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Perspectives

From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age

Paul Reiter
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico 


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Figure 2. Hunters in the Snow by the Flemish painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525–1569). Completed in February 1565, during the first of the many bitter winters of the Little Ice Age. Bruegel painted at least seven such snow scenes, including biblical themes such as Adoration of the Magi (in a snowstorm) and the Census at Bethlehem, and the genre was adopted by other painters of the period. Despite the cold, malaria persisted in northern Europe until the second half of the 20th century. The World Health Organization declared Holland free of the disease in 1970.

Reproduced courtesy of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.


 

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