Other Resources
The aim of this resource guide is to point you to the articles, World Wide Web resources and so forth that CDC has either published or referenced. Several links to non-CDC web sites covering viral hemorrhagic fevers are also included.
Please note: Links from this site to nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links.
CDC Resources
General Resources
Prevention and Information Materials Available Via Mail
To learn what is available and how you may obtain it please email any requests to the Viral Special Pathogens Branch: dvd1spath@cdc.gov.
CDC Website
The CDC website offers a good deal of information on viral hemorrhagic fevers. This information includes everything from journal articles in their entirety, to slide sets ready for downloading. Use CDC Health Topics A-Z or use CDC Web Search to find the information you need.
Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID)
EID is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses upon "enhanc[ing] communication of public health information about emerging diseases so that prevention measures can be implemented without delay." Reports on outbreaks of HPS in Argentina and Chile are published here, as well as other articles covering other viral hemorrhagic fevers.
Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR)
IDSR is a surveillance project in Africa that is coordinated with CDC, WHO and USAID. The IDSR strategy aims to improve the availability and use of surveillance and laboratory data to control priority infectious diseases that are the leading causes of death, disability, and illness in the African region. Priority diseases include viral hemorrhagic fevers.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
MMWR is a weekly journal published by the CDC. The journal publishes the latest-breaking data by those involved with the outbreak investigations. Reports from the initial hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak were published in this journal. Articles about disease epidemiology and surveillance, results of research studies, and many other subjects, are all available.
Public Health Image Library (PHIL)
The PHIL is an extensive collection of still images, image sets, and multimedia files related to public health and diseases. Images of the Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly, Zaire) can found on this site.
CDC Resources for Teachers
CDC's National Center for Infectious Diseases: Teachers' Tools
This page has links to programs and teaching resources to help teach teens and children about public health and infectious diseases.
CDC Resources for Students
CDC's National Center for Infectious Diseases: Student Resources
This page has helpful links for students looking for other resources on infectious diseases.
CDC Disease-Specific Information
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Reemergence of Ebola Virus in Africa
This brief article describing the cases and outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever that have occurred since 1979 appeared in the CDC journal Emerging Infectious Diseases. It is available in full online.
Isolation and Phylogenetic Characterization of Ebola Viruses Causing Different Outbreaks in Gabon
This article describes the results of analysis of the glycoprotein gene of Ebola virus isolates obtained during investigations of outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Gabon. It appeared in the CDC journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, and is available in full online.
Experimental Inoculation of Plants and Animals With Ebola Virus
This article presents the results of an experiment in which 33 varieties of 24 species of plants and 19 species of vertebrates and invertebrates were experimentally inoculated with Ebola Zaire virus. It appeared in the CDC journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, and is available in full online.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome-United States: Updated Recommendations for Risk Reduction
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 26, 2002/Vol. 51/No. RR-9
This report provides updated recommendations for prevention and control of hantavirus infections associated with rodents in the United States. It supersedes the previous report (CDC. Hantavirus infection---southwestern United States: interim recommendations for risk reduction. MMWR 1993;42[No. RR-11]:1--13). These recommendations are based on principles of rodent and infection control, and accumulating evidence that most infections result from exposure, in closed spaces, to active infestations of infected rodents. The recommendations contain updated specific measures and precautions for limiting household, recreational, and occupational exposure to rodents, eliminating rodent infestations, rodent-proofing human dwellings, cleaning up rodent-contaminated areas and dead rodents, and working in homes of persons with confirmed hantavirus infection or buildings with heavy rodent infestations.
Hantavirus Infection - Southwestern United States: Interim Recommendations for Risk Reduction
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 30, 1993/Vol. 42/No. RR-11
This report provided interim recommendations for prevention and control of hantavirus infections associated with rodents in the southwestern United States.
Laboratory Management of Agents Associated with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Interim Biosafety Guidelines
This document provides interim biosafety guidelines for preventing laboratory-associated infections with agents that cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. It is also part of the supplement to "Hantavirus Infection-- Southwestern United States: Interim Recommendations for Risk Reduction", published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 30, 1993, Volume 42, Number RR-11, Pages i-13.
Methods for Trapping and Sampling Small Mammals for Virologic Testing 
[PDF - 2.19 MB]
This manual is intended as a guide for those persons performing ecologic and epidemiologic studies involving populations of rodents which are potentially infected with hantavirus. This manual is also available in Spanish on the Pan American Health Organization's (PAHO) website.
State Contacts for Hantavirus Information
Telephone numbers for state health departments are listed here. These institutions may be your first line of contact should you wish to access very localized information on HPS.
Hantavirus Information Hotline
Viral Special Pathogens Branch offers a hotline for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome information. Please note that what is offered is at the same level of detail, or of less detail, than that found on the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome website. The number is 1-877-232-3322.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Notice to Readers Update: Management of Patients with Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever -- United States
In 1988, CDC published guidelines for managing patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). Pending a comprehensive review of the 1988 guidelines, this notice provides interim recommendations that update the 1988 guidelines for health-care settings in the United States. This update applies to four viruses that cause syndromes of VHF: Lassa, Marburg, Ebola, and Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever viruses; although the risk and/or mode of nosocomial transmission differs for each of these viruses, the limited data do not permit clear distinctions. MMWR 44(25);475-479. Publication date: 06/30/1995.
Resources Outside CDC
General Resources
Please note: Links from this site to nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links.
National Library of Medicine LOCATORplus
The National Library of Medicine catalog of books, journals, and audiovisuals and access points to other medical research tools, including MEDLINE and Consumer Health. An excellent central point for searching for medical information, including journal articles on viral hemorrhagic fevers.
Pan American Health Organization
This regional office of the World Health Organization tracks HPS, among many other diseases and health issues. Use their "Search the PAHO Web" search engine to locate articles that may be currently available in both English and Spanish.
World Health Organization
As written in their mission statement, "The objective of WHO is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health." In support of this objective, the organization offers a very large array of information online on human diseases, including viral hemorrhagic fevers. The press releases chronicling current disease events may be of particular interest.
Disease-Specific Resources
Please note: in the interest of avoiding redundancy, articles that may be obtained on the web sites immediately above are not listed below.
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Shaking the Ebola Tree: Genetic Analysis Offers Insights Into the Workings of a Notorious Virus
An article in Scientific American, online version.
The Ebola Virus: Virology, Fiction and Threat to Mankind, F.A. Murphy: Dr. Frederick A. Murphy Talks About the Ebola Virus
An interview with Dr. Murphy, a well-known researcher in the study of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. It appears on the "African Studies WWW (U. Penn)" web site, a site supported by the African Studies Center at the University of Pennsylvania.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Annual Report - Mouse-borne Hantavirus
An article from the annual report of the University of Iowa titled "Fatal First Case of Mouse-borne Hantavirus in North Central Iowa".
Hantavirus: What Is It and What Can Be Done About It? [PDF - 391 KB]
From "Montguide", a publication of the Montana State University Extension Service.
National Park Service Public Health Program (NPS)
Their home page reads, "(The National Park) Service Public Health Program is responsible for protecting the health of approximately 270 million annual visitors and thousands of NPS employees at over 360 NPS facilities. The program provides system-wide public health guidance through written policies, standards and procedures, training, consultation and evaluation." The "Vectors" section of the site offers publications on HPS as well as on other vector-borne diseases, like rabies, plague, and tick-borne diseases.
Mechanical Rodent Proofing Techniques: A Training Guide for National Park Service Employees [PDF - 2.23 MB]
Published by the National Park Service, Public Health Program, 1997, 54 pages, and posted on their site. As stated in their introduction, "This manual is designed as a training reference for making rodent control in buildings an attainable goal." The guide was prepared in response to the recognition of HPS. It offers detailed and heavily illustrated information on rodent biology and habits, building inspection methods, and rodent exclusion methods. File size: approximately 2.3 Mb. Download time will vary, but may take 10 - 15 minutes or longer on Internet connections of 56 Kbps or lower.
Lassa Fever
Lassa Fever
A fact sheet describing the disease, largely from clinical and preventive perspectives. From the World Health Organization.
