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Summary of Notifiable Diseases

Contents
• Home - National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
• 2002 Annual Summary
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Background
    Data Sources
    Interpreting Data
    Highlights
    Graphs and Maps
    Selected Reading
• other years




United States 2002

Selected Reading

General
Bayer R, Fairchild AL. Public health: surveillance and privacy. Science 2000;290:1898-9.

CDC. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-10). Additional information available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/casedef/index.htm.

CDC. Demographic differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity-United States, 1992-1994. MMWR 1997;46:637-41.

CDC. Framework for program evaluation in public health. MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-11).

CDC. Historical perspectives: notifiable disease surveillance and notifiable disease statistics-United States, June 1946 and June 1996. MMWR 1996;45:530-6.

CDC. Manual of procedures for the reporting of nationally notifiable diseases to CDC. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1995.

CDC. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1999. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/surv-manual/default.htm.

CDC. National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS): a standards-based approach to connect public health and clinical medicine. J Public Health Management Practice 2001;7:43-50.

CDC. Reporting race and ethnicity data-National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance, 1994-1997. MMWR 1999;48:305-12.

CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 1998. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1999.

CDC. Ten leading nationally notifiable infectious diseases- United States, 1995. MMWR 1996;45:883-4.

CDC. Use of race and ethnicity in public health surveillance: summary of the CDC/ATSDR workshop. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-10).

Chang M-H, Glynn MK, Groseclose SL. Endemic, notifiable bioterrorism-related diseases, United States, 1992-1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:556-64.

Chin JE, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000.

Doyle TJ, Glynn MK, Groseclose SL. Completeness of notifiable infectious disease reporting in the United States: an analytical literature review. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:866-74.

Effler P, Ching-Lee M, Bogard A, Ieong M-C, Nekomoto T, Jernigan D. Statewide system of electronic notifiable disease reporting from clinical laboratories: comparing automated reporting with conventional methods. JAMA 1999;282;1845-50.

Freimuth V, Linnan HW, Potter P. Communicating the threat of emerging infections to the public. Emerg Infect Dis 2000;6:337-47.

Koo D, Caldwell B. The role of providers and health plans in infectious disease surveillance. Eff Clin Pract 1999;2:247- 52. Available at http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/sepoct99/koo.htm.

Koo D, Wetterhall S. History and current status of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. J Public Health Management Practice 1996;2:4-10.

Lin SS, Kelsey JL. Use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic research: concepts, methodological issues, and suggestions for research. Epidemiol Rev 2000;22:187-202.

Martin SM, Bean NH. Data management issues for emerging diseases and new tools for managing surveillance and laboratory data. Emerg Infect Dis 1995;1:124-8. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol1no4/martin2.htm#top.

Niskar AS, Koo D. Differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity among adult women-United States, 1992-1994. J Womens Health 1998;7:451-8.

Panackal AA, M'ikanatha NM , Tsui FC, et al. Automatic electronic laboratory-based reporting of notifiable infectious diseases at a large health system. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:685-91.

Pinner RW, Koo D, Berkelman RL. Surveillance of infectious diseases. In: Lederberg J, Alexander M, Bloom RB, eds. Encyclopedia of microbiology. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000;4:506-25.

Pinner RW, Jernigan DB, Sutliff SM. Electronic laboratory-based reporting for public health. Military Medicine 2000;165(suppl 2):20-4.

Roush S, Birkhead G, Koo D, Cobb A, Fleming D. Mandatory reporting of diseases and conditions by health care professionals and laboratories. JAMA 1999;282:164-70. Available at http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v282n2/abs/joc90413.html.

Teutsch SM, Churchill RE, eds. Principles and practice of public health surveillance. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Thacker SB, Choi K, Brachman PS. The surveillance of infectious diseases. JAMA 1983;249:1181-5.

AIDS
CDC. Cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States, 2002 HIV/AIDS surveillance report, Vol. 14. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1402.htm.

CDC. Guidelines for national human immunodeficiency virus case surveillance, including monitoring for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-13):1-31.

Nakashima AK, Fleming PL. HIV/AIDS surveillance in the United States, 1981-2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;32:68-85.

Brucellosis
CDC. Brucellosis: (Brucella melitensis, abortus, suis, and canis). Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/ diseaseinfo/brucellosis_g.htm.

CDC. Brucellosis case definition. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Brucellosis/CaseDef.asp.

CDC. Human exposure to Brucella abortus strain RB51-Kansas, 1997. MMWR 47:172-5.

Stevens, MG, Olsen SC, Palmer MV, Cheville NF. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service National Animal Disease Center, Iowa State University. Brucella abortus strain RB51: a new brucellosis vaccine for cattle. Compendium 1997;19:766-74.

Martin-Mazuelos E, Nogales MC, Florez C, Gomez-Mateos M, Lozano F, Sanchez A. Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology laboratory workers. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2035-6.

Chomel BB, DeBess EE, Mangiamele DM, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology of human brucellosis in California from 1973 to 1992: a shift toward foodborne transmission. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1216-23.

Chancroid
DiCarlo RP, Armentor BS, Martin DH. Chancroid epidemiology in New Orleans men. J Infect Dis 1995;172:446-52.

Mertz, KJ, Weiss JB, Webb RM, et al. An investigation of genital ulcers in Jackson, Mississippi, with use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay: high prevalence of chancroid and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1060-6.

Mertz KJ, Trees D, Levine WC, et al. Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities. The Genital Ulcer Disease Surveillance Group. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1795-8.

Chlamydia trachomatis, Genital Infection
CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2001 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project, 2001. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2002. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia2001.

Gaydos CA, Howell MR, Pare B, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in female military recruits. N Engl J Med 1998;339:739-44.

Mertz KJ, McQuillian GM, Levine WC, et al. A pilot study of chlamydial infection in a national household survey. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:225-8.

Cholera
Steinberg EB, Greene KD, Bopp CA, Cameron DN, Wells JG, Mintz ED. Cholera in the United States, 1995-2000: trends at the end of the millennium. J Infect Dis 2001;184,799-802.

Mintz ED, Tauxe RV, Levine MM. The global resurgence of cholera. In: Noah ND, O'Mahony M, eds. Communicable disease epidemiology and control. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 1998:63-104.

Mahon BE, Mintz ED, Greene KD, Wells JG, Tauxe RV. Reported cholera in the United States, 1992-1994: a reflection of global changes in cholera epidemiology. JAMA 1996;276:307-312.

World Health Organization. Guidelines for cholera control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1993.

Cryptosporidiosis

CDC. DPDx Diagnostic procedures-stool specimens-detection of parasite antigens. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/DiagnosticProcedures.htm.

Lee SH, Levy DA, Craun GF, Beach MJ, Calderon RL. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks-United States, 1999-2000. In: CDC Surveillance summaries, November 22, 2002. MMWR 2002:51(No. SS-8):1-47.

Rose JB, Huffman DE, Gennaccaro A. Risk and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2002;26:113-23.

CDC. Cryptosporidium and water: a public health handbook. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis, 1997. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/crypto/crypto.pdf.

Cyclosporiasis
Lopez AS, Bendik JM, Alliance JY, et al. Epidemiology of Cyclospora cayetanensis and other intestinal parasites in a community in Haiti. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:2047-54.

Ho AY, Lopez AS, Eberhard MG, et al. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:783-8.

Herwaldt BL. Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1040-57.

Encephalitis, Arboviral (California Serogroup Viral, Eastern Equine, St. Louis, West Nile Western Equine)
CDC. Notice to readers: revision of guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control of West Nile virus infection. MMWR 2003;52:797.

CDC. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system-United States, 1996-1997. MMWR 1998;47:517-22. Campbell GL, Marfin AM, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2002;2:519-29.

Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1807-14.

Escherichia coli, Enterohemorrhagic.
CDC. Escherichia coli O111:H8 outbreak among teenage campers-Texas. 1999. MMWR 2000;49:321-4.

Crump JA, Sulka AC, Langer AJ, et al. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among visitors to a dairy farm. N Engl J Med 2002;347:555-60.

Giardiasis
CDC. DPDx diagnostic procedures-stool specimens-detection of parasiteantigens. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC. Available at http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/DiagnosticProcedures.htm.

Lee SH, Levy DA, Craun GF, Beach MJ, Calderon RL. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks-United States, 1999-2000. In: CDC surveillance summaries, November 22, 2002. MMWR 2002:51(No. SS-8):1-47.

Furness BW, Beach MJ, Roberts JM. Giardiasis surveillance-United States, 1992-1997. In: CDC surveillance summaries, August 11, 2000. MMWR 2000:49(No. SS-7):1-13.

Gonorrhea
CDC. Increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Hawaii and California, 2001. MMWR 2002;51:1041-4.

CDC. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2002. MMWR 2002;51(No R-6).

CDC. Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance 2001 supplement: Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) annual report-2002. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, October 2002.

Fox KK, del Rio C, Holmes KK, et al. Gonorrhea in the HIV era: a reversal in trends among men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 2001;91:959-64.

Haemophilus influenzae, Invasive Disease
LaClaire LL, Tondella ML, Beall DS, et al. Identification of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes by standard slide agglutination serotyping and PCR-based capsule typing. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:393-6.

CDC. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children-United States, 1998-2000. MMWR 2002;51:234-7.

Fry AM, Lurie P, Gidley M, Schmink S, Lingappa J, Rosenstein NE. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease among Amish children in Pennsylvania: reasons for persistent disease. Pediatrics 2001;108:1-6.

CDC. Recommendations for use of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines and a combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus b vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-13).

Hepatitis A
Armstrong GL, Bell BP. Hepatitis A virus infections in the United States: model-based estimates and implications for childhood immunization. Pediatrics 2002;109:839-45.

CDC. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-12).

Bell BP, Shapiro CN, Alter MJ, et al. The diverse patterns of hepatitis A epidemiology in the United States-implications for vaccination strategies. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1579-84.

Lemon SM, Shapiro CN. The value of immunization against hepatitis A. Infect Agents Dis 1994;3:38-49.

Shapiro CN, Coleman PJ, McQuillan GM, Alter MJ, Margolis HS. Epidemiology of hepatitis A: seroepidemiology and risk groups in the USA. Vaccine 1992;10(suppl 1):S59-S62.

Hepatitis A
Coleman PJ, McQuillan GM, Moyer LA, Lambert SB, Margolis HS. Incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States, 1976-1994: estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Infect Dis 1998;178:954-9.

CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-13):1-19.

Goldstein ST, Alter MJ, Williams IT, et al. Incidence and risk factors for acute hepatitis B in the United States, 1982- 1998: implications for vaccination programs. J Infect Dis 2002;185:713-9.

McQuillan GM, Coleman PJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Moyer LA, Lambert SB, Margolis HS. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1976 through 1994. Am J Public Health 1999;89:14-8.

Margolis HS, Alter MJ, Hadler SC. Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications for control [Review]. Semin Liver Dis 1991;11:84-92.

Hepatitis C; Non-A, Non-B
Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med 1999;341:556-62.

Armstrong GA, Alter MJ, McQuillan GM, Margolis HS. The past incidence of hepatitis C virus infection: implications for the future burden of chronic liver disease in the United States. Hepatology 2000;31:777-82.

CDC. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-19).

Legionella
CDC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities: Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisor y Committee (HICPAC). MMWR 2003;52(No. RR-10).

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000. Minimizing the risk of legionellosis associated with building water systems. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 2000:1-17. Available at http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com.

CDC. Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-1).

CDC. Guidelines for prevention of opportunistic infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. MMWR 2000;49(No. RR-10).

Lyme Disease
Hayes EB, Piesman J. How can we prevent Lyme disease? N Engl J Med 2003;348:2424-30.

Bacon RM, Biggerstaff BJ, Schriefer ME, et al. Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant VlsE1 or peptide antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi compared with 2-tiered testing using whole cell lysates. J Infect Dis 2003;187:1187-99.

Guerra M, Walker E, Jone C, et al. Predicting risk of Lyme disease: habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the North Central United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:289-97.

Poland GA. Prevention of Lyme disease: a review of the evidence. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:713-24.

Malaria
Lobel HO, Kozarsky PE. Update on prevention of malaria for travelers. JAMA 1997;278:1767-71.

MacArthur JR, Holtz TH, Jenkins J, et al. Probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted malaria in Georgia, 1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:E124-8.

Zucker JR. Changing patterns of autochthonous malaria transmission in the United States: a review of recent outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 1996;2:37-43. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol2no1/zuckerei.htm.

Zucker JR, Campbell CC. Malaria: principles of prevention and treatment [review]. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993;7:547-67.

Pertussis
Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Baughman AL, Murphy TV. Increase in deaths from pertussis among young infants in the United States in the 1990s. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:628-34.

CDC. Guidelines for the control of pertussis outbreaks. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2000. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nip/ publications/pertussis/guide.htm

CDC. Pertussis-United States, 1997-2000. MMWR 2002; 51:73-6.

CDC. Pertussis outbreak among adults at an oil refinery-Illinois, August-October 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1-4.

Plague
CDC. Imported plague-New York City, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:725-8.

Enscore RE, Biggerstaff BJ, Brown TL, et al. Modeling relationships between climate and the frequency of human plague cases in the southwestern United States, 1960-1997. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002;66:186-96.

Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al. Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense [review]. JAMA 2000;283:2281-90.

Dennis DT, Gage KL, Gratz N, Poland JD, Tikhomirov E. Plague manual: epidemiology, distribution, surveillance and control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1999.

Salmonella
Olsen SJ, Bishop R, Brenner FW, et al. The changing epidemiology of Salmonella: trends in serotypes isolated from humans in the United States, 1987-1997. J Infect Dis 2001;183:753-61.

Mahon BE, Slusker L, Hutwagner L, et al. Consequences in Georgia of a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella infections: what you don't know might hurt you. Am J Public Health 1999;89:31-5.

CDC. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport-United States, January-April 2002. MMWR 2002;51:545-8.

Shigellosis
Shane A, Crump J, Tucker N, Painter J, Mintz E. Sharing Shigella: risk factors and costs of a multi-community outbreak of shigellosis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:601-3.

Gupta A, Polyak CA, Bishop RD, Sobel J, Mintz ED. Laboratory-confirmed shigellosis in the United States, 1989-2002: epidemiologic trends and patterns. Clin Infect Dis 2004:In press.

CDC. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley-United States and Canada, July-August 1998. MMWR 1999;48:285-9.

Sobel J, Cameron DN, Ismail J, et al. A prolonged outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections in traditionally observant Jewish communities in North America caused by a molecularly distinct bacterial subtype. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1405-8.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Drug-Resistant, Invasive Disease
CDC. Preventing pneumococcal disease among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2000;49(No. RR-9):1-38.

Robinson KA, Baughman W, Rothrock G, et al. Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the United States, 1995-1998: opportunities for prevention in the conjugate vaccine era. JAMA 2001;285:1729-35.

Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1917-24.

Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease following the introduction of pro-tein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1737-46.

Syphilis, Congenital
CDC. Congenital syphilis-United States, 2000. MMWR 2001;50:573-7.

CDC. Guidelines for the prevention and control of congenital syphilis. MMWR 1988;37(No. S-1).

Southwick KL, Guidry HM, Weldon MM, Mertz KJ, Berman SM, Leveine WC. An epidemic of congenital syphilis in Jefferson County, Texas, 1994-1995: inadequate prenatal syphilis testing after an outbreak in adults. Am J Public Health 1999;89:557-60.

Syphilis, Primary and Secondary
CDC. The national plan to eliminate syphilis from the United States. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, October 1999.

CDC. Primary and secondary syphilis among men who have sex with men-New York City, 2001. MMWR 2002;51:853-6.

CDC. Primary and secondary syphilis-United States, 2000-2001. MMWR 2002;51:971-3.

CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance supplement 2001: syphilis surveillance report. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, February 2003.

Tetanus
Pascual FB, McGinley EL, Zanardi LR, Cortese MM, Murphy TV. Tetanus surveillance-United States, 1998-2000. In: CDC surveillance summaries, June 20, 2003. MMWR 2003;52(No. SS-3):1-8.

CDC. Tetanus-Puerto Rico, 2002. MMWR 2002;51:613-5.

Fair E, Murphy T, Golaz A, Wharton M. Philosophic objection to vaccination as a risk for tetanus among children <15 years of age. Pediatrics 2002;109:E2.

McQuillan GM, Kruszon-Moran D, Deforest A, Chu SY, Wharton M. Serologic immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:660-6.

Trichinosis
Roy SL, Lopez AS, Schantz PM. Trichinellosis surveillance-United States, 1997-2001. In: CDC surveillance summaries, July 2003. MMWR 2003;52(No.SS-6):1-8.

Moorhead A, Grunenwald PE, Dietz VJ, Schantz PM. Trichinellosis in the United States, 1991-1996: declining but not gone. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60:66-9.

CDC. Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with eating cougar jerky-Idaho, 1995. MMWR 1996;45:205-6.

McAuley JB, Michelson MK, Schantz PM. Trichinosis surveillance, United States, 1987-1990. In: CDC surveillance summaries, December 1991. MMWR 1991;40 (No. SS-3):35-42.

Tuberculosis
CDC. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2002. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, September 2003. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tb.

CDC. Trends in tuberculosis morbidity-United States, 1992-2002. MMWR 2003;52:217-22.

Saraiya M, Cookson ST, Tribble P, et al. Tuberculosis screening among foreign-born persons applying for permanent US residence. Am J Public Health 2002;92:826-9.

Talbot EA, Moore M, McCray E, Binkin NJ. Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1993-1998. JAMA 2000;284:2894-900.

Tularemia
CDC. Public Health Dispatch: Outbreak of tularemia among commercially distributed prairie dogs, 2002. MMWR 2002;51:688,699.

CDC. Tularemia-United States, 1990-2000. MMWR 2002;51:182-4.

Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, et al. Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2001;285:2763-73.

Feldman KA, Enscore RE, Lathrop SL, et al. Outbreak of primary pneumonic tularemia on Martha's Vineyard. N Engl J Med 2001:345:1219-26.

Typhoid Fever
Reller ME, Olsen SJ, Kressel AB, et al. Sexual transmission of typhoid fever: a multi-state outbreak among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:141-4.

Olsen SJ, Bleasdale SC, Magnano AR, et al. Outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960-1999. Epidemiol Infect 2003;130:13-21.

Ackers ML, Puhr ND, Tauxe RV, Mintz ED. Laboratory-based surveillance of Salmonella serotype Typhi infections in the United States: antimicrobial resistance on the rise. JAMA 2000;283:2668-73.

CDC. Typhoid immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1994;43(No. RR-14).



 		 

 

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