ISSN: 1080-6059
Follow Uniform Requirements style. Place reference numbers in parentheses (do not use superscript style), and italicize numbers. Number citations in order of appearance, including references in figures and tables. Consult List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus for accepted journal abbreviations; if a journal is not listed, spell out the journal title in full. List the first 6 authors followed by "et al." For juniors and subsequent sequels, include the designation (with no punctuation) after the first initial: "von Hoffman J Jr" or "Snowden CM III."
For organizations as author, spell out the full name of the organization (World Health Organization, not WHO) if it is the author, or just put title with no author. Never use "Anonymous" or "No author given."
For publisher location, place US states or country names in parentheses.
Adelaide (Australia): Adelaide University
Ames (IA): Iowa University Press
Cite personal communications and unpublished data (including manuscripts in preparation or submitted for publication but not yet accepted) in parentheses in text:
(D.E. Berg, pers. comm.)
(D. Stantio, unpub. data)
Articles in press (accepted for publication but not yet published) should include publication name and current year (no comma).
Authors. Article name. Publication name. In press 2008.
Note: Update the year to reflect the year it will appear in the EID Journal. A citation that says "In press 2007" should be changed to "In press 2008" if it will appear in a 2008 issue.
The following cities should be used without the state or country name when listed in references (references only; provide state or country name in text, e.g., for manufacturer locations):
Atlanta Cincinnati Madrid Pittsburgh Amsterdam Cleveland Mexico City Prague Baltimore Copenhagen Miami Rome Basel Dallas Milan San Francisco Beijing Denver Minneapolis Seattle Belgrade Detroit Montreal St. Louis Berlin Dublin Moscow Stockholm Bonn Edinburgh Munich Tokyo Boston Frankfurt Naples Toronto Brussels Geneva New Orleans Turin Budapest Houston New York Uppsala Buenos Aires Kiev Oslo Vienna Cairo Leningrad Oxford Warsaw Cambridge* London Paris Washington Chicago Los Angeles Philadelphia Zurich * Cambridge, Massachusetts, should be listed with the state.
Abstracts can be cited in the references. If the abstract has only a number, cite the name of the booklet (e.g., Program and Abstracts).
Galil K, Singleton R, Levine O, Fitzgerald M, Ajello G, Bulkow L, et al. High prevalence of Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) carriage among Alaska Natives despite widespread use of Hib-conjugate vaccine. In: Abstracts of the 35th Infectious Diseases Society of America ; San Francisco; 1997 Sep 13–16; Abstract 421. Alexandria (VA): Infectious Diseases Society of America ; 1997.
Dissertations can be used as references; theses cannot. Cite theses in the text, giving all information that would normally be included in a reference. International variations in terminology occur; the primary distinction is whether or not the work is published.
If a URL is provided, use "Available from [URL].", not "Also available from [URL]." Do not give a URL for articles that have a Medline link. Include the date cited for each URL listed in references. Use the URL for the specific page where information can be found, not to the main page of the website.
Wikipedia information should be cited in text (see www.wikipedia.org/wiki/....), not as a numbered reference.
Below are some examples of references that may not be listed in Uniform Requirements.
Ben Amor Y, Nemser B, Sing A, Sankin A, Schluger N. Underreported threat of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Africa. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2008 Sep [date cited]. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/14/9/1345.htm
Note: If the citation references an e-published ahead of print article, do not update the reference. The reference needs to reflect the source used at the time the reference was cited.
World Health Organization. Outbreak encephalitis 2005: cases of Japanese encephalitis in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2005 Oct 21 [cited 2006 Jul 11]. Available from http://w3.whosea.org/en/Section1226/Section2073.asp
Lipkin I.West Nile–like virus: PCR primers and protocols. ProMed. 1999 Oct 13. Available from http://www.promedmail.org, archive no. 19991013.1826.
References published in a foreign language but translated into English should indicate the original language in brackets, after the article title.
Pablos-Mendez A, Lessnau K. Clinical mismanagement and other factors producing antituberculosis drug resistance [in Dutch]. Journal name;2000:159–76.
References that appear in a foreign language should be translated to English, if possible.
Please contact the EID Editors at eideditor@cdc.gov
The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
This page posted January 29, 2009
This page last reviewed August 12, 2009
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