAPA9 33,450,1975 |
Acute Toxicity Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro/Human, kidney tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 279 mg/L | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, liver tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 221 mg/L | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, liver tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 283 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.11 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. | TIVIEQ 1,85,1987 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.7 mmol/L/4M | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currents | TXAPA9 245,191,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 78.8 mg/L | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, skin | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 3.93 mg/L/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 5.38 mg/L/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 12.6 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| In Vitro/paa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.48 µmol/L/44H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TIVIEQ 27,1416,2013 |
| In Vitro/Rat, liver | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 450 mg/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kg | PAREAQ 14,225,1962 | |
| intravaginal/woman | lowest published toxic dose: 400 µL/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, other | JTCTDW 37,877,1999 |
| intravenous/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 14 mg/kg | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | 26UZAB 6,257,1968/1970 |
| oral/domestic animal | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 30 mg/kg | 85GYAV -,102,1971 | |
| oral/duck | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 564 mg/kg | DOEAAH 35,25,1979 | |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 1514 µL/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Cardiac: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | JTCTDW 38,149,2000 |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 750 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Vascular: Shock Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | JTCTDW 37,881,1999 |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 68 mg/kg | MUTAEX 21,375,2006 | |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg | Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning | HBPTO* 1,699,2001 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 120 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | PRKHDK 1,31,1975 |
| oral/woman | lowest published lethal dose: 400 µL/kg | Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | AJMEAZ 70,1267,1981 |
| oral/woman | lowest published lethal dose: 52.2 mg/kg | Brain and Coverings: Changes in circulation Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes | AJEMEN 19,527,2001 |
| skin/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): >500 mg/kg | WRPCA2 9,119,1970 | |
| skin/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 433 mg/kg | FAATDF 7,299,1986 | |
| subcutaneous/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 11 mg/kg | Eye: Mydriasis (pupilliary dilation) Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | BJIMAG 27,51,1970 |
| unreported route/mammal (species unspecified) | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kg | 30ZDA9 -,409,1971 |
Other Multiple Dose Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1900 µg/m3/4H/19W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases | KHZDAN 15,25,1972 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 42.5 mg/kg/5D- intermittent | Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | MUTAEX 21,375,2006 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 988 mg/kg/19W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Isomerases | KHZDAN 12,325,1969 |
| skin/rabbit | lowest published toxic dose: 37.5 mg/kg/3D- intermittent | Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | HBPTO* 1,699,2001 |
Reviews
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (inhal) | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) | Threshold Limit Value-Not classifiable as a human carcinogen | DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013 |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CRTXB2 1(1),93,1971 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | DTTIAF 80,485,1973 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,78,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 58,395,2010 |
Standards and Regulations
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION | FEREAC 54,7740,1989 | |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES | RED Completed | RBREV* -,115,1998 |
| Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-air | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 | DTLWS* 3,17,1973 |
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV; | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA | MAK-TMW 0.5 mg/m3;KZW 1 mg/m3, inhal, skin, 2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 1.5 mg/m3, skin, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE | VME 0.5 mg/m3, FEB2006 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN2002 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1999 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA | short term exposure limit 0.05 mg/m3, JUN2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 0.5 mg/m3, 2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 1 mg/m3, OCT2007 |
NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO DIQUAT-air | 10H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 | NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992 |
| National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974 | Hazard Code 83281; Number of Industries 2; Total Number of Facilities 98; Number of Occupations 3; Total Number of Employees Exposed 200 |
Status in Federal Agencies
| Organization | Reference |
|---|---|
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal | |
| On EPA IRIS database |
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018
Content
source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health