Skip Navigation Links
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC Home Search Health Topics A-Z




DISSS Home | Contact Us
 Health and Human Services Logo



Animated FirstGov Logo - Click to enter FirstGov


Summary of Notifiable Diseases

Contents
Home - National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
1997 Annual Summary
    Table of Contents
    Foreward
    Background
    Data Sources
    Interpreting Data
    Highlights
    Graphs and Maps
    Bibliography
other years


United States 1997


Bibliography

General

Niskar AS, Koo D. Differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity among adult women -- United States, 1992-1994. J Womens Health 1998;7:451-8.

CDC. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-10).

CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1996. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1997.

CDC. Demographic differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity--United States, 1992-1994. MMWR 1997;46:637-41.

CDC. National electronic telecommunications system for surveillance. Informational brochure July 1996.

CDC. Notifiable disease surveillance and notifiable disease statistics--United States, June 1946 and June 1996. MMWR 1996;45:530-7.

Koo D, Wetterhall S. History and current status of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. J Public Health Management and Practice 1996;2:4-10.

CDC. Ten leading nationally notifiable infectious diseases--United States, 1995. MMWR 1996;45:883-4.

Benenson AS. Control of communicable diseases in man. 16th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1995.

Martin SM, Bean NH. Data management issues for emerging diseases and new tools for managing surveillance and laboratory data. Emerg Infect Dis J 1995;1:124-8.

CDC. Manual of procedures for the reporting of nationally notifiable diseases to CDC. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1995.

Teutsch SM, Churchill RE, eds. Principles and practice of public health surveillance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Thacker SB, Stroup DF. Future directions for comprehensive public health surveillance and health information systems in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:383-97.

CDC. Use of race and ethnicity in public health surveillance. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-10).

CDC. Mandatory reporting of infectious diseases by clinicians, and mandatory reporting of occupational diseases by clinicians. MMWR 1990;39(No. RR-9).

Thacker SB, Choi K, Brachman PS. The surveillance of infectious diseases. JAMA 1983;249:1181-5.

AIDS

CDC. Diagnosis and reporting of HIV and AIDS in states with integrated HIV and AIDS surveillance--United States, January 1994-June 1997. MMWR 1998;47:309-14.

CDC. Update: perinatally acquired HIV/AIDS--United States, 1997. MMWR 1997;46:1086-92.

CDC. Update: trends in AIDS incidence--United States, 1996. MMWR 1997;46:861-7.

CDC. HIV/AIDS Surveillance report--year-end edition. 1997;9(2).

Arboviral Infections (California serogroup viruses, eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, western equine encephalitis)

CDC. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system--United States, 1996-1997. MMWR 1998;47:517-22.

Szumlas DE, Apperson CS, Hartig PC, Francy DB, Karabatsos N. Seroepidemiology of La Crosse virus infection in humans in western North Carolina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;54:332-7.

Marfin AA, Bleed DM, Lofgren JP, et al. Epidemiologic aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis epidemic in Jefferson County, Arkansas, 1991. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;49:30-7.

Tsai TF. Arboviral infections: general considerations for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in travelers. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1992;3:62-9.

Botulism

Angulo FJ, Getz J, Taylor JP, et al. A large outbreak of botulism: the hazardous baked potato. J Infect Dis 1998;178:172-7.

Shapiro RL, Hatheway C, Becher J, Swerdlow DL. Botulism surveillance and emergency response: a public health strategy for a global challenge. JAMA 1997;278:433-5.

Townes JM, Cieslak PR, Hatheway CL, et al. An outbreak of type A botulism associated with a commercial cheese sauce. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:558-63.

Chancroid

CDC. Chancroid detected by polymerase chain reaction--Jackson, Mississippi, 1994-1995. MMWR 1995;44:567,573-4.

DiCarlo RP, Armentor BS, Martin DH. Chancroid epidemiology in New Orleans men. J Infect Dis 1995;172:446-52.

CDC. Chancroid in the United States, 1981-1990: evidence for underreporting of cases. MMWR 1992;41(No. SS-3):57-61.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection

CDC. Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections--United States, 1995. MMWR 1997;46:193-8.

Mertz KJ, Levine WC, Mosure DJ, Berman SM, Dorian KJ. Trends in the prevalence of chlamydial infections: the impact of community-wide testing. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:169-75.

Mosure DJ, Berman S, Kleinbaum D, Halloran ME. Predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among female adolescents: a longitudinal analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:997-1003.

CDC. Recommendations for the prevention and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, 1993. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-12):1-39.

Cholera

Mahon BE, Mintz ED, Greene KD, Wells JG, Tauxe RV. Reported cholera in the United States, 1992-1994: a reflection of global changes in cholera epidemiology. JAMA 1996;276:307-12.

Wachsmuth IK, Blake PA, Olsvik O, eds. Vibrio cholerae and cholera: molecular to global perspectives. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1994.

Blake PA. Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993;22:639-60.

World Health Organization. Guidelines for cholera control. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.

Cryptosporidiosis

Kramer MH, Herwaldt BL, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Juranek DD. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1993-1994. MMWR 1996;45(No. SS-1).

Juranek DD. Cryptosporidiosis: sources of infection and guidelines for prevention. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21(suppl 1):S57-S61. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/crypto/sources.htm. Accessed November 19, 1998.

CDC. Assessing the public health threat associated with waterborne cryptosporidiosis: report of a workshop. MMWR 1995;44(No. RR-6):1-19. Available at ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Publications/mmwr/rr/rr4406.pdf. Accessed November 19, 1998. Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader - available here.

Cyclosporiasis

Soave R, Herwaldt BL, Relman DA. Cyclospora. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1998;12:1-12.

CDC. Update: outbreaks of cyclosporiasis--United States and Canada, 1997. MMWR 1997;46:521-3.

CDC. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis--northern Virginia-Washington, D.C.-Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area, 1997. MMWR 1997;46:689-91.

Herwaldt BL, Ackers ML, Cyclospora Working Group. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1548-56.

Dengue

Rigau-Perez JG, Gubler DJ, Vorndam AV, Clark GG. Dengue in travelers from the United States, 1986-1994. J Travel Med 1997;4:65-71.

Pinheiro FP, Corber SJ. Global situation of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever, and its emergence in the Americas. World Health Stat Q 1997;50:161-9.

Diphtheria

Bisgard K, Hardy I, Popovic T, et al. Respiratory diphtheria in the United States, 1980-1995. Am J Public Health 1998;88:787-91

Dittmann S. Epidemic diphtheria in the Newly Independent States of the former USSR--situation and lessons learned. Biologicals 1997;25:79-86.

CDC. Diphtheria acquired by U.S. citizens in the Russian Federation and Ukraine--1994. MMWR 1995;44:237,243-4

Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Dowell SF. Principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents for pediatric upper respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics 1998;101(suppl):S163-S184.

CDC. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-8):1-24.

CDC. Defining the public health impact of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: report of a working group. MMWR 1996;45(No. RR-1):1-20.

Butler JC, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al. The continued emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: an update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1996;174:986-93.

Escherichia coli O157:H7, Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Bender JB, Hedberg CW, Besser JM, Boxrud DJ, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT. Surveillance for Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in Minnesota by molecular subtyping. N Engl J Med 1997;337:388-94.

Mahon BE, Griffin PM, Mead PS, Tauxe RV. Hemolytic uremic syndrome surveillance to monitor trends in infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3:409-12.

Slutsker L, Ries AA, Greene KD, Wells JG, Hutwagner L, Griffin PM. Escherichia coli O157:H7 diarrhea in the United States: clinical and epidemiologic features. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:505-13.

Boyce TG, Pemberton AG, Wells JG, Griffin PM. Screening for Escherichia coli O157:H7--a nationwide survey of clinical laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:3275-7.

Gonorrhea

Fox KK, Knapp JS, Holmes KK, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 1988-1994: the emergence of decreased susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. J Infect Dis 1997;175:1396-403.

Gershman KA, Barrow JC. A tale of two sexually transmitted diseases: prevalences and predictors of chlamydia and gonorrhea in women attending Colorado family planning clinics. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:481-8.

CDC. Surveillance for gonorrhea and primary and secondary syphilis among adolescents--United States, 1981-1991. MMWR 1993;42(No. SS-3):1-11.

Group A Streptococcal Disease

The Working Group on Prevention of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections. Prevention of invasive group A streptococcal disease among household contacts of case-patients: is prophylaxis warranted? JAMA 1998;279:1206-10.

CDC. Outbreak of invasive group A streptococcus associated with varicella in a childcare center--Boston, Mass. MMWR 1997;46:944-8.

Davies HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, et al. A prospective, population-based study of invasive group A streptococcal infections, including toxic shock syndrome and the risk of secondary infections. N Engl J Med 1996;335:547-54.

Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 1993;269:390-1.

Haemophilus influenzae, invasive

Bisgard KM, Kao A, Leake J, Strebel PM, Perkins BA, Wharton M. Haemophilus influenzae invasive disease in the United States, 1994-1995: near disappearance of a child vaccine preventable disease. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:229-37

Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. New Engl J Med 1997;33:970-6.

Urwin G, Krohn JA, Deaver-Robinson K, et al. Invasive disease due to Haemophilus influenzae serogroup f: clinical and epidemiologic characteristics in the H. influenzae serotype b vaccine era. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:1069-76.

CDC. Recommendations for the use of Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines and a combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus b vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-13).

Hepatitis

CDC. Hepatitis surveillance report no. 56. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1996.

Alter MJ, Mares A, Hadler SC, Maynard JE. The effect of underreporting on the apparent incidence and epidemiology of acute viral hepatitis. Am J Epidemiol 1987;125:133-9.

Hepatitis A

Lemon SM, Shapiro CN. The value of immunization against hepatitis A. Infectious Agents and Disease 1994;1:38-49.

Shapiro CN, Coleman PJ, McQuillan GM, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis A: seroepidemiology and risk groups in the U.S.A. Vaccine 1992;10(suppl 1):S59-S62.

Hepatitis B

Margolis HS, Alter MJ, Hadler SC. Hepatitis B: evolving epidemiology and implications for control. Semin Liver Dis 1991;11:84-92.

Hepatitis, C/Non-A, non-B

CDC. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR 1998;47(no. RR-19).

Alter MJ, Mast EE, Moyer LA, Margolis HS. Hepatitis C. Infect Dis Clin N Am 1998;12:13-26.

Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, et al. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1899-905.

Influenza A (H5N1)

Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J, et al. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 1998;279:393-6.

Yuen KY, Chan PK, Peiris M, et al. Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Lancet 1998;351:467-71.

CDC. Update: isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans--Hong Kong, 1997-1998. MMWR 1998;46:1245-7.

Legionellosis

Fiore AE, Nuorti PJ, Levine OS, et al. Epidemic Legionnaires' disease two decades later: old sources, new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:426-33.

Jernigan DB, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al. Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among cruise ship passengers exposed to a contaminated whirlpool spa. Lancet 1996;347:494-9.

Keller DW, Hajjeh R, DeMaria A Jr, et al. Community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease: an investigation confirming the potential for cooling towers to transmit legionella species. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:257-61.

Marston BJ, Lipman HB, Breiman RF. Surveillance for Legionnaires' disease: risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:2417-22.

Lyme disease

Dennis DT. Epidemiology, ecology, and prevention of Lyme disease. In: Rahn DW, Evans J, eds. Lyme disease. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians, 1998:7-34.

CDC. Lyme disease--United States, 1996. MMWR 1997:46:531-5.

CDC. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme disease. MMWR 1995;44:590-1.

Malaria

Lobel HO, Kozarsky PE. Update on prevention of malaria for travelers. JAMA 1997;278:1767-71.

Zucker JR. Changing patterns of autochthonous malaria transmission in the United States: a review of recent outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 1996;2:37-43.

Zucker JR, Campbell CC. Malaria: principles of prevention and treatment. Infect Dis Clin N Am 1993;7:547-67.

Measles

CDC. Measles, mumps and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-7)1-48.

CDC. Measles--United States, 1997. MMWR 1998;47:273-6.

CDC. Measles--United States, 1996. MMWR 1997;46:242-6.

Meningococcal disease

Rosenstein N, Levine O, Taylor JP, et al. Efficacy of meningococcal vaccine and barriers to vaccination. JAMA 1998;279:435-9.

Fischer M, Hedberg K, Cardosi P, et al. Tobacco smoke as a risk factor for meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:979-83.

CDC. Control and prevention of meningococcal disease and control and prevention of serogroup C meningococcal disease: evaluation and management of suspected outbreaks: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-5).

CDC. Laboratory-based surveillance for meningococcal disease in selected areas--United States, 1989-1991. MMWR 1993;42(No. SS-2):21-30.

Mumps

CDC. Mumps surveillance--United States, 1988-1993. MMWR 1995;44(No. SS-3):1-14.

Briss PA, Fehrs LJ, Parker RA, et al. Sustained transmission of mumps in a highly vaccinated population: assessment of primary vaccine failure and waning vaccine-induced immunity. J Infect Dis 1994;169:77-82.

Hersch BS, Fine PEM, Kent WK, et al. Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. J Pediatr 1991;119:187-93.

CDC. Mumps prevention. MMWR 1989;38:388-92,397-400.

Pertussis

Guris D, Bardenheier B, Brennan M, et al. Pertussis: a re-emerging disease among adolescents and adults in the U.S. [Abstract]. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Atlanta: CDC, CSTE, ASM and several others, 1998.

CDC. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 1997.

CDC. Pertussis vaccination: use of acellular pertussis vaccines among infants and young children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-7):1-25.

Plague

Gage KL. Plague. In: Hausler WJ, Sussman M, ed. 9th ed. Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, Vol. 3, bacterial infections. London: Arnold 1998:885-903.

CDC. Prevention of plague: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1996;45(No. RR-14).

Poland JD, Quan TJ, Barnes AM. Plague. In: Beran GW, ed. CRC handbook series in zoonoses: section A -- bacterial, rickettsial and mycotic diseases. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc., 1994:93-112.

Poliomyelitis

CDC. Paralytic poliomyelitis--United States, 1980-1994. MMWR 1997;46:79-83.

CDC. Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: introduction of a sequential schedule of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine-recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-3):1-25.

Prevots DR, Strebel PM. Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: new recommendations for routine childhood poliovirus vaccination place greater reliance on inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Pediat Ann 1997:26:378-83.

Psittacosis

Moroney JF, Guevara R, Iverson C, et al. Detection of chlamydiosis in a shipment of pet birds, leading to recognition of an outbreak of clinically mild psittacosis in humans. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1425-9.

Jorgensen DM. Gestational psittacosis in a Montana sheep rancher. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3: 191-4

CDC. Compendium of psittacosis (chlamydiosis) control, 1997. MMWR 1997;46(No. RR-13):1-13.

Wong KH, Skelton SK, Daugharty H. Utility of complement fixation and microimmunofluorescence assays for detecting serologic responses in patients with clinically diagnosed psittacosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2417-21.

Rabies

CDC. Compendium of animal rabies control, 1998. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-9).

Krebs JW, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE, Childs JE. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1996. JAMA 1997;211:1525-39.

CDC. Rabies prevention--United States, 1991: recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-3):1-19.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

Dalton MJ, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, et al. National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981-1992: epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;52:405-13.

Salgo MP, Telzak EE, Currie B, et al. A focus of Rocky Mountain spotted fever within New York City. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1345-8.

Woodward TE. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: epidemiological and early clinical signs are keys to treatment and reduced mortality. J Infect Dis 1984;150:465-8.

Rubella

CDC. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome--United States, 1994-1997. MMWR 1997;46: 350-4.

CDC. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome--United States, January 1, 1991-May 7, 1994. MMWR 1994;43:391,397-401.

CDC. Rubella among crew members of commercial cruise ships. MMWR 1997;46:1247-50.

Salmonellosis

Mahon BE, Ponka A, Hall WN, et al. An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. J Infect Dis 1997;175:876-82.

Mermin J, Hoar B, Angulo FJ. Iguanas and Salmonella marina infection in children: a reflection of the incidence of reptile-associated salmonellosis in the United States. Pediatrics 1997;99:399-402.

CDC. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium--United States, 1996. MMWR 1997;46:308-10.

CDC. Outbreaks of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis infection associated with consumption of raw shell eggs--United States, 1994-1995. MMWR 1996;45:737-42.

Shigellosis

Sobel J, Cameron DN, Ismail J, et al. A prolonged outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections in traditionally observant Jewish communities in North America caused by a molecularly distinct bacterial subtype. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1405-8.

Mohle-Boetani JC, Stapleton M, Finger R, et al. Communitywide shigellosis: control of an outbreak and risk factors in child day-care centers. Am J Public Health 1995;85:812-6.

Ries AA, Wells JG, Olivola D, et al. Epidemic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 in Burundi: panresistance and implications for prevention. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1035-41.

Lee LA, Shapiro CN, Hargrett-Bean N, Tauxe RV. Hyperendemic shigellosis in the United States: a review of surveillance data for 1967-1988. J Infect Dis 1991;164:894-900.

Syphilis

St. Louis ME, Farley TA, Aral SO. Untangling the persistence of syphilis in the south. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:1-4.

Nakashima AK, Rolfs RT, Flock ML, Kilmarx P, Greenspan JR. Epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, 1941-1993. Sex Transm Dis 1996;23:16-23.

CDC. Outbreak of primary and secondary syphilis--Baltimore City, Maryland, 1995. MMWR 1996;45:166-9.

Syphilis Congenital

Risser WL, Hwang LY. Problems in the current case definitions of congenital syphilis. J Pediatr 1996;129:499-505.

Coles BF, Hipp SS, Silberstein GS, Chen JH. Congenital syphilis surveillance in upstate New York, 1989-1992: implications for prevention and clinical management. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:732-5.

CDC. Surveillance for geographic and secular trends in congenital syphilis--United States, 1983-1991. MMWR 1993;42(No. SS-6):59-71.

CDC. Guidelines for the prevention and control of congenital syphilis. MMWR 1988;37(No. S-1):1-13.

Tetanus

CDC. Tetanus surveillance--United States, 1995-1997. MMWR 1998;47(No. SS-2):1-13.

Craig AS, Reed GW, Mohon RT, et al. Neonatal tetanus in the United States: a sentinel event in the foreign-born. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:955-9.

CDC. Tetanus surveillance--United States, 1991-1994. MMWR 1997;46(No. SS-2):15-25.

Gergen PJ, McQuillan GM, Keily M, Ezzati-Rice TM, Sutter RW, Virella G. A population-based serologic survey of immunity to tetanus in the United States. N Engl J Med 1995;332:761-6.

Toxic-shock syndrome

Schuchat A, Broome CV. Toxic shock syndrome and tampons. Epidemiol Rev 1991;13:99-112.

CDC. Reduced incidence of menstrual toxic shock syndrome--United States, 1980-1990. MMWR 1990;39:421-3.

Gaventa S, Reingold AL, Hightower AW, et al. Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States, 1986. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11(suppl):S28-S34.

Trichinellosis (Trichinosis)

CDC. Outbreak of trichinellosis associated with eating cougar jerky--Idaho, 1995. MMWR 1996;45:205-6.

McAuley JB, Michelson MK, Hightower AW, Engeran S, Wintermeyer LA, Schantz PM. A trichinosis outbreak among Southeast Asian refugees. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:1404-10.

CDC. Trichinosis surveillance--United States, 1987-1990. MMWR 1991;40(No. SS-3):35-42.

Bailey TM, Schantz PM. Trends in the incidence and transmission patterns of human trichinosis in the United States, 1982-1986. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:5-11.

Tuberculosis

CDC. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 1997. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 1998.

CDC. Tuberculosis morbidity--United States, 1997. MMWR 1998;47:253-7.

CDC. Recommendations for counting reported tuberculosis cases. In: Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 1996. July 1997:61-8. American Thoracic Society, CDC. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1359-74.

Typhoid fever

Mermin JH, Townes JM, Gerber M, Dolan N, Mintz ED, Tauxe RV. Typhoid fever in the United States, 1985-1994: changing risks of international travel and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:633-8.

CDC. Typhoid immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 1994;43(No. RR-14).

Woodruff BA, Pavia AT, Blake PA. A new look at typhoid vaccination: information for the practicing physician. JAMA 1991;265:756-9.

Varicella

CDC. Varicella-related deaths among children--United States, 1997. MMWR 1998;47:365-8.

CDC. Outbreak of invasive Group A Streptococcus associated with varicella in a childcare center--Boston, Massachusetts, 1997. MMWR 1997;46:944-9.

Izurieta HS, Strebel PM, Blake PA. Postlicensure effectiveness of varicella vaccine during an outbreak in a child care center. JAMA 1997;278:1495-9.

CDC. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1996;45(No. RR-11).


 


 



Privacy Policy | Accessibility

DISSS Home | Contact Us

CDC Home | Search | Health Topics A-Z

This page last updated January 9, 2008

United States Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

"Epi Info" is a trademark of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).