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References

  1. Kurtzke JF, Jurland LT. The epidemiology of neurologic disease. In: Joynt RJ, editor. Clinical Neurology, Rev. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1993.
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Advisory Group, Mild Traumatic Injury Tool Kit. Unpublished meeting summary; 2001. 
  3. Thurman D, Alverson C, Dunn K, Guerrero J, Sniezek J. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: a public health perspective. Journal of Head Trauma and Rehabilitation 1999;14(6):602–15.
  4. Guerrero J, Thurman D, Sniezek J. Emergency department visits associated with traumatic brain injury: United States, 1995-1996. Brain Injury 2000;14(12):181-86.
  5. Thurman D, The epidemiology and economics of head trauma. In: Miller L, Ayes R, editors. Head Trauma: Basic, Preclinical, and Clinical Directions. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2001. pp. 327-47. 
  6. Thurman D, et al. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: A Report to Congress. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control;1999.
  7. Sosin DM, Sniezek JE, Thurman, DJ. Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991. Brain Injury 1996;10:47–54. 
  8. Kushner DS. Mild traumatic brain injury, Arch Internal Medicine 1998;158:1617–24.
  9. Alexander MP. Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology 1995;45:1253–60.
  10. American Academy of Neurology. Special report: practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Neurology 1997;48:581-85. 
  11. Gerber DJ, Schraa JC. Mild traumatic brain injury: searching for the syndrome. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1995:10(4):28–40.
  12. Kushner DS. Concussion in Sports: Minimizing the Risk for Complications. American Family Physician 2001;64:6:1007–14.
  13. National Institute on Aging. Working with Your Older Patient: A Clinician's Handbook 1994. Available from url: http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/pubs/clinicians-handbook.

CDC does not endorse the articles, products, or guidelines of other organizations or individuals referenced in these materials. CDC provides this information to raise awareness about the magnitude of mild traumatic brain injury as a public health issue and to offer a scientific overview of the topic.

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This page last reviewed September 07, 2006.

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