Appendix Table 2. Knowledge of preventive measures, conception of institutional measures, and perception of risk by job category, sex, age, and type of facility

Job category

p value

Sex

p value

Age

p value

Type of facility

p value

Total

Physicians

Nurses

Other

Men

Women

< 35 years

>35 years

University

Non-university*

(N = 1,370)

(N = 3,274)

(N = 2,638)

(N = 2,205)

(N = 5,077)

(N = 3,963)

(N = 3,319)

(N = 5,163)

(N = 2,119)

(N = 7,282)

n/N†

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

n/N

%

Knowledge of preventive measures

1. Area isolation

1,284/1,338

96.0

3,167/3,188

99.3

2,459/2,515

97.8

< 0.001

2,057/2,136

96.3

4,853/4,905

98.9

< 0.001

3,782/3856

98.1

3,128/3,185

98.2

0.724

4,876/4,985

97.8

2,034/2,056

98.9

< 0.001

6,910/7,041

98.1

2. Hand washing

1,279/1,338

95.6

3,196/3,222

99.2

2,510/2,566

97.8

< 0.001

2,064/2,150

96.0

4,921/4,976

98.9

< 0.001

3,826/3899

98.1

3,159/3,227

97.9

0.495

4,936/5,049

97.8

2,049/2,077

98.7

0.015

6,985/7,126

98.0

3. Alcohol rubs

1,149/1,320

87.0

2,980/3,150

94.6

2,364/2,487

95.1

< 0.001

1,900/2,116

89.8

4,593/4,841

94.9

< 0.001

3,566/3827

93.2

2,927/3,130

93.5

0.595

4,590/4,923

93.2

1,903/2,034

93.6

0.673

6,493/6,957

93.3

4. Prominent notices

1,154/1,330

86.8

2,911/3,191

91.2

2,245/2,496

89.9

< 0.001

1,829/2,124

86.1

4,481/4,893

91.6

< 0.001

3,465/3862

89.7

2,845/3,155

90.2

0.550

4,443/4,965

89.5

1,867/2,052

91

0.061

6,310/7,017

89.9

5. N95 mask

1,103/1,280

86.2

2,783/3,109

89.5

1,884/2,247

83.8

< 0.001

1,719/2,007

85.7

4,051/4,629

87.5

0.039

3,209/3712

86.4

2,561/2,924

87.6

0.175

3,999/4,670

85.6

1,771/1,966

90.1

< 0.001

5,770/6,636

86.9

6. Gloves

977/1,325

73.7

2,608/3,159

82.6

1,884/2,410

78.2

< 0.001

1,554/2,077

74.8

3,915/4,817

81.3

< 0.001

2,980/3820

78.0

2,489/3,074

81.0

0.003

3,763/4,871

77.3

1,706/2,023

84.3

< 0.001

5,469/6,894

79.3

7. Gowns

836/1,317

63.5

2,327/3,124

74.5

1,360/2,313

58.8

< 0.001

1,266/2,043

62.0

3,257/4,711

69.1

< 0.001

2,485/3778

65.8

2,038/2,976

68.5

0.019

3,041/4,761

63.9

1,482/1,993

74.4

< 0.001

4,523/6,754

67.0

8. Surgical mask

837/1,297

64.5

1,908/3,055

62.5

1,505/2,266

66.4

0.011

1,272/2,000

63.6

2,978/4,618

64.5

0.503

2,420/3749

64.6

1,830/2,869

63.8

0.535

2,996/4,693

63.8

1,254/1,925

65.1

0.323

4,250/6,618

64.2

9. Temperature checks

676/1,320

51.2

1,918/3,119

61.5

1,612/2,464

65.4

< 0.001

1,222/2,104

58.1

2,984/4,799

62.2

0.001

2,344/3803

61.6

1,862/3,100

60.1

0.189

2,966/4,900

60.5

1,240/2,003

61.9

0.289

4,206/6,903

60.9

10. Hair cover

726/1,318

55.1

1,982/3,103

63.9

1,315/2,323

56.6

< 0.001

1,155/2,053

56.3

2,868/4,691

61.1

< 0.001

2,141/3760

56.9

1,882/2,984

63.1

< 0.001

2,668/4,760

56.1

1,355/1,984

68.3

< 0.001

4,023/6,744

59.7

11. Paper mask

834/1,297

64.3

1,904/3,057

62.3

1,173/2,273

51.6

< 0.001

1,230/2,001

61.5

2,681/4,626

58.0

0.008

2,147/3771

56.9

1,764/2,856

61.8

< 0.001

2,793/4,696

59.5

1,118/1,931

57.9

0.237

3,911/6,627

59.0

12. Goggles

753/1,304

57.7

1,724/3,062

56.3

1,254/2,268

55.3

0.361

1,145/2,019

56.7

2,586/4,615

56.0

0.628

1,925/3706

51.9

1,806/2,928

61.7

< 0.001

2,476/4,679

52.9

1,255/1,955

64.2

< 0.001

3,731/6,634

56.2

13. Gauze mask

761/1,301

58.5

1,794/3,064

58.6

1,079/2,309

46.7

< 0.001

1,104/2,028

54.4

2,530/4,646

54.5

1.000

1,952/3787

51.5

1,682/2,887

58.3

< 0.001

2,567/4,726

54.3

1,067/1,948

54.8

0.746

3,634/6,674

54.5

14. Shoe cover

665/1,313

50.6

1,690/3,043

55.5

1,188/2,291

51.9

0.003

1,034/2,038

50.7

2,509/4,609

54.4

0.006

1,883/3711

50.7

1,660/2,936

56.5

< 0.001

2,317/4,690

49.4

1,226/1,957

62.6

< 0.001

3,543/6,647

53.3

15. Limiting visitors

398/1,333

29.9

1,274/3,086

41.3

727/2,383

30.5

< 0.001

663/2,101

31.6

1,736/4,701

36.9

< 0.001

1,268/3793

33.4

1,131/3,009

37.6

< 0.001

1,568/4,817

32.6

831/1,985

41.9

< 0.001

2,399/6,802

35.3

Knowledge (K-) score: sum of 15 items

11–15 (high)

684/1370

49.9

1876/3274

57.3

1150/2638

43.6

< 0.001

1,052/2,205

47.7

2,658/5,077

52.4

< 0.001

1,991/3,963

50.2

1,719/3,319

51.8

< 0.001

2,453/5163

47.5

1,257/2,119

59.3

< 0.001

3,710/7,282

50.9

6–10 (middle)

535/1370

39.1

1195/3274

36.5

1127/2638

42.7

876/2,205

39.7

1,981/5,077

39.0

1,647/3,963

41.6

1,210/3,319

36.5

2,157/5163

41.8

700/2,119

33.0

2,857/7,282

39.2

0–5 (low)

151/1370

11.0

203/3274

6.2

361/2638

13.7

277/2,205

12.6

438/5,077

8.6

325/3,963

8.2

390/3,319

11.8

553/5163

10.7

162/2,119

7.6

715/7,282

9.8

(mean ± SD)

(9.80 ± 3.30)

(10.44 ± 2.88)

(9.31 ± 3.32)

< 0.001

(9.62 ± 3.36)

(10.03 ± 3.07)

< 0.001

(9.94 ± 2.98)

(9.87 ± 3.37)

0.358

(9.68 ± 3.18)

(10.46 ± 3.07)

< 0.001

(9.91 ± 3.17)

Concept of institutional measures

1. Clear policies and protocols

811/1292

62.8

2069/2930

70.6

1276/2148

59.4

< 0.001

1,261/2,013

62.6

2,895/4,357

66.4

0.003

2,171/3,524

61.6

1,985/2,846

69.7

< 0.001

2,829/4507

62.8

1,327/1,863

71.2

< 0.001

4,156/6,370

65.2

2. Specialist available

555/1302

42.6

1750/2934

59.6

1108/2200

50.4

< 0.001

912/2,007

45.4

2,501/4,429

56.5

< 0.001

1,749/3,582

48.8

1,664/2,854

58.3

< 0.001

2,232/4556

49.0

1,181/1,880

62.8

< 0.001

3,413/6,436

53.0

3. Adequate training

379/1288

29.4

1386/2836

48.9

691/2165

31.9

< 0.001

629/1,982

31.7

1,827/4,307

42.4

< 0.001

1,233/3,499

35.2

1,223/2,790

43.8

< 0.001

1,590/4449

35.7

866/1,840

47.1

< 0.001

2,456/6,289

39.1

4. Effectiveness

357/1314

27.2

1045/3076

34.0

715/2424

29.5

< 0.001

637/2,084

30.6

1,480/4,730

31.7

0.570

1,054/3,746

28.1

1,063/3,068

34.6

< 0.001

1,369/4822

28.4

748/1,992

37.6

< 0.001

2,117/6,814

31.1

Institutional (I-) score: sum of above measures 1–3.

3

211/1370

15.4

822/3274

25.1

362/2638

13.7

< 0.001

357/2,205

16.2

1,038/5,077

20.4

< 0.001

638/3,963

16.1

757/3,319

22.8

< 0.001

819/5163

15.9

576/2,119

27.2

< 0.001

1,395/7,282

19.2

2

249/1370

18.2

746/3274

22.8

458/2638

17.4

393/2,205

17.8

1,060/5,077

20.9

787/3,963

19.9

666/3,319

20.1

1,024/5163

19.8

429/2,119

20.2

1,453/7,282

20.0

1

374/1370

27.3

818/3274

25.0

722/2638

27.4

597/2,205

27.1

1,317/5,077

25.9

1,100/3,963

27.8

814/3,319

24.5

1,402/5163

27.2

512/2,119

24.2

1,914/7,282

26.3

0

536/1370

39.1

888/3274

27.1

1096/2638

34.6

858/2,205

38.9

1,662/5,077

32.7

1,438/3,963

36.3

1,082/3,319

32.6

1,918/5163

36.3

602/2,119

28.4

2,520/7,282

34.6

(mean ± SD)

(1.10 ± 1.09)

(1.46 ± 1.14)

(1.03 ± 1.07)

< 0.001

(1.11 ± 1.10)

(1.29 ± 1.13)

< 0.001

(1.16 ± 1.09)

(1.33 ± 1.15)

< 0.001

(1.14 ± 1.09)

(1.46 ± 1.17)

< 0.001

(1.24 ± 1.12)

Perception of risk

1. Avoidance of patient

1149/1322

86.9

2982/3193

93.4

2327/2526

92.1

< 0.001

1,855/2,126

87.3

4,603/4,915

93.7

< 0.001

3,586/3,850

93.1

2,872/3,191

90.0

< 0.001

4,539/4984

91.1

1,919/2,057

93.3

0.002

6,458/7,041

91.7

2. Acceptance of risk

929/1337

69.5

2077/3209

64.7

1536/2522

60.9

< 0.001

1,431/2,136

67.0

3,111/4,932

63.1

0.002

2,414/3,873

62.3

2,128/3,195

66.6

< 0.001

3,207/5008

64.0

1,335/2,060

64.8

0.548

4,542/7,068

64.3

3. Little personal control

787/1317

59.8

1941/3146

61.7

1492/2495

59.8

0.267

1,246/2,106

59.2

2,974/4,852

61.3

0.098

2,304/3,802

60.6

1,916/3,156

60.7

0.941

2,980/4927

60.5

1,240/2,031

61.1

0.666

4,220/6,958

60.6

4. Fear

658/1345

48.9

1966/3245

60.6

1348/2588

52.1

< 0.001

1,054/2,165

48.7

2,918/5,013

58.2

< 0.001

2,191/3,924

55.8

1,781/3,254

54.7

0.352

2,654/5082

52.2

1,318/2,096

62.9

< 0.001

3,972/7,178

55.3

5. Job change

191/1336

14.3

1069/3132

34.1

608/2460

24.7

< 0.001

334/2,121

15.7

1,534/4,807

31.9

< 0.001

1,164/3,793

30.7

704/3,135

22.5

< 0.001

1,184/4906

24.1

684/2,022

33.8

< 0.001

1,688/6,928

27.0

*Nonuniversity includes municipal hospitals (2 facilities) and private hospitals (one facility).

†n/N, number of respondents positively answering to questions about knowledge of preventive measures, concept of institutional measures, and perception of risk per number of respondents answering question (except for knowledge of paper mask and gauze mask, where negative answers were counted). Positive answer includes "probably agree," "agree," and "strongly agree", and negative answer includes "probably disagree," "disagree," and "strongly disagree." p value based on chi-square test for difference in proportion, t test for difference in 2 means, and ANOVA for differences in 3 means.