| |
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among H5 hemagglutinin (HA)
genes from H5N1 avian influenza viruses and their geographic distribution.
Viral isolates collected before and during the 2004–2005 outbreak in Asia
and selected ancestors were included in the analysis. (Nucleotide sequence
accession numbers are shown in the Appendix
Table). HA clades 1, 1´, and 2, discussed in the text, are colored
in blue, red,
and green fonts, respectively. Virus names
in boldface denote isolates from human infections. Phylogenetic
trees were inferred from nucleotide sequences by the neighbor-joining
method with A/chicken/Scotland/56 genes as outgroup (not shown, denoted
by arrowhead). Bootstrap analysis values >90% are shown. A)
HA gene tree phylogeny was based on the coding region of the segment.
Presence of a motif for glycosylation in HA is indicated as A156T by an
arrow at the root of clade 1 and a diamond for other clades (Table
1). Stars denote absence of 1 arginine residue at the polybasic cleavage
site, which starts at position 325 of HA1. Isolates to which ferret antisera
were made for antigenic analyses are boxed (Table
2). B) Geographic distribution of H5N1 in east Asia: blue
denotes countries reporting infections with clade 1 H5N1 in humans and
birds (solid) or in birds only (hatched). Green
denotes countries reporting bird infections with clade 2 H5N1 viruses.
1Members of the World Health Organization
Global Influenza Program and collaborating laboratories: Jean-Thierry
Aubin, Saliha Azebi, Amanda Balish, Jill Banks, Niranjan Bhat, Rick A.
Bright, Ian Brown, Philippe Buchy, Ana-Maria Burguiere, Hua-lan Chen,
Peter Cheng, Nancy J. Cox, Alice Crosier, Aaron Curns, Frédérique Cuvelier,
Guohua Deng, Julia Desheva, Stéphanie Desvaux, Nguyen Hong Diep, Ruben
O. Donis,
Alan Douglas, Scott F. Dowell, Nguyen Tien Dung, Lindsay Edwards, Keiji
Fukuda, Rebecca Garten, Elena Govorkova, Victoria Gregory, Alan Hampson,
Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Scott Harper, Alan Hay, Erich Hoffmann, Diane Hulse,
Masaki Imai, Shigeyuki Itamura, Samadhan Jadhao, Patricia Jeannin, Chun
Kang, Jackie Katz, Jae-Hong Kim, Alexander Klimov, Yong-kuk Kwon, Chang-Won
Lee, Phuong Song Lien, Yanbing Li, Wilina Lim, Yi Pu Lin, Stephen Lindstom,
LaMorris Loftin, Jan Mabry, Le Quynh Mai, Taronna Maines, Jean-Claude
Manuguerra, Masaji Mase, Yumi Matsuoka, Margaret McCarron, Marie-Jo Medina,
Doan Nguyen, Ai Ninomiya, Masatsugu Obuchi, Takato Odagiri, Malik Peiris,
Michael L. Perdue, Jean-Marc Reynes, James Robertson, Claudine Rousseaux,
Takehiko Saito, Somchai Sangkitporn, Michael Shaw, James M. Simmerman,
M. Slomka, Catherine Smith, San Sorn, Erica Spackman, Klaus Stöhr, David
L. Suarez, Haan Woo Sung, David E Swayne, Maryse Tardy-Panit, Masato Tashiro,
Pranee Thawatsupha, Terrence Tumpey, Timothy Uyeki, Phan Van Tu, Sylvie
van der Werf, Sirenda Vong, Richard Webby, Robert Webster, John Wood,
Xiyan Xu, Guan Yi, and Wenqing Zhang.
|
