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Emerging Human Infectious Diseases: Anthroponoses, Zoonoses, and Sapronoses

Zdenek Hubálek*
*Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

Appendix: Important Anthroponoses, Zoonoses, and Sapronoses¹

Anthroponoses

Measles*; rubella; mumps; influenza; common cold; viral hepatitis; poliomyelitis; AIDS*; infectious mononucleosis; herpes simplex; smallpox; trachoma; chlamydial pneumonia and cardiovascular disease*; mycoplasmal infections*; typhoid fever; cholera; peptic ulcer disease*; pneumococcal pneumonia; invasive group A streptococcal infections; vancomycin-resistant enterococcal disease*; meningococcal disease*; whooping cough*; diphtheria*; Haemophilus infections* (including Brazilian purpuric fever*); syphilis; gonorrhea; tuberculosis* (multidrug-resistant strains); candidiasis*; ringworm (Trichophyton rubrum); Pneumocystis pneumonia* (human genotype); microsporidial infections*; cryptosporidiosis* (human genotype); giardiasis* (human genotype); amebiasis; and trichomoniasis.

Zoonoses Transmitted by Direct Contact, Alimentary (Foodborne and Waterborne), or Aerogenic (Airborne) Routes

Rabies; hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome*; hantavirus pulmonary syndrome*; Venezuelan*; Brazilian*; Argentinian and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers; Lassa; Marburg; and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers*; Hendra and Nipah hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia*; hepatitis E*; herpesvirus simiae B infection; human monkeypox*;Q fever; sennetsu fever; cat scratch disease; psittacosis; mammalian chlamydiosis*; leptospirosis; zoonotic streptococcosis; listeriosis; erysipeloid; campylobacterosis*; salmonellosis*; hemorrhagic colitis*; hemolytic uremic syndrome*; yersiniosis; pseudotuberculosis; sodoku; Haverhill fever; brucellosis*; tularemia*; glanders; bovine and avian tuberculosis*; zoonotic ringworm; toxoplasmosis; and cryptosporidiosis* (calf genotype 2).

Zoonoses Transmitted by Hematophagous Arthropods

Hard ticks (Ixodidae)

Russian spring-summer encephalitis; Central European encephalitis; louping ill; Kyasanur Forest disease; Powassan; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever*; Colorado tick fever; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; boutonneuse fever; African tick typhus*; other rickettsial fevers*; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis*; Lyme disease*; tularemia; and babesiosis.

Soft ticks (Argasidae)

Tickborne relapsing fever

Mites (Trombiculidae, Dermanyssidae)

Scrub typhus; rickettsialpox

Lice (Anoplura)

Epidemic typhus; trench fever*; and epidemic relapsing fever

Triatomine Bugs (Triatominae)

Chagas disease

Sandflies (Phlebotominae)

Sandfly fever; vesicular stomatitis; Oroya fever; and leishmaniasis

Mosquitoes (Culicidae)

Eastern; Western; and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis; Sindbis fever; Chikungunya and O’nyong nyong fevers*; Ross River epidemic polyarthritis*; Japanese encephalitis*; West Nile fever*; St. Louis encephalitis; yellow fever; dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever*; Murray Valley encephalitis; California encephalitis; Rift Valley fever*; and malaria*

Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae)

Oropouche fever; vesicular stomatitis

Tsetse-flies (Glossinidae)

African trypanosomiasis

Fleas (Siphonaptera)

Murine typhus*; cat-scratch fever*; plague

Sapronoses

Chlamydia-like pneumonia* (amoebic endosymbionts Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and other Parachlamydiaceae); tetanus; gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens; C. septicum; C. novyi); intestinal clostridiosis* (C. difficile; C. perfringens); botulism; food poisoning* (Bacillus cereus); anthrax; vibrio gastroenteritis* or dermatitis (Vibrio parahaemolyticus; V. vulnificus); nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia* (including antibiotic-resistant strains); bacterial infections associated with cystic fibrosis* (Burkholderia cepacia; Ralstonia spp.); melioidosis* (B. pseudomallei); legionellosis* and Pontiac fever* (Legionella pneumophila; L. micdadei; and other spp.); atypical bacterial meningitis and sepsis* (Chryseobacterium meningosepticum); acinetobacter bacteremia* (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; A. baumannii; A. radioresistens); corynebacterial endocarditis* (Corynebacterium serosis; C. amycolatum and other nondiphtheriae corynebacteria); rhodococcosis* (Rhodococcus equi); possibly leprosy (some strains of Mycobacterium leprae were detected as living saprophytically in wet moss habitats); Buruli ulcer disease* (M. ulcerans); mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis* (M. kansasii; M. xenopi; M. marinum; M. haemophilum; M. fortuitum; M. scrofulaceum; M. abscessus; and other spp.); nocardiosis (Nocardia asteroides; N. brasiliensis); actinomycetom (Actinomadura madurae; A. pelletieri; Streptomyces somaliensis); dermatophytosis (Microsporum gypseum); histoplasmosis* (Histoplasma capsulatum; H. duboisii); blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis); emmonsiosis (Emmonsia crescens; E. parva); paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis); coccidioidomycosis* (Coccidioides immitis); sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii); cryptococcosis* (Cryptococcus neoformans); aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus); mucormycosis (Absidia corymbifera and some other Mucorales); entomophthoromycosis (Basidiobolus; Conidiobolus; and Entomophthora spp.); maduromycetom (Madurella mycetomatis; M. grisea; Pseudoallescheria boydii; Leptosphaeria senegalensis; Neotestudina rosatii); chromoblastomycosis (Phialophora verrucosa; Exophiala jeanselmei; Fonsecaea compacta; F. pedrosoi; Cladosporium carionii; Rhinocladiella aquaspersa); phaeohyphomycosis (Wangiella dermatitidis; Dactylaria gallopava; Exophiala spinifera); fusariosis* (Fusarium oxysporum; F. solani); primary amebic meningoencephalitis* (Naegleria fowleri); and amoebic keratitis or chronic granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis* (Acanthamoeba castellanii; A. polyphaga).

¹ Emerging and reemerging diseases are marked with an asterisk.

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This page posted January 30, 2003
This page last reviewed January 5, 2004

Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal
National Center for Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention