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Summary of Notifiable Diseases
United States 2001
Selected Reading
General
Bayer R, Fairchild AL. Public health: surveillance and privacy. Science 2000;290:1898-9.
CDC. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance.
MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-10).
CDC. Demographic differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity-United
States, 1992- 1994. MMWR 1997;46:637-41.
CDC. Framework for program evaluation in public health. MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-11).
CDC. Historical perspectives: notifiable disease surveillance and notifiable
disease statistics-United States, June 1946 and June 1996. MMWR 1996;45:530-6.
CDC. Mandatory reporting of infectious diseases by clinicians and mandatory reporting
of occupational diseases by clinicians. MMWR 1990;39(No. RR-9).
CDC. Manual of procedures for the reporting of nationally notifiable diseases
to CDC. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, CDC, 1995.
CDC. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta: US
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1999. Available
at http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/surv-manual/begin.pdf.
CDC. National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS): a standards-based
approach to connect public health and clinical medicine. J Public Health Management
Practice 2001;7:43-50.
CDC. Proceedings of the 1992 International Symposium on Public Health Surveillance.
MMWR 1992;41(suppl).
CDC. Reporting race and ethnicity data-National Electronic Telecommunications
System for Surveillance, 1994-1997. MMWR 1999;48:305-12.
CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 1998. Atlanta: US Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1999.
CDC. Ten leading nationally notifiable infectious diseases-United States, 1995.
MMWR 1996;45:883-4.
CDC. Use of race and ethnicity in public health surveillance: summary of the
CDC/ATSDR workshop. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-10).
Chin JE, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC:
American Public Health Association, 2000.
Doyle TJ, Glynn MK, Groseclose SL. Completeness of notifiable infectious disease
reporting in the analytical literature review. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:866-74.
Effler P, Ching-Lee M, Bogard A, Ieong M-C, Nekomoto T, Jernigan D. Statewide
system of electronic notifiable disease reporting from clinical laboratories:
comparing automated reporting with conventional methods. JAMA 1999;282;1845-50.
Freimuth V, Linnan HW, Potter P. Communicating the threat of emerging infections
to the public. Emerg Infect Dis 2000;6:337-47.
Koo D, Caldwell B. The role of providers and health plans in infectious disease
surveillance. Eff Clin Pract 1999;2:247-52. Available at http://www.acponline.org/journals/ecp/sepoct99/koo.htm.
Koo D, Wetterhall S. History and current status of the National Notifiable Diseases
Surveillance System. J Public Health Management Practice 1996;2:4-10.
Lin SS, Kelsey JL. Use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic research: concepts,
methodological issues, and suggestions for research. Epidemiol Rev 2000;22:187-202.
Martin SM, Bean NH. Data management issues for emerging diseases and new tools
for managing surveillance and laboratory data. Emerg Infect Dis 1995;1:124-8.
Available at
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol1no4/martin2.htm#top.
Niskar AS, Koo D. Differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity among
adult women- United States, 1992-1994. J Womens Health 1998;7:451-8.
Panackal AA, M'ikanatha NM , Tsui FC, et al. Automatic electronic laboratory-based
reporting of notifiable infectious diseases at a large health system. Emerg Infect
Dis 2002;8:685-91.
Pinner RW, Koo D, Berkelman RL. Surveillance of infectious diseases. In: Lederberg
J, Alexander M, Bloom RB, eds. Encyclopedia of microbiology. 2nd ed. San Diego,
CA: Academic Press, 2000;4:506-25.
Pinner RW, Jernigan DB, Sutliff SM. Electronic laboratory-based reporting for
public health. Military Medicine 2000;165(suppl 2):20-4.
Roush S, Birkhead G, Koo D, Cobb A, Fleming D. Mandatory reporting of diseases
and conditions by health care professionals and laboratories. JAMA 1999;282:164-70.
Available at
http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v282n2/abs/joc90413.html.
Teutsch SM, Churchill RE, eds. Principles and practice of public health surveillance.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Thacker SB, Choi K, Brachman PS. The surveillance of infectious diseases. JAMA
1983;249: 1181-5.
Thacker SB, Stroup DF. Future directions for comprehensive public health surveillance
and health information systems in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:383-97.
AIDS
CDC. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2002.Vol. 13, No. 2. Atlanta: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrlink.htm.
CDC. Diagnosis and reporting of HIV and AIDS in states with integrated HIV and
AIDS surveillance-United States, January 1994-June 1997. MMWR 1998;47:309-14.
Janssen RS, Satten GA, Stramer SL, et al. New testing strategy to detect early
HIV-1 infection for use incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes.
JAMA 1998;280:42-48.
Klevens RM, Fleming PL, Li J, et al. The completeness, validity, and timeliness
of AIDS surveillance data. Ann Epidemiol 2001;11:443-9.
Botulism
CDC. Botulism in the United States, 1899-1996: handbook for epidemiologists,
clinicians, and laboratory workers. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and
Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1998. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism.pdf.
Shapiro RHC, Swerdlow DL, Botulism in the United States: a clinical and epidemiologic
review. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:221-8.
Brucellosis
Yagupsky P. Detection of brucellae in blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:3437-42.
CDC. Human exposure to Brucella abortus strain RB51-Kansas, 1997. MMWR
1998;47:172-5.
Chomel BB, DeBess EE, Mangiamele DM, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology
of human brucellosis in California from 1973 to 1992: a shift toward foodborne
transmission. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1216-23.
Taylor JP, Perdue JN. The changing epidemiology of human brucellosis in Texas,
1977-1986. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:160-5.
Chancroid
DiCarlo RP, Armentor BS, Martin DH. Chancroid epidemiology in New Orleans men.
J Infect Dis 1995;172:446-52.
Mertz KJ, Weiss JB, Webb RM, et al. An investigation of genital ulcers in Jackson,
Mississippi, with use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay: high prevalence
of chancroid and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1060-6.
Mertz KJ, Trees D, Levine WC, et al. Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence
of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities. The Genital Ulcer
Disease Surveillance Group. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1795-8.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Genital infection
CDC. Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections-United States, 1995. MMWR
1997;46:193-8.
CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 1999 supplement: Chlamydia Prevalence
Monitoring Project. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC,
2000. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/Stats_Trends/99Chlamydia.htm.
Gaydos CA, Howell MR, Pare B, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infections
in female military recruits. N Engl J Med 1998;339:739-44.
Mertz KJ, McQuillan GM, Levine WC, et al. A pilot study of chlamydial infection
in a national household survey. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:225-8.
Cholera
Mahon BE, Mintz ED, Greene KD, Wells JG, Tauxe RV. Reported cholera in the United
States, 1992-1994: a reflection of global changes in cholera epidemiology. JAMA
1996;276:307-12.
Mintz ED, Tauxe RV, Levine MM. The global resurgence of cholera. In:
Noah ND, O'Mahony M, eds. Communicable disease epidemiology and control.
Chichester, England:
John Wiley& Sons, 1998:63-104.
Steinberg EB, Greene KD, Bopp CA, Cameron DN, Wells JG, Mintz ED. Cholera in
the United States, 1995-2000: trends at the end of the millennium. J Infect Dis
2001;184:799-802.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for cholera control. Geneva, Switzerland:
World Health Organization, 1993.
Cyclosporiasis
Herwaldt BL. Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks
of cyclosporiasis in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1040-57.
Ho AY, Lopez AS, Eberhart MG, et al. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated with
imported raspberries, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:783-8.
Lopez AS, Dodson DR, Arrowood MJ, et al. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis associated
with basil in Missouri in 1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1010-7.
Diphtheria
Bisgard KM, Hardy IR, Popovic T, et al. Respiratory diphtheria in the United
States, 1980 through 1995. Am J Public Health 1998;88:787-91.
Dittmann S, Wharton M, Vitek C, et al. Successful control of epidemic diphtheria
in the states of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: lessons learned.
J Infect Dis 2000;181(suppl 1):S10-S22.
Galazka AM, Robertson SE. Diphtheria: changing patterns in the developing world
and the industrialized world. Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11:107-17.
Ehrlichiosis (Human Granulocytic and Human Monocytic)
Belongia EA, Reed KD, Mitchell PD, et al. Tickborne infections as a cause of
nonspecific febrile illness in Wisconsin. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1434-9.
Childs JE, Sumner JW, Nicholson WL, Massung RF, Standaert SM, Paddock CD. Outcome
of diagnostic tests using samples from patients with culture-proven human monocytic
ehrlichiosis: implications for surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2997-3000.
IJdo JW, Meek JI, Cartter ML, et al. The emergence of another tickborne infection
in the 12-town area around Lyme, Connecticut: human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.
J Infect Dis 2000;181:1388-93.
McQuiston JH, Paddock CD, Holman RC, Childs JE. The human ehrlichioses in the
United States [Review]. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:635-42. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no5/mcquiston.htm
Encephalitis, Arboviral (California Serogroup Viral, Eastern
Equine, St. Louis, Western Equine, West Nile Virus)
CDC. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system-United States, 1996-1997.
MMWR 1998;47:517-22.
CDC. Notice to readers: revision of guidelines for surveillance, prevention,
and control of West Nile virus infection. MMWR 2001;50:273.
Campbell GL, Marfin AM, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus. Lancet Infectious
Diseases 2002;2:519-29.
Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection
in the New York City area. N Eng J Med 2001;344:1807-14. 102 MMWR May 2, 2003
Gonorrhea
CDC. Fluoroquinolone-resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Hawaii, 1999,
and decreased susceptibility to azithromycin in N. gonorrhoeae, Missouri,
1999. MMWR 2000;49:833-7.
CDC. Gonorrhea-United States, 1998. MMWR 2000;49:538-42.
CDC. Sexually transmitted diseases surveillance 2000 supplement: Gonococcal Isolate
Surveillance Project (GISP) annual report-2000. Atlanta, GA: US Department of
Health and Human Services, CDC, October 2001.
Fox KK, del Rio C, Holmes KK, et al. Gonorrhea in the HIV era: a reversal in
trends among men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 2001;91:959-64.
Haemophilus influenzae, Invasive Disease
CDC. Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease
among infants and children-United States, 1998-2000. MMWR 2002;51:234-7.
CDC. Recommendations for use of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines and
a combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus b vaccine:
recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR
1993;42(No. RR-13).
CDC. Serotyping discrepancies in Haemophilus influenzae type b disease-United
States, 1998-1999. MMWR 2002;51:706-7.
Fry AM, Lurie P, Gidley M, Schmink S, Lingappa J, Rosenstein NE. Haemophilus
influenzae type b (Hib) disease among Amish children in Pennsylvania: reasons
for persistent disease. Pediatrics 2001;108:1-6.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
CDC. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-United States: updated recommendations for
risk reduction. MMWR 2002;51(No. RR-9):1-12.
Douglass RJ, Wilson T, Semmens WJ, et al. Longitudinal studies of Sin Nombre
virus in deer mouse-dominated ecosystems of Montana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001;65:33-41.
Yates TL, Mills JN, Parmenter CA, et al. The ecology and evolutionary history
of an emergent disease: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. BioScience 2002;52:989.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Postdiarrheal
Banatvala N, Griffin PM, Greene KD, et al. The United States National Prospective
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Study: microbiologic, serologic, clinical, and epidemiologic
findings. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1063-70.
CDC. Escherichia coli O111:H8 outbreak among teenage campers-Texas,
1999. MMWR 2000;49:321-4.
Mahon BE, Griffin PM, Mead PS, Tauxe RV. Hemolytic uremic syndrome surveillance
to monitor trends in infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [Letter]. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3:409-12.
Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no3/mahon.htm.
Siegler RL, Pavia AT, Christofferson RD, Milligan MK. A 20-year population based
study of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome in Utah. Pediatrics 1994;94:35-40.
Hepatitis A
Armstrong GL, Bell BP. Hepatitis A virus infections in the United States: model-based
estimates and implications for childhood immunization. Pediatrics 2002;109:839-45.
CDC. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations
of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(No.
RR-12).
Bell BP, Shapiro CN, Alter MJ, et al. The diverse patterns of hepatitis A epidemiology
in the United States-implications for vaccination strategies. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1579-84.
Lemon SM, Shapiro CN. The value of immunization against hepatitis A. Infect Agents
Dis 1994;3:38-49.
Shapiro CN, Coleman PJ, McQuillan GM, Alter MJ, Margolis HS. Epidemiology of
hepatitis A: seroepidemiology and risk groups in the USA. Vaccine 1992;10(suppl
1):S59-S62.
Hepatitis B
Coleman PJ, McQuillan GM, Moyer LA, Lambert SB, Margolis HS. Incidence of hepatitis
B virus infection in the United States, 1976-1994: estimates from the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Infect Dis 1998;178:954-9.
CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission
in the United States through universal childhood vaccination: recommendations
of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-13):1-19.
Goldstein ST, Alter MJ, Williams IT, et al. Incidence and risk factors for acute
hepatitis B in the United States, 1982-1998: implications for vaccination programs.
J Infect Dis 2002;185:713-9.
McQuillan GM, Coleman PJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Moyer LA, Lambert SB, Margolis HS.
Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: The National
Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1976 through 1994. Am J Public Health
1999;89:14-8.
Margolis HS, Alter MJ, Hadler SC. Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications
for control [Review]. Semin Liver Dis 1991;11:84-92.
Hepatitis C; Non-A, Non-B
Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus
infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. N Engl J Med 1999;341:556-62.
Armstrong GA, Alter MJ, McQuillan GM, Margolis HS. The past incidence of hepatitis
C virus infection: implications for the future burden of chronic liver disease
in the United States. Hepatology 2000;31:777-82.
CDC. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
and HCVrelated chronic disease. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-19).
HIV Infection, Pediatric
CDC. Guidelines for national human immunodeficiency virus case surveillance,
including monitoring for human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-13):1-31.
CDC. Successful implementation of perinatal HIV prevention guidelines: a multistate
surveillance evaluation. MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-6):17-28.
Lansky A, Jones JL, Frey RL, Lindegren ML. Trends in HIV testing among pregnant
women-United States, 1994-1997. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1291-3.
Lindegren ML, Steinberg S, Byers RH, Jr. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in children.
Pediatr Clin North Am 2000; 47(1):1-20.
HIV Infection, Adult
CDC. Diagnosis and reporting of HIV and AIDS in states with HIV/AIDS surveillance-United
States, 1994-2000. MMWR 2002;51:595-8.
CDC. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2002 13, (No. 2). Atlanta: Centers for Disease
Control and and Prevention. Vol. 13, No. 2. In press. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrlink.htm.
Lee LM, Fleming PL. Trends in human immundeficiency virus diagnoses among women
in the United States, 1994-1998. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2001;56:94-99.
Lee LM, Karon JM, Selik R, Neal JJ, Fleming PL. Survival after AIDS diagnosis
in adolescents and adults during the treatment era, United States, 1984-1997.
JAMA 2001; 285:1308-15.
Legionellosis
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE
Guideline 12-2000. Minimizing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated With Building
Water Systems. Atlanta: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., 2000:1-17. Available at: www.baltimoreaircoil.com.
CDC. Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-1).
CDC. Guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in hematopoietic
stem cell transplant recipients. MMWR 2000;49(No. RR-10).
Lyme Disease
CDC. Lyme disease-United States, 2000. MMWR 2002;51:29-31.
Hayes EB, Maupin GO, Mount GA, Piesman J. Assessing the prevention effectiveness
of local Lyme disease control. J Public Health Management Practice 1999;5:84-92.
Orloski KA, Hayes EB, Campbell GL, Dennis DT. Surveillance for Lyme disease-United
States, 1992-1998. MMWR 2000;49(No. SS-3):1-11.
Malaria
Lobel HO, Kozarsky PE. Update on prevention of malaria for travelers. JAMA 1997;278:1767-71.
MacArthur JR, Holtz TH, Jenkins J, et al Probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted
malaria in Georgia, 1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(8):E124-8.
Zucker JR. Changing patterns of autochthonous malaria transmission in the United
States: a review of recent outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 1996;2:37-43. Available
at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol2no1/zuckerei.htm.
Zucker JR, Campbell CC. Malaria. Principles of prevention and treatment [Review].
Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993;7:547-67.
Measles
CDC. Epidemiology of measles-United States, 1998. MMWR 1999;48:749-53.
CDC. Measles, mumps and rubella-vaccine use and strategies for elimination of
measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations
of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1998;47(No.
RR-8).
CDC. Measles-United States, 2000. MMWR 2002;51;120-3.
CDC. Measles-United States, 1999. MMWR 2000;49:557-60.
Meningococcal Disease
CDC. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease, and meningococcal disease
and college students: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2000;49(No. RR-7).
Diermayer M, Hedberg K, Hoesly FC, et al. Epidemic serogroup B meningococcal
disease in Oregon: the evolving epidemiology of the ET-5 strain. JAMA 1999;281:1493-7.
Available at
http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v281n16/rfull/joc81215.html.
Lingappa JR, Rosenstein N, Zell E, Shutt K, Schuchat A, Perkins B, and the Active
Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) Team of the Emerging Infections Program. Surveillance
for meningococcal disease and strategies for use of conjugate meningococcal vaccines
in the United States. Vaccine 2001;19:4566-75.
Rosenstein NE, Perkins BA, Stephens DS Popovic T, Hughes JM. Meningococcal disease.
N Engl J Med 2001;344:1378-88.
Mumps
Briss PA, Fehrs LJ, Parker RA, et al. Sustained transmission of mumps in a highly
vaccinated population: assessment of primary vaccine failure and waning vaccine-induced
immunity. J Infect Dis 1994;169:77-82.
CDC. Measles, mumps, and rubella-vaccine use and strategies for elimination of
measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations
of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-8).
CDC. Mumps surveillance United States, 1988-1993. MMWR 1995;44(No. SS-3).
Hersh BS, Fine PE, Kent WK, et al. Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population.
J Pediatr 1991;119:187-93.
Pertussis
Bisgard KM, Christie CDC, Reising SF, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Bordetella
pertussis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile: Cincinnati, 1989-1996.
J Infect Dis 2001;183:1360-7.
CDC. Guidelines for the control of pertussis outbreaks. Atlanta: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2000. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/pertussis/guide.htm.
CDC. Pertussis deaths-United States, 2000. MMWR 2002;51:616-8.
CDC. Pertussis-United States, 1997-2000. MMWR 2002;51:73-6.
Plague
Inglesby TV, Dennis DT, Henderson DA, et al. Plague as a biological weapon: medical
and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense [Review].
JAMA 2000;283:2281-90.
Dennis DT, Gage KL, Gratz N, Poland JD, Tikhomirov E. Plague manual: epidemiology,
distribution, surveillance and control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization,
1999.
Poland JD, Dennis DT. Plague. In: Evans AS, Brachman PS, eds. Bacterial infections
of humans: epidemiology and control. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Plenum Medical Book
Company, 1998:545-58.
Poliomyelitis, Paralytic
CDC. Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: updated recommendations of
the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2000;49(No. RR-5).
Prevots DR, Khetsuriani N, Wharton M. Evidence for a decline in the number of
vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis cases in the United States following
implementation of a sequential poliovirus vaccination schedule, 1997-1998. Presented
at the 36th annual meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America, November
12-15, 1998.
Prevots DR, Sutter RW, Strebel PM, Weibel RE, Cochi SL. Completeness of reporting
for paralytic poliomyelitis, United States, 1980 through 1991. Implications for
estimating the risk of vaccine-associated disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994;148:479-85.
Psittacosis
CDC. Compendium of measures to control Chyamydia psittaci among humans
(psittacosis) and pet birds (avian chlamydiosis), 2000. MMWR 2000;49(No. RR-8):1-17.
Moroney JF, Guevara R, Iverson C, et al. Detection of chlamydiosis in a shipment
of pet birds, leading to recognition of an outbreak of clinically mild psittacosis
in humans. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1425-9.
Q Fever
Bernard KW, Parham GL, Winkler WG, Helmick CG. Q fever control measures: recommendations
for research facilities using sheep. Infect Control 1982;3:461-5.
Raoult D, Tissot-Dupont H, Foucault C, et al. Q fever 1985-1998. Clinical and
epidemiologic features of 1,383 infections. Medicine 2000;79:109-23.
Tissot-Dupont H, Torres S, Nezri M, Raoult D. Hyperendemic focus of Q fever related
to sheep and wind. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:67-74.
Rabies, Animal and Human
CDC. Human rabies prevention-United States, 1999: recommendations of the Advisory
Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-1).
Krebs JW, Mondul, AM, Rupprecht CE, Childs JE. Rabies surveillance in the United
States during 2000. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1687-99. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/professional/
Surveillance00/text00.htm
National Association of State and Territorial Public Health Veterinarians, Inc.
Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2002. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/professional/publications/
compendium/comp_02.htm.
Noah DL, Drenzek CL, Smith JS, et al. Epidemiology of human rabies in the United
States, 1980 to 1996 [Review]. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:922-30.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
CDC. Consequences of delayed diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children-West
Virginia, Michigan, Tennessee, and Oklahoma, May-July 2000. MMWR 2000;49:885-8.
Childs JE, Paddock CD. Passive surveillance as an instrument to identify risk
factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: is there more to learn? Am J
Trop Med Hyg 2002;66:450-7.
Holman RC, Paddock CD, Curns AT, Krebs JW, McQuiston JH, Childs JE. Analysis
of risk factors for fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever: evidence for superiority
of tetracyclines for therapy. J Infect Dis 2001;184:1437-44.
Treadwell TA, Holman RC, Clarke MA, Krebs JW, Paddock CD, Childs JE. Rocky Mountain
spotted fever in the United States, 1993-1996. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;63:21-6.
Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome
CDC. Control and prevention of rubella: evaluation and management of suspected
outbreaks, rubella in pregnant women, and surveillance for congenital rubella
syndrome. MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-12).
Danovaro-Holliday MC, LeBaron CW, Allensworth C, et al. A large rubella outbreak
with spread from the workplace to the community. JAMA 2000;284:2733-9.
Reef SE, Frey TK, Theall K, et al. The changing epidemiology of rubella in the
1990s: on the verge of elimination and new challenges for control and prevention.
JAMA 2002;287:464-72.
Reef S, Plotkin S, Cordero J, et al. Preparing for congenital rubella syndrome
elimination: summary of the Workshop on Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination
in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:85-95.
Salmonella
CDC. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Newport-United States,
January-April 2002. MMWR 2002;51:545-8.
Mahon BE, Slutsker L, Hutwagner L, et al. Consequences in Georgia of a nationwide
outbreak of Salmonella infections: what you don't know might hurt you.
Am J Public Health 1999;89:31-5.
Olsen SJ, Bishop R, Brenner FW, et al. The changing epidemiology of Salmonella:
trends in serotypes isolated from humans in the United States, 1987-1997. J Infect
Dis 2001;183:753-61.
Shigellosis
CDC. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh
parsley-United States and Canada, July-August 1998. MMWR 1999;48:285-9.
CDC. Shigellosis outbreak associated with an unchlorinated fill-and-drain wading
pool-Iowa, 2001. MMWR 2001;50:797-800.
Mohle-Boetani JC, Stapleton M, Finger R, et al. Communitywide shigellosis: control
of an outbreak and risk factors in child day-care centers. Am J Public Health
1995;85:812-6.
Sobel J, Cameron DN, Ismail J, et al. A prolonged outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections
in traditionally observant Jewish communities in North America caused by a molecularly
distinct bacterial subtype. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1405-8.
Streptococcal Disease, Invasive, Group A
The Prevention of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections Workshop Participants.
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Syphilis, Primary and Secondary
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Tularemia
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Varicella
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