National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2007 - 2008 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies

Ophthalmology - Retinal Imaging (OPXRET_E)

Data File: OPXRET_E.xpt

First Published: January, 2010

Last Revised: NA

Locator Record

Title: Ophthalmology - Retinal Imaging (OPXRET_E )
Contact Number: 1-866-441-NCHS
Years of Content: 2007 - 2008
First Published: January, 2010
Revised: NA
Access Constraints: None
Use Constraints: None
Geographic Coverage: National
Subject:Retinal Imaging Exam, non-mydriatic digital imaging, fundus photography
Record Source: NHANES 2007 - 2008
Survey Methodology: NHANES 2007 - 2008 is a stratified multistage probability sample of the civilian non-institutionalized population of the U.S.
Medium: NHANES Web site; SAS transport files

Component Description

The Retinal Imaging subsection of the Ophthalmology Component tests for the presence of diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and other retinal conditions. Two forty-five degree non-mydriatic digital retinal images of each eye were obtained using an ophthalmic digital imaging system (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual).

Eligible Sample

All examined participants aged 40 years and older who did not meet any of the exclusion criteria were eligible to participate. Persons could be excluded from the retinal imaging component due to blindness (i.e., unable to see light with both eyes open), eye infections, or eye patches on both eyes (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual).

Protocol and Procedure

The retinal imaging exam was performed using an ophthalmic digital imaging system (Retinal Photography) to assess the presence of retinal diseases.

Forty-five degree non-mydriatic digital images of the retina were captured from survey participants aged 40 years and older using the Canon Non-Mydriatic Retinal Camera CR6-45NM. Technicians conducting the exams were trained in the use of the digital imaging system. The room was darkened while these images were captured to allow the pupils to dilate naturally. No pharmacologic dilation was used (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual).

The exam was conducted with the participant seated in a chair in front of the Canon CR6-45NM, with a Canon 10D camera back (6.3 megapixels per image), with the flash default (DA) set to 2. Please refer to the NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual in the NHANES website for camera settings. Participants were asked to focus on a target for proper field positioning while two digital images per eye were obtained. The first image was centered on the macula (field 2) and the second on the optic nerve (field 1). The first eye to be imaged was determined by an automated system. The digital images were copied to DVDs and shipped to the University of Wisconsin for grading using standardized methods used for other populations.

Field 1 and 2 images provided photographic documentation of the optic disc, macula, and substantial portions of the temporal arcades.

During external alignment of the pupil, its size was estimated, once for each eye, prior to taking the first image for that eye. Each digital image was initially evaluated as it appeared on the back of the digital camera. Technicians were trained to determine when an image should be repeated, such as an image being too dark or the person blinked. After taking the required four images, repeat images were captured for those that were obviously ungradable. The maximum number of images allowed was 12 (i.e., 3 per field) (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual).

Digital images were evaluated by graders at the University of Wisconsin. If an eye was judged to have a treatable pathologic condition that posed an imminent threat to vision, the University of Wisconsin notified NCHS within three working days of receipt of the images. Further information can be found in the NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual available on the NHANES website.

Quality Assurance & Quality Control

A variety of quality control procedures were used to ensure the accurate and reliable collection of these data. Calibrations of the Canon forty-five degree non-mydriatic camera were performed prior to conducting examinations at each survey location. Prior to data collection, a multistage training was conducted during which the technician was required to image a minimum of 25 volunteers (50 eyes). Six images captured by each technician were sent to graders for evaluation. At regular intervals, NCHS and contractor staff observed digital imaging examinations to evaluate whether appropriate procedures and techniques were being followed. Midyear and annual retraining sessions were conducted with health technicians to review data collection procedures, provide feedback, review grader evaluation comments, and reinforce proper protocols and technique.

Digital images of the retina were sent to graders under contract to the University of Wisconsin, Madison for reading. The grading protocol for assessing retinopathy, macular degeneration, and other retinal lesions was successfully performed in NHANES III. The grading team included nine experienced graders (a preliminary grading coordinator, two preliminary graders, and six detail graders).

The digital images were evaluated in semi-quantitative fashion by independent graders using EyeQ Lite, an image processing software for storage, retrieval, and manipulation of digital images. The graders viewed each retinal image with a high resolution monitor, using the EyeQLite image processing software and database, and referenced the written protocol and the digital photographic standards to evaluate retinal abnormalities.

Three distinct steps comprised the grading process: early review for pathology, preliminary grading, and detail grading. A preliminary grading coordinator reviewed images for significant pathology and notified NCHS of pathology within 3 days of receiving the images. All images were further graded by at least two graders (a preliminary grader and a detail grader). Upon systematic grading, if the first two graders did not agree on pathology, a third grader graded the eye. If two of the three graders disagreed, the image was evaluated by an adjudicator to make a final decision. Refer to the NHANES Digital Grading Protocol on the NHANES website for more detail (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Digital Grading Protocol).

The reading center provided a photo quality report generated from the graders’ evaluations of all photographs which was used to evaluate re-training of technicians.

For details on the QA/QC process for this component, please refer to the NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual on the NHANES website.

Inspection, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment and supplies were performed on a regular basis. The NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual details the equipment quality control procedures (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual).

Data Processing and Editing

Automated data collection procedures for the survey were used to collect the digital imaging data. Digital images were captured by a non-mydriatic camera. The captured images were then transferred to the survey database system.

During the editing process, all data were examined for logical inconsistencies and technician or equipment errors. Edits of the data were performed when errors were detected.

Analytic Notes

Users are encouraged to note carefully the “English Instructions” describing the various variables and suggested analysis in the codebook documentation.

Note that eye conditions are provided for the worse eye, right eye, and left eye. The following can be determined from the variable names: OP - Ophthalmology component; third letter - data was gathered through examination (X), it is an administrative variable (A), or a created (derived) variable (D). Worse eye is defined by “U”, right eye by “D”, and left eye by “S”. The remaining letters refer to the corresponding data gathered or eye condition.

OPASCCT2 (Retinal Imaging Exam Status Comment) is a quality control variable that allowed NCHS to monitor the component and the reasons technicians provided for why an exam was not done or incomplete. The data were not collected for analytic reasons but for quality control purposes. This variable is only provided in the data release file to allow analysts to have some information on missing data and possible reasons for non-response.

References to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) standards are made in the codebook, thus familiarization with the standards is helpful.

Retinal Imaging data can be combined with the Ophthalmology Frequency Doubling Technology data to assess for the presence of glaucoma. Visual acuity data can be used in analysis where noted in the English Instructions.

Exam sample weights should be used for analyses. Please refer to the Analytic Guidelines for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Analytic Guidelines). The Analytic Guidelines are available on the NHANES website.

The NHANES Digital Grading Protocol which can be found on the NHANES website provides definitions and a detailed description of the grading process (National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES Digital Grading Protocol).

References

National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES Analytic Guidelines are available on the NHANES website.
National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES Digital Grading Protocol is available on the NHANES website.
National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES Ophthalmology Procedures Manual is available on the NHANES website.

Codebook and Frequencies

SEQN - Respondent sequence number

Variable Name:: SEQN
SAS Label:: Respondent sequence number
English Text:: Respondent sequence number.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

OPASCST2 - Exam status

Variable Name:: OPASCST2
SAS Label:: Exam status
English Text:: Retinal Imaging Status
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	Complete	3172	3172
2	Partial	152	3324
3	Not done	539	3863
.	Missing	0	3863

OPASCCT2 - Reason for not done/partial

Variable Name:: OPASCCT2
SAS Label:: Reason for not done/partial
English Text:: Retinal Imaging Comment
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	Safety exclusion	6	6
2	SP refusal	34	40
3	No time	13	53
4	Physical limitation	144	197
5	Communication problem	18	215
6	Equipment failure	3	218
7	SP ill/emergency	9	227
12	Eye specific limitation	86	313
14	Interrupted	2	315
56	Came late/left early	316	631
72	Error (technician/software/supply)	7	638
84	SP with child	12	650
86	SP Blind	8	658
99	Other, specify	1	659
101	Eye specific limitation: Small pupil size	12	671
103	Eye specific limitation: SP unable to keep eyes open	10	681
104	Eye specific limitation: SP unable to fixate adequately	10	691
.	Missing	3172	3863

VIQ110 - SP has severe eye infection?

Variable Name:: VIQ110
SAS Label:: SP has severe eye infection?
English Text:: Does SP appear to have a severe eye infection in one or both eyes?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	Yes	4	4
2	No	3684	3688
.	Missing	175	3863

VIQ121 - If so, which eye?

Variable Name:: VIQ121
SAS Label:: If so, which eye?
English Text:: If so, which eye?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	Right	0	0
2	Left	3	3
3	Both	1	4
.	Missing	3859	3863

VIQ130 - SP wearing eye patch

Variable Name:: VIQ130
SAS Label:: SP wearing eye patch
English Text:: Is SP wearing an eye patch?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	Yes	0	0
2	No	3684	3684
.	Missing	179	3863

OPXDCOMP - Are field 1 & field 2 present, right eye

Variable Name:: OPXDCOMP
SAS Label:: Are field 1 & field 2 present, right eye
English Text:: Are field 1 & field 2 present, right eye?
English Instructions:: Completeness of the photo. If field 1 or field 2 are missing, the photos will be incomplete.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No photos	34	34
1	Incomplete	92	126
2	Complete	3198	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDF1 - Field 1 Present, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDF1
SAS Label:: Field 1 Present, Right Eye
English Text:: Is field 1 present in the photos of the right eye?
English Instructions:: If present, there is a gradability value, OPXDGRBL.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Absent	89	89
2	Present	3235	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDF1FO - Field 1 Focus, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDF1FO
SAS Label:: Field 1 Focus, Right Eye
English Text:: Was the optic nerve in focus from the right eye?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Good/fair	2741	2741
1	Borderline	369	3110
2	Poor	125	3235
.	Missing	628	3863

OPXDF2 - Field 2 Present, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDF2
SAS Label:: Field 2 Present, Right Eye
English Text:: Is field 2 present, Right Eye?
English Instructions:: Was field 2 present in the photos of the right eye? If absent, ARM and ME may not be measurable in this eye. If present, there is a gradability value, OPXDGRBL.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Absent	57	57
2	Present	3267	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDF2FO - Field 2 Focus, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDF2FO
SAS Label:: Field 2 Focus, Right Eye
English Text:: Field 2 Focus, Right Eye
English Instructions:: Was the Macula Image in Focus from the right eye?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Good/fair	2693	2693
1	Borderline	404	3097
2	Poor	170	3267
.	Missing	596	3863

OPXDGRBL - Gradability of images, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDGRBL
SAS Label:: Gradability of images, Right Eye
English Text:: Gradability of images, right eye. This assumes at least one digital image of the right eye is available.
English Instructions:: 0=All fields are gradable; 1=Disc is ungradable; 2=Portion of the macula is ungradable; 4= Portion of the disc and macula are ungradable; 5=Disc and macula are ungradable; 6= All available fields are ungradable. Please refer to the NHANES Digital Retinal Image Grading Protocol for more details and definitions.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Gradable	3044	3044
1	Disc ungradable	10	3054
2	Part macula	131	3185
3	Macula ungradable	69	3254
4	Part disc & macula	4	3258
5	Disc & macula ungradable	13	3271
6	Ungradable	19	3290
.	Missing	573	3863

OPXDPMM - Pupil Size, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPMM
SAS Label:: Pupil Size, Right Eye
English Text:
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative	Skip to Item
1 to 5	Range of Values	3289	3289
.	Missing	574	3863

OPXDPHPR - Photo Problems, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHPR
SAS Label:: Photo Problems, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problems
English Instructions:: Were there problems with the quality of the images from the right eye?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	1789	1789
2	Yes	1501	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHIL - Photo Prob - Illumination, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHIL
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Illumination, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Illumination
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2816	2816
2	Yes	474	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHFD - Photo Prob - Field Definition, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHFD
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Field Definition, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Field Definition
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3224	3224
2	Yes	66	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHHZ - Photo Prob - Haze, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHHZ
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Haze, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Haze
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2215	2215
2	Yes	1075	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHDD - Photo Prob - Dust/Dirt, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHDD
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Dust/Dirt, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Dust/Dirt
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2990	2990
2	Yes	300	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHLA - Photo Prob - Lashes, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHLA
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Lashes, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Lashes
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3211	3211
2	Yes	79	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHAR - Photo Prob - Arc, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHAR
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Arc, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Arc
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3133	3133
2	Yes	157	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHRC - Photo Prob - Red Channel, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHRC
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Red Channel, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Red Channel
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3283	3283
2	Yes	7	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXDPHOT - Photo Prob - Other, Right Eye

Variable Name:: OPXDPHOT
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Other, Right Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Other
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2561	2561
2	Yes	729	3290
9	No photos of eye	34	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPDURET - Retinopathy level, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDURET
SAS Label:: Retinopathy level, worse eye
English Text:: Calculated levels of retinopathy severity, worse eye. The worse eye is the eye with the more severe retinopathy.
English Instructions:: Calculated severity levels are described in more detail in the NHANES Grading Protocol, Retinopathy section. HE=HARD EXUDATES; SE=SOFT EXUDATE; IRMA=INTRARETINAL MICROVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES; VL=VENOUS LOOPS; MAS=MICROANEURYSMS; HEM=HEMORRHAGES; NPR=NON-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY; RET=RETINOPATHY; PRP LASER=PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION SCARS PRESENT; PR=PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY; HRC=HIGH RISK CHARACTERISTICS AS DEFINED IN THE EARLY TREATMENT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY STUDY; AND VH=VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE Note: Retinopathy is graded masked to diabetes status and retinopathy may be found in persons with and without diabetes (even though value labels may indicate otherwise). Level 12 is indicated when specific nondiabetic disease, e.g. retinal vein occlusion, is present. To examine retinopathy in persons with diabetes use the diabetes definition found in the NHANES Grading Protocol; to examine in nondiabetic persons exclude all persons with diabetes.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
10	No retinopathy	2589	2589
12	Non-diabetic retinal disease specific retinopathy	80	2669
13	Questionable retinopathy	180	2849
14	HE, SE, IRMA, VL but no MAS	15	2864
15	HEM only, no MAS	74	2938
20	MAS only	168	3106
31	Early NPR	72	3178
41	Moderate NPR	42	3220
51	Severe NPR	7	3227
60	Fibrous prolif. only	4	3231
61	No retinopathy but PRP laser	2	3233
62	MAS only + PRP laser	0	3233
63	Early NPR + PRP laser	6	3239
64	Moderate/severe NPR + PRP laser	2	3241
65	PR < HRC	3	3244
70	PR >= HRC	1	3245
80	Total VH	0	3245
.	Missing	618	3863

OPDURL4 - 4 levels retinopathy severity, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDURL4
SAS Label:: 4 levels retinopathy severity, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on four levels of retinopathy severity, from the worse eye. The worse eye is the eye with the more severe retinopathy.
English Instructions:: Four levels of retinopathy severity are computed from variable OPDURET: 1=LEVELS 10-13; 2=LEVELS 14-31; 3=LEVELS 41-51; 4=LEVELS 60-80. This variable is often used in examining associations with retinopathy severity. To collapse further, can combine code 1=No Retinopathy; 2-4=Retinopathy; For a No Proliferative Retinopathy vs. Proliferative analysis, combine 1-3 as Non-Proliferative.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	No retinopathy	2849	2849
2	Mild NPR	329	3178
3	Moderate/severe NPR	49	3227
4	PR (Proliferative)	18	3245
.	Missing	618	3863

OPDUARMA - Any retinopathy, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUARMA
SAS Label:: Any retinopathy, worse eye
English Text:: This field is coded for the presence or absence of any retinopathy from the worse eye. The worse eye is the eye with the more severe retinopathy.
English Instructions:: This variable is calculated from the OPDURET variable as follows: 0(No)=LEVELS <14; 1(Yes)=LEVELS>=14
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2849	2849
1	Yes	396	3245
.	Missing	618	3863

OPDUHMA - MAS, HEM, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUHMA
SAS Label:: MAS, HEM, worse eye
English Text:: This summary variable provides information describing microaneurysms (MAS) only, blot hemorrhages (HEM) only, or both, using two severity levels from the ETDRS standard 2A, worse eye.
English Instructions:: Value 5 is more severe than value 4. For MAS only, see variable OPDUMA. For HEM only, see variable OPDUHEM. Combined MAS and/or HEM would include values 2 to 5 as present and values 0 & 1 as none.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	2642	2642
1	Questionable	171	2813
2	MAS only	198	3011
3	HEM only	108	3119
4	HEM+MAS < 2A	124	3243
5	HEM+MAS >= 2A	7	3250
.	Missing	613	3863

OPDUMA - Retinal microaneurysms, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUMA
SAS Label:: Retinal microaneurysms, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information only on eyes with retinal microaneurysms and no retinal blot hemorrhage, worse eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is calculated as being present (1=YES) if variable OPDUHMA=2 and absent (0=NO) if OPDUHMA=0 or 1. For eyes with any microaneurysms, recode from OPDUHMA.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2941	2941
1	Yes	228	3169
.	Missing	694	3863

OPDUHEM - Retinal blot hemorrhages, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUHEM
SAS Label:: Retinal blot hemorrhages, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information only on eyes with retinal blot hemorrhages and no microaneurysms in the worse eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is computed as present (1=YES) from OPDUHMA variable code=3 and absent (0=NO) from OPDUHMA variable code=0 or 1. For eyes with any retinal blot hemorrhages, recode from OPDUHMA.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3002	3002
1	Yes	114	3116
.	Missing	747	3863

OPDUHE - Retinal hard exudate, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUHE
SAS Label:: Retinal hard exudate, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of hard exudate in the worse eye. Hard exudate is a result of lipoprotein deposition in the retina and is usually associated with macular edema.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3159	3159
1	Questionable	24	3183
2	Yes	77	3260
.	Missing	603	3863

OPDUSE - Retinal soft exudate, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSE
SAS Label:: Retinal soft exudate, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft exudate in the worse eye. Soft exudate, sometimes called cotton wool spot, is due to retinal nerve fiber layer infarction, a result of retinal ischemia.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3156	3156
1	Questionable	38	3194
2	Yes	66	3260
.	Missing	603	3863

OPDUIRMA - IRMA, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUIRMA
SAS Label:: IRMA, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormalities (IRMA), from the worse eye. IRMA are retinal collateral vessels in areas of retinal ischemia indicating a more severe level of retinopathy. This variable is coded using the ETDRS photo standard, 8A. Eyes with IRMA>=8A have more severe disease than eyes with standard <8A.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for IRMA absent and codes 2 & 3 for IRMA present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3149	3149
1	Questionable	45	3194
2	< 8A	40	3234
3	>= 8A	11	3245
.	Missing	618	3863

OPDUVB - Retinal venous beading, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUVB
SAS Label:: Retinal venous beading, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal venous beading from the worse eye. Venous beading is a manifestation of severe retinal ischemia.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3270	3270
1	Questionable	3	3273
2	Yes	2	3275
.	Missing	588	3863

OPDUNVO - Retinal new vessels on disc, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUNVO
SAS Label:: Retinal new vessels on disc, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal new vessels on the optic disc area, from the worse eye. Retinal new vessels on the optic disc area are a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. This variable is coded using the ETDRS photo standard, 10A. Eyes with standard>=10A have more new vessels than eyes with standard <10A.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDURL4=4 (Proliferative). Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; codes 2=<10A with 3=>=10A for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3285	3285
1	Questionable	6	3291
2	< 10A	4	3295
3	>= 10A	0	3295
.	Missing	568	3863

OPDUNVE - Retinal new vessels elsewhere, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUNVE
SAS Label:: Retinal new vessels elsewhere, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal new vessels elsewhere outside the optic disc margin in the worse eye. Retinal new vessels elsewhere outside the optic disc margin are a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area affected, the more severe the disease.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDURL4=4 (Proliferative). Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and code 2=<1/2 DISC AREA with 3=>=1/2 DISC AREA for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3252	3252
1	Questionable	13	3265
2	< 1/2 Disc Area	5	3270
3	>= 1/2 Disc Area	0	3270
.	Missing	593	3863

OPDURFP - Retinal fibrous proliferation, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDURFP
SAS Label:: Retinal fibrous proliferation, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal fibrous proliferation in the worse eye. Retinal fibrous proliferation is a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area affected, the greater the disease.
English Instructions:: FPD = Fibrous proliferation within the optic disc area; FPE = Fibrous proliferation elsewhere outside the optic disc margin. When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDURL4=4. Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; 2=FPD ONLY, 3=FPE ONLY, and 4=FPD + FPE for any present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3254	3254
1	Questionable	9	3263
2	FPD only	4	3267
3	FPE only	6	3273
4	FPD + FPE	2	3275
.	Missing	588	3863

OPDUPHVH - Pre-ret./ vitreous hemorrhage, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUPHVH
SAS Label:: Pre-ret./ vitreous hemorrhage, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of pre-retinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage in the worse eye. Pre-retinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage is a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area is affected, the more severe the disease.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDURL4=4. Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and 2=<1 Disc Area and 3=>= 1 Disc Area for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3271	3271
1	Questionable	2	3273
2	< 1 Disc Area	1	3274
3	>= 1 Disc Area	0	3274
.	Missing	589	3863

OPDUME - Macular edema, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUME
SAS Label:: Macular edema, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of macular edema by clinical significance from the worse eye. The definition for Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME), found in the NHANES Grading Protocol: CSME is considered present when edema involves the fovea or is within 500 microns of the fovea, or when a 1+disc area of edema is present with at least a portion of it within the macula.
English Instructions:: Increased permeability of retinal capillaries and MAS may result in accumulation of extracellular fluid and thickening of normally compact retinal tissue called Macular Edema. In some cases, the macular edema becomes clinically significant. "OTHER" refers to evidence of macular edema associated with retinopathy often associated with a specific ocular or systemic condition (e.g. retinal vein occlusion). Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent; and 2=Yes, but not CSME and 3=Yes, CSME for any macular edema present; exclude 7 from analysis.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3187	3187
1	Questionable	17	3204
2	Yes, but not CSME	16	3220
3	Yes CSME	23	3243
7	Other	7	3250
.	Missing	613	3863

OPDUMEC - Macular edema in center, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUMEC
SAS Label:: Macular edema in center, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of macular edema in the center from the worse eye. Center involvement specifies involvement of the fovea by macular edema. Cysts indicate more severe involvement, usually associated with visual loss.
English Instructions:: "OTHER" refers to evidence of macular edema associated with retinopathy often associated with a specific ocular or systemic condition (e.g. retinal vein occlusion). Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; 2=Present and CSME and 3=CSME with cysts for any present central involvement; exclude 7 from analysis. Can combine with visual acuity data in corresponding eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3213	3213
1	Questionable	12	3225
2	Present and CSME	18	3243
3	CSME with cysts	1	3244
7	Other	6	3250
.	Missing	613	3863

OPDUPPS - Panret. photocoagulation scar, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUPPS
SAS Label:: Panret. photocoagulation scar, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of panretinal photocoagulation scars in the worse eye. Panretinal photocoagulation in a scatter pattern across the retina or in specific areas outside the macular area later results in scarring and is a surrogate for having had active severe disease. Local and/or scatter photocoagulation is usually done to prevent preretinal and vitreous hemorrhage or the development of retinal new vessels.
English Instructions:: In the absence of retinopathy, is usually combined with other signs of proliferative retinopathy which may or may not be present (refer to OPDURET). Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable/Incomplete for absent; and codes 2, 3, and 4 as present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3274	3274
1	Questionable/incomplete	1	3275
2	Local	0	3275
3	Scatter only	14	3289
4	Scatter + local	2	3291
.	Missing	572	3863

OPDUFOC - Focal photocoag. scars for ME, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUFOC
SAS Label:: Focal photocoag. scars for ME, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of focal laser photocoagulation from the worse eye. It can appear either as treatment of leaking retinal microaneurysms (MA Rx only) or in a grid pattern in macula done for the treatment of localized or diffuse macular edema (Grid only), or sometimes together.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and codes 2-4 (MA RX only, Grid Only, and MA RX + Grid Rx) for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3262	3262
1	Questionable	5	3267
2	MA RX only	18	3285
3	Grid only	1	3286
4	MA RX & Grid RX	2	3288
.	Missing	575	3863

OPDUARM - ARM, 3 severity levels, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUARM
SAS Label:: ARM, 3 severity levels, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the 3-level severity classification of age-related macular degeneration (ARM) from the worse eye. Early ARM is defined by presence or absence of drusen and/or pigmentary abnormalities; late ARM by exudative ARM signs and/or geographic atrophy.
English Instructions:: For ANY ARM, can combine codes 1=Early ARM and 2=Late ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No ARM	2943	2943
1	Early ARM	220	3163
2	Late ARM	28	3191
.	Missing	672	3863

OPDUPIGA - Ret. & pigmentary abnorm., worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUPIGA
SAS Label:: Ret. & pigmentary abnorm., worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of increased retinal pigment and/or RPE depigmentation, a manifestation of early ARM in absence of signs of late ARM, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3029	3029
1	Yes	165	3194
.	Missing	669	3863

OPDULARM - Late ARM, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDULARM
SAS Label:: Late ARM, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of exudative ARM and/or geographic atrophy from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Late ARM is defined by the presence of signs of exudative ARM and/or geographic atrophy.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3196	3196
1	Yes	28	3224
.	Missing	639	3863

OPDUGA - Geographic atrophy, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUGA
SAS Label:: Geographic atrophy, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of pure geographic atrophy in the absence of signs of Exudative ARM, worse eye
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3196	3196
1	Yes	13	3209
.	Missing	654	3863

OPDUEXU - Exudative ARM, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUEXU
SAS Label:: Exudative ARM, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of exudative ARM from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Exudative ARM is also called neovascular ARM. Sometimes geographic atrophy is present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3206	3206
1	Yes	15	3221
.	Missing	642	3863

OPDUHD - Hard distinct drusen, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUHD
SAS Label:: Hard distinct drusen, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of hard distinct drusen, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Currently considered not to be a sign of ARM by itself.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	998	998
1	Yes	2218	3216
.	Missing	647	3863

OPDUD125 - Drusen>=125 microns, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUD125
SAS Label:: Drusen>=125 microns, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of large drusen, greater than or equal to 125 microns in diameter, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Large drusen are considered a sign of early ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2882	2882
1	Yes	315	3197
.	Missing	666	3863

OPDUD500 - Drusen>=500 microns, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUD500
SAS Label:: Drusen>=500 microns, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of large drusen, greater than or equal to 500 microns in diameter, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Large drusen covering more area indicates more involvement in the macula area.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3071	3071
1	Yes	124	3195
.	Missing	668	3863

OPDUASD - Any soft drusen, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUASD
SAS Label:: Any soft drusen, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any soft indistinct and/or soft distinct drusen from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2602	2602
1	Yes	598	3200
.	Missing	663	3863

OPDUSDD - Soft distinct drusen, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSDD
SAS Label:: Soft distinct drusen, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft distinct drusen, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Soft distinct drusen is a less severe type of drusen than soft indistinct drusen.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2666	2666
1	Yes	533	3199
.	Missing	664	3863

OPDUSID - Soft indistinct drusen, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSID
SAS Label:: Soft indistinct drusen, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft indistinct drusen from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Soft indistinct drusen is a more severe type of drusen than soft distinct drusen.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2974	2974
1	Yes	217	3191
.	Missing	672	3863

OPDUIRP - Increased retinal pigment, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUIRP
SAS Label:: Increased retinal pigment, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of increased retinal pigment due to disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium in early ARM, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3032	3032
1	Yes	162	3194
.	Missing	669	3863

OPDURPE - RPE depigmentation, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDURPE
SAS Label:: RPE depigmentation, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of decreased retinal pigmentation due to disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium in early ARM, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3085	3085
1	Yes	104	3189
.	Missing	674	3863

OPDUAGA - Any geographic atrophy, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUAGA
SAS Label:: Any geographic atrophy, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any geographic atrophy from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: This variable differs from the pure geographic atrophy variable, OPDUGA, because exudative ARM may be present concurrently in which case OPDUGA may result from exudative ARM and/or its treatment.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3206	3206
1	Yes	18	3224
.	Missing	639	3863

OPDUPED - RPE/sensory ret. detachment, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUPED
SAS Label:: RPE/sensory ret. detachment, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Retinal Pigment Epithelial detachment/ Sensory Retinal detachment, a sign of exudative ARM, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3208	3208
1	Yes	10	3218
.	Missing	645	3863

OPDUSNV - Subretinal new vessels, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSNV
SAS Label:: Subretinal new vessels, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal new vessels, a sign of exudative ARM, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3219	3219
1	Yes	0	3219
.	Missing	644	3863

OPDUSUBH - Subretinal hemorrhage, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSUBH
SAS Label:: Subretinal hemorrhage, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal hemorrhage, a sign of exudative ARM, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3212	3212
1	Yes	8	3220
.	Missing	643	3863

OPDUSFS - Subretinal fibrous scar, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSFS
SAS Label:: Subretinal fibrous scar, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal fibrous scar, a sign of exudative ARM, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3211	3211
1	Yes	9	3220
.	Missing	643	3863

OPDUARMX - Treatment for ARM, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUARMX
SAS Label:: Treatment for ARM, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of 3 types of treatment for exudative ARM in the worse eye: laser, photodynamic and/or thermal treatment. The presence or absence of these treatments is a sign of exudative ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3217	3217
1	Yes	3	3220
.	Missing	643	3863

OPDUBCO - Retinal artery occlusion, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUBCO
SAS Label:: Retinal artery occlusion, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal artery occlusion (branch or central), a blockage of retinal arteriole or artery resulting in infarction of the retina, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center, to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3293	3293
1	Questionable	1	3294
2	Yes	1	3295
3	Yes, in center	0	3295
.	Missing	568	3863

OPDUBVO - Retinal branch vein occlusion, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUBVO
SAS Label:: Retinal branch vein occlusion, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal branch vein occlusion, a blockage of retinal branch venule (level 12 in the retinopathy severity scale, variable OPDURET), from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine with retinal central vein occlusion (OPDUCVO) to get retinal vein occlusion. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3257	3257
1	Questionable	15	3272
2	Yes	17	3289
3	Yes, in center	0	3289
.	Missing	574	3863

OPDUCVO - Ret. central vein occlusion, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUCVO
SAS Label:: Ret. central vein occlusion, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal central vein occlusion (RCVO) from the worse eye; blockage of the retinal central vein (level 12 in the retinal severity scale variable, OPDURET).
English Instructions:: Can combine with retinal branch vein occlusion (OPDUBVO) to get retinal vein occlusion. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3285	3285
1	Questionable	3	3288
2	Yes	4	3292
3	Yes, in center	1	3293
.	Missing	570	3863

OPDUAVN - Retinal AV nicking, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUAVN
SAS Label:: Retinal AV nicking, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal arterio-venous nicking, a pinching of the vein at an artery crossing, from the worse eye. May be secondary to hypertension. Refer to the NHANES Detailed Grading Protocol for more details.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2300	2300
1	Questionable	621	2921
2	Yes	365	3286
.	Missing	577	3863

OPDUFAN - Focal arteriolar narrowing, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUFAN
SAS Label:: Focal arteriolar narrowing, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal focal arteriolar narrowing, focal pinching or narrowing of the arteriole, from the worse eye. May be secondary to hypertension. Refer to the NHANES Detailed Grading Protocol for more details.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3100	3100
1	Questionable	149	3249
2	Yes	24	3273
.	Missing	590	3863

OPDUHOLL - Hollenhorst plaque, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUHOLL
SAS Label:: Hollenhorst plaque, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal arteriolar embolus (Hollenhorst plaque), from the worse eye. Usually fibrin or cholesterol embolus seen in retinal arterioles, often at a bifurcation of the vessel.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3265	3265
1	Questionable	12	3277
2	Yes	11	3288
.	Missing	575	3863

OPDUPPA - Peripapillary atrophy, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUPPA
SAS Label:: Peripapillary atrophy, worse eye
English Text:: This variables provides information on the presence or absence of peripapillary atrophy, defined as retinal-choroidal atrophic area around the disc, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2581	2581
1	Questionable	140	2721
2	Yes	580	3301
.	Missing	562	3863

OPDUASHY - Asteroid Hyalosis, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUASHY
SAS Label:: Asteroid Hyalosis, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Asteroid Hyalosis, soap-like crystals floating in the vitreous cavity in front of the retina, which can obstruct the view of retinal lesions, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3265	3265
1	Questionable	5	3270
2	Yes	33	3303
3	Yes, in center	2	3305
.	Missing	558	3863

OPDUCHRA - Chorioretinal abnormality, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUCHRA
SAS Label:: Chorioretinal abnormality, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any chorioretinal abnormality from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3256	3256
1	Questionable	2	3258
2	Yes	22	3280
3	Yes, in center	0	3280
.	Missing	583	3863

OPDUMACH - Macular hole, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUMACH
SAS Label:: Macular hole, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of a macular hole, a round sharply defined hole involving the center of the macula, resulting in a decrease in visual acuity, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent. Can analyze with visual acuity data.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3228	3228
1	Questionable	14	3242
2	Yes	6	3248
.	Missing	615	3863

OPDUCHN - Choroidal nevus, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUCHN
SAS Label:: Choroidal nevus, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of choroidal nevus, a localized increase in the number of pigment bearing cells in choroid, usually round or oval in shape, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; ; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3088	3088
1	Questionable	71	3159
2	Yes	121	3280
3	Yes, in center	1	3281
.	Missing	582	3863

OPDUOTRX - Any other treatment, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUOTRX
SAS Label:: Any other treatment, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any other laser treatment for other conditions (i.e. local treatment for retinal detachment), from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; ; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3288	3288
1	Questionable	0	3288
2	Yes	4	3292
3	Yes, in center	0	3292
.	Missing	571	3863

OPDUPOHS - Histoplasmosis syndrome, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUPOHS
SAS Label:: Histoplasmosis syndrome, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome, which usually manifests by peripapillary atrophic scars, focal round chorioretinal active lesions or punched out scars, from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3287	3287
1	Questionable	2	3289
2	Yes	3	3292
3	Yes, in center	2	3294
.	Missing	569	3863

OPDURDET - Retinal detachment, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDURDET
SAS Label:: Retinal detachment, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of traction or traumatic retinal detachment (not ARM Pigment Epithelial Detachment), from the worse eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3280	3280
1	Questionable	1	3281
2	Yes	5	3286
3	Yes, in center	0	3286
.	Missing	577	3863

OPDUSWR - SW, cellophane changes, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSWR
SAS Label:: SW, cellophane changes, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of epiretinal membrane (cellophane changes), from the worse eye. Epiretinal membrane (cellophane changes) refers to a patch or patches of irregular increased reflection on the inner surface of the retina due to membrane cellophane changes only with no traction.
English Instructions:: Can combine with epiretinal membrane (traction changes) variable (OPDUSWRT). Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2608	2608
1	Questionable	83	2691
2	Yes	530	3221
3	Yes, in center	31	3252
.	Missing	611	3863

OPDUSWRT - SW, traction changes, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUSWRT
SAS Label:: SW, traction changes, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of epiretinal membrane (retinal traction changes), from the worse eye. Epiretinal membrane (retinal traction changes) refers to a patch or patches of irregular increased reflection on the inner surface of the retina due to retinal traction changes of the membrane.
English Instructions:: Can combine with epiretinal membrane cellophane changes, variable OPDUSWR. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3131	3131
1	Questionable	23	3154
2	Yes	79	3233
3	Yes, in center	19	3252
.	Missing	611	3863

OPDUOTHC - Other ocular conditions, worse eye

Variable Name:: OPDUOTHC
SAS Label:: Other ocular conditions, worse eye
English Text:: This variable provides information of other ocular conditions not graded elsewhere, from the worse eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2977	2977
1	Questionable	37	3014
2	Yes	272	3286
3	Yes, in center	0	3286
.	Missing	577	3863

OPDDRET - Retinopathy level, right eye.

Variable Name:: OPDDRET
SAS Label:: Retinopathy level, right eye.
English Text:: Calculated levels of retinopathy severity, right eye.
English Instructions:: Calculated severity levels are described in more detail in the NHANES Grading Protocol, Retinopathy section. HE=HARD EXUDATES; SE=SOFT EXUDATE; IRMA=INTRARETINAL MICROVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES; VL=VENOUS LOOPS; MAS=MICROANEURYSMS; HEM=HEMORRHAGES; NPR=NON-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY; RET=RETINOPATHY; PRP LASER=PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION SCARS PRESENT; PR=PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY; HRC=HIGH RISK CHARACTERISTICS AS DEFINED IN THE EARLY TREATMENT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY STUDY; AND VH=VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE Note: Retinopathy is graded masked to diabetes status and retinopathy may be found in persons with and without diabetes (even though value labels may indicate otherwise). Level 12 is indicated when specific nondiabetic disease, e.g. retinal vein occlusion, is present. To examine retinopathy in persons with diabetes use the diabetes definition found in the NHANES Grading Protocol; to examine in nondiabetic persons exclude all persons with diabetes.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
10	No retinopathy	2737	2737
12	Non-diabetic retinal disease specific retinopathy	43	2780
13	Questionable retinopathy	110	2890
14	HE, SE, IRMA, VL but no MAS	14	2904
15	HEM only, no MAS	45	2949
20	MAS only	105	3054
31	Early NPR	61	3115
41	Moderate NPR	30	3145
51	Severe NPR	6	3151
60	Fibrous prolif. only	4	3155
61	No retinopathy but PRP laser	2	3157
62	MAS only + PRP laser	0	3157
63	Early NPR + PRP laser	5	3162
64	Moderate/severe NPR + PRP laser	0	3162
65	PR < HRC	2	3164
70	PR >= HRC	1	3165
80	Total VH	0	3165
.	Missing	698	3863

OPDDRL4 - 4 levels retinopathy severity, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDRL4
SAS Label:: 4 levels retinopathy severity, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on four levels of retinopathy severity, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Four levels of retinopathy severity are calculated from variable OPDDRET: 1=LEVELS 10-13; 2=LEVELS 14-31; 3=LEVELS 41-51; 4=LEVELS 60-80 This variable is often used in examining associations with retinopathy severity. To collapse further 1=No Retinopathy ; 2-4=Retinopathy; For a No Proliferative Retinopathy vs. Proliferative analysis, combine 1-3 as Non-Proliferative.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	No retinopathy	2890	2890
2	Mild NPR	225	3115
3	Moderate/severe NPR	36	3151
4	PR (Proliferative)	14	3165
.	Missing	698	3863

OPDDARMA - Any retinopathy, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDARMA
SAS Label:: Any retinopathy, right eye
English Text:: This field is coded for the presence or absence of any retinopathy from the right eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is computed from the OPDDRET variable as follows: 0(No)=LEVELS <14; 1(Yes)=LEVELS>=14
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2890	2890
1	Yes	275	3165
.	Missing	698	3863

OPDDHMA - MAS, HEM, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDHMA
SAS Label:: MAS, HEM, right eye
English Text:: This summary variable provides information on describing microaneurysms (MAS) only, blot hemorrhages (HEM) only, or both using two severity levels using the ETDRS standard 2A, right eye.
English Instructions:: Value 5 is more severe than value 4. For MAS only, see variable OPDDMA. For HEM only, see variable OPDDHEM. Combined MAS and/or HEM would include values 2 to 5 as present and values 0 & 1 as none.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	2789	2789
1	Questionable	97	2886
2	MAS only	128	3014
3	HEM only	60	3074
4	HEM+MAS < 2A	95	3169
5	HEM+MAS >= 2A	6	3175
.	Missing	688	3863

OPDDMA - Retinal microaneurysms, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDMA
SAS Label:: Retinal microaneurysms, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information only on eyes with retinal microaneurysms and no retinal blot hemorrhage, right eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is calculated as being present (1=YES) if variable OPDDHMA=2 and absent (0=NO) if OPDDHMA=0 or 1. For eyes with any microaneurysms, recode from OPDDHMA.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2886	2886
1	Yes	128	3014
.	Missing	849	3863

OPDDHEM - Retinal blot hemorrhages, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDHEM
SAS Label:: Retinal blot hemorrhages, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information only on eyes with retinal blot hemorrhages and no microaneurysms in the right eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is computed as present (1=YES) from OPDDHMA variable code=3 and absent (0=NO) from OPDDHMA variable code=0 or 1. For eyes with any retinal blot hemorrhages, recode from OPDDHMA.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2886	2886
1	Yes	60	2946
.	Missing	917	3863

OPDDHE - Retinal hard exudate, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDHE
SAS Label:: Retinal hard exudate, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of hard exudate in the right eye. Hard exudate is a result of lipoprotein deposition in the retina and is usually associated with macular edema.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3129	3129
1	Questionable	14	3143
2	Yes	47	3190
.	Missing	673	3863

OPDDSE - Retinal soft exudate, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSE
SAS Label:: Retinal soft exudate, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft exudate in the right eye. Soft exudate, sometimes called cotton wool spot, is due to retinal nerve fiber layer infarction, a result of retinal ischemia.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3114	3114
1	Questionable	30	3144
2	Yes	43	3187
.	Missing	676	3863

OPDDIRMA - IRMA, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDIRMA
SAS Label:: IRMA, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormalities (IRMA), from the right eye. IRMA are retinal collateral vessels in areas of retinal ischemia indicating a more severe level of retinopathy. This variable is coded using the ETDRS photo standard, 8A. Eyes with IRMA>=8A have more severe disease than eyes with standard <8A.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for IRMA absent and codes 2 & 3 for IRMA present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3101	3101
1	Questionable	34	3135
2	< 8A	24	3159
3	>= 8A	6	3165
.	Missing	698	3863

OPDDVB - Retinal venous beading, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDVB
SAS Label:: Retinal venous beading, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal venous beading from the right eye. Venous beading is a manifestation of severe retinal ischemia.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3210	3210
1	Questionable	2	3212
2	Yes	0	3212
.	Missing	651	3863

OPDDNVO - Retinal new vessels on disc, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDNVO
SAS Label:: Retinal new vessels on disc, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal new vessels on the optic disc area, from the right eye. Retinal new vessels on the optic disc area are a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. This variable is coded using the ETDRS photo standard, 10A. Eyes with standard>=10A have more severe vessels than eyes with standard <10A.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDDRL4=4 (Proliferative). Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; codes 2=<10A with 3=>=10A for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3227	3227
1	Questionable	3	3230
2	< 10A	2	3232
3	>= 10A	0	3232
.	Missing	631	3863

OPDDNVE - Retinal new vessels elsewhere, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDNVE
SAS Label:: Retinal new vessels elsewhere, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal new vessels elsewhere outside the optic disc margin in the right eye. Retinal new vessels elsewhere outside the optic disc margin are a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area affected, the more severe the disease.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDDRL4=4 (Proliferative). Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and code 2=<1/2 DISC AREA with 3=>=1/2 DISC AREA for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3191	3191
1	Questionable	7	3198
2	< 1/2 Disc Area	1	3199
3	>= 1/2 Disc Area	0	3199
.	Missing	664	3863

OPDDRFP - Retinal fibrous proliferation, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDRFP
SAS Label:: Retinal fibrous proliferation, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal fibrous proliferation in the right eye. Retinal fibrous proliferation is a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area affected, the greater the disease.
English Instructions:: FPD = Fibrous proliferation within the optic disc area; FPE = Fibrous proliferation elsewhere outside the optic disc margin. When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDDRL4=4. Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; 2=FPD ONLY, 3=FPE ONLY, and 4=FPD + FPE for any present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3198	3198
1	Questionable	5	3203
2	FPD only	4	3207
3	FPE only	1	3208
4	FPD + FPE	1	3209
.	Missing	654	3863

OPDDPHVH - Pre-ret./ vitreous hemorrhage, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDPHVH
SAS Label:: Pre-ret./ vitreous hemorrhage, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of pre-retinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage in the right eye. Pre-retinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage is a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area is affected, the more severe the disease.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDDRL4=4. Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and 2=<1 Disc Area and 3=>= 1 Disc Area for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3209	3209
1	Questionable	1	3210
2	< 1 Disc Area	1	3211
3	>= 1 Disc Area	0	3211
.	Missing	652	3863

OPDDME - Macular edema, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDME
SAS Label:: Macular edema, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of macular edema by clinical significance from the right eye. The definition for Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME), found in the NHANES Grading Protocol: CSME is considered present when edema involves the fovea or is within 500 microns of the fovea, or when a 1+disc area of edema is present with at least a portion of it within the macula.
English Instructions:: Increased permeability of retinal capillaries and MAS may result in accumulation of extracellular fluid and thickening of normally compact retinal tissue called Macular Edema. In some cases, the macular edema becomes clinically significant. "OTHER" refers to evidence of macular edema associated with retinopathy often associated with a specific ocular or systemic condition (e.g. retinal vein occlusion). Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent; and 2=Yes, but not CSME and 3=Yes, CSME for any macular edema present; exclude 7 from analysis.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3123	3123
1	Questionable	9	3132
2	Yes, but not CSME	15	3147
3	Yes CSME	12	3159
7	Other	3	3162
.	Missing	701	3863

OPDDMEC - Macular edema in center, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDMEC
SAS Label:: Macular edema in center, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of macular edema in the center from the right eye. Center involvement specifies involvement of the fovea by macular edema. Cysts indicate more severe involvement, usually associated with visual loss.
English Instructions:: "OTHER" refers to evidence of macular edema associated with retinopathy often associated with a specific ocular or systemic condition (e.g. retinal vein occlusion). Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; 2=Present and CSME and 3=CSME with cysts for any present central involvement; exclude 7 from analysis. Can combine with visual acuity data in corresponding eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3146	3146
1	Questionable	3	3149
2	Present and CSME	9	3158
3	CSME with cysts	1	3159
7	Other	3	3162
.	Missing	701	3863

OPDDPPS - Panret. photocoagulation scar, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDPPS
SAS Label:: Panret. photocoagulation scar, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of panretinal photocoagulation scars in the right eye. Panretinal photocoagulation in a scatter pattern across the retina or in specific areas outside the macular area later results in scarring and is a surrogate for having had active severe disease. Local and/or scatter photocoagulation is usually done to prevent preretinal and vitreous hemorrhage or the development of retinal new vessels.
English Instructions:: In the absence of retinopathy, is usually combined with other signs of proliferative retinopathy which may or may not be present (refer to OPDURET). Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable/Incomplete for absent; and codes 2, 3, and 4 as present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3214	3214
1	Questionable/incomplete	2	3216
2	Local	0	3216
3	Scatter only	10	3226
4	Scatter + local	1	3227
.	Missing	636	3863

OPDDFOC - Focal photocoag. scars for ME, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDFOC
SAS Label:: Focal photocoag. scars for ME, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of focal laser photocoagulation from the right eye. It can appear either as treatment of leaking retinal microaneurysms (MA Rx only) or in a grid pattern in macula done for the treatment of localized or diffuse macular edema (Grid only), or sometimes together.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and codes 2-4 (MA RX only, Grid Only, and MA RX + Grid Rx) for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3199	3199
1	Questionable	2	3201
2	MA RX only	17	3218
3	Grid only	0	3218
4	MA RX & Grid RX	1	3219
.	Missing	644	3863

OPDDARM - ARM, 3 severity levels, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDARM
SAS Label:: ARM, 3 severity levels, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the 3-level severity classification of age-related macular degeneration (ARM) from the right eye. Early ARM is defined by presence or absence of drusen and/or pigmentary abnormalities; late ARM by exudative ARM signs and/or geographic atrophy.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 1=Early ARM and 2=Late ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No ARM	2881	2881
1	Early ARM	165	3046
2	Late ARM	20	3066
.	Missing	797	3863

OPDDPIGA - Ret. & pigmentary abnorm., right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDPIGA
SAS Label:: Ret. & pigmentary abnorm., right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of increased retinal pigment and/or RPE depigmentation, a manifestation of early ARM in absence of signs of late ARM, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2951	2951
1	Yes	117	3068
.	Missing	795	3863

OPDDLARM - Late ARM, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDLARM
SAS Label:: Late ARM, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of exudative ARM and/or geographic atrophy from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Late ARM is defined by the presence of signs of exudative ARM and/or geographic atrophy.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3097	3097
1	Yes	20	3117
.	Missing	746	3863

OPDDGA - Geographic atrophy, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDGA
SAS Label:: Geographic atrophy, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of pure geographic atrophy in the absence of signs of Exudative ARM, right eye
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3097	3097
1	Yes	11	3108
.	Missing	755	3863

OPDDEXU - Exudative ARM, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDEXU
SAS Label:: Exudative ARM, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of exudative ARM from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Exudative ARM is also called neovascular ARM. Sometimes geographic atrophy is present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3106	3106
1	Yes	9	3115
.	Missing	748	3863

OPDDAREX - Excluded for ARM, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDAREX
SAS Label:: Excluded for ARM, right eye
English Text:: Was the right eye excluded for ARM?
English Instructions:: ARM may not be ascertained for many reasons, refer to OPDDREA for the reason for ARM exclusion.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3123	3123
1	Yes	62	3185
.	Missing	678	3863

OPDDREA - Reason for ARM exclusion, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDREA
SAS Label:: Reason for ARM exclusion, right eye
English Text:: If a condition exists in the macula which confounds the grader from evaluating Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARM) lesions from similar changes in the retina due to another process the eye is excluded (cannot grade) from evaluation of all ARM lesions from the right eye.
English Instructions:: This variable lists reasons such as trauma, laser treatment, retinal vessel occlusion, retinal dystrophy, myopic degeneration, presumed ocular histoplasmosis or chorioretinal taxoplasmosis scar, nonspecific inflammatory retinal lesion, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), non ARM retinal pigment epithelial abnormality, non ARM detachment, unknown, other, and/or a retinal coloboma or staphyloma.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3201	3201
1	Trauma	1	3202
2	Laser RX	21	3223
3	Vessel occlusion	1	3224
4	Macular dystrophy	4	3228
5	Myopic degeneration	0	3228
6	Histoplasmosis/toxoplasmosis	6	3234
7	Inflammatory lesion	2	3236
9	Retinopathy of prematurity	0	3236
10	Non-ARM RPE abnormality	13	3249
11	Non-ARM detachment	1	3250
12	Unknown etiology	6	3256
15	Other	7	3263
16	Coloboma/staphyloma	0	3263
99	No photos of eye	0	3263
.	Missing	600	3863

OPDDHD - Hard distinct drusen, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDHD
SAS Label:: Hard distinct drusen, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of hard distinct drusen, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Currently considered not to be a sign of ARM by itself.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	1338	1338
1	Yes	1753	3091
.	Missing	772	3863

OPDDD125 - Drusen>=125 microns, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDD125
SAS Label:: Drusen>=125 microns, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of large drusen, greater than or equal to 125 microns in diameter, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Large drusen are considered a sign of early ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2870	2870
1	Yes	208	3078
.	Missing	785	3863

OPDDD500 - Drusen>=500 microns, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDD500
SAS Label:: Drusen>=500 microns, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of large drusen, greater than or equal to 500 microns in diameter, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Large drusen covering more area indicates more involvement in the macula area.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2980	2980
1	Yes	95	3075
.	Missing	788	3863

OPDDASD - Any soft drusen, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDASD
SAS Label:: Any soft drusen, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any soft indistinct and/or soft distinct drusen from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2658	2658
1	Yes	424	3082
.	Missing	781	3863

OPDDSDD - Soft distinct drusen, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSDD
SAS Label:: Soft distinct drusen, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft distinct drusen, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Soft distinct drusen is a less severe type of drusen than soft indistinct drusen.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2717	2717
1	Yes	364	3081
.	Missing	782	3863

OPDDSID - Soft indistinct drusen, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSID
SAS Label:: Soft indistinct drusen, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft indistinct drusen from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Soft indistinct drusen is a more severe type of drusen than soft distinct drusen.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2919	2919
1	Yes	147	3066
.	Missing	797	3863

OPDDIRP - Increased retinal pigment, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDIRP
SAS Label:: Increased retinal pigment, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of increased retinal pigment due to disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium in early ARM, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2954	2954
1	Yes	114	3068
.	Missing	795	3863

OPDDRPE - RPE depigmentation, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDRPE
SAS Label:: RPE depigmentation, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of decreased retinal pigmentation due to disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium in early ARM, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2994	2994
1	Yes	69	3063
.	Missing	800	3863

OPDDAGA - Any geographic atrophy, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDAGA
SAS Label:: Any geographic atrophy, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any geographic atrophy from the right eye.
English Instructions:: This variable differs from the pure geographic atrophy variable, OPDDGA, because exudative ARM may be present concurrently in which case OPDDGA may result from exudative ARM and/or its treatment.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3104	3104
1	Yes	13	3117
.	Missing	746	3863

OPDDPED - RPE/sensory ret. detachment, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDPED
SAS Label:: RPE/sensory ret. detachment, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Retinal Pigment Epithelial detachment/ Sensory Retinal detachment, a sign of exudative ARM, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3109	3109
1	Yes	3	3112
.	Missing	751	3863

OPDDSNV - Subretinal new vessels, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSNV
SAS Label:: Subretinal new vessels, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal new vessels, a sign of exudative ARM, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3113	3113
1	Yes	0	3113
.	Missing	750	3863

OPDDSUBH - Subretinal hemorrhage, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSUBH
SAS Label:: Subretinal hemorrhage, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal hemorrhage, a sign of exudative ARM, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3111	3111
1	Yes	4	3115
.	Missing	748	3863

OPDDSFS - Subretinal fibrous scar, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSFS
SAS Label:: Subretinal fibrous scar, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal fibrous scar, a sign of exudative ARM, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3109	3109
1	Yes	5	3114
.	Missing	749	3863

OPDDARMX - Treatment for ARM, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDARMX
SAS Label:: Treatment for ARM, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of 3 types of treatment for exudative ARM in the right eye: laser, photodynamic and/or thermal treatment. The presence or absence of these treatments is a sign of exudative ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3113	3113
1	Yes	1	3114
.	Missing	749	3863

OPDDBCO - Retinal artery occlusion, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDBCO
SAS Label:: Retinal artery occlusion, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal artery occlusion (branch or central), a blockage of retinal arteriole or artery resulting infarction of the retina, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center, to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3240	3240
1	Questionable	1	3241
2	Yes	1	3242
3	Yes, in center	0	3242
.	Missing	621	3863

OPDDBVO - Retinal branch vein occlusion, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDBVO
SAS Label:: Retinal branch vein occlusion, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal branch vein occlusion, a blockage of retinal branch venule (level 12 in the retinopathy severity scale, variable OPDURET), from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine with retinal central vein occlusion (OPDDCVO) to get retinal vein occlusion. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3211	3211
1	Questionable	12	3223
2	Yes	9	3232
3	Yes, in center	0	3232
.	Missing	631	3863

OPDDCVO - Ret. central vein occlusion, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDCVO
SAS Label:: Ret. central vein occlusion, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal central vein occlusion (RCVO) from the right eye; blockage of the retinal central vein (level 12 in the retinal severity scale variable, OPDDRET).
English Instructions:: Can combine with retinal branch vein occlusion (OPDDBVO) to get retinal vein occlusion. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3236	3236
1	Questionable	2	3238
2	Yes	1	3239
3	Yes, in center	0	3239
.	Missing	624	3863

OPDDAVN - Retinal AV nicking, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDAVN
SAS Label:: Retinal AV nicking, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal arterio-venous nicking, a pinching of the vein at an artery crossing, from the right eye. May be secondary to hypertension. Refer to the NHANES Detailed Grading Protocol for more details.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2597	2597
1	Questionable	412	3009
2	Yes	213	3222
.	Missing	641	3863

OPDDFAN - Focal arteriolar narrowing, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDFAN
SAS Label:: Focal arteriolar narrowing, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal focal arteriolar narrowing, focal pinching or narrowing of the arteriole, from the right eye. May be secondary to hypertension. Refer to the NHANES Detailed Grading Protocol for more details.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3094	3094
1	Questionable	89	3183
2	Yes	18	3201
.	Missing	662	3863

OPDDHOLL - Hollenhorst plaque, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDHOLL
SAS Label:: Hollenhorst plaque, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal arteriolar embolus (Hollenhorst plaque), from the worse eye. Usually fibrin or cholesterol embolus seen in retinal arterioles, often at a bifurcation of the vessel.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3213	3213
1	Questionable	6	3219
2	Yes	8	3227
.	Missing	636	3863

OPDDPPA - Peripapillary atrophy, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDPPA
SAS Label:: Peripapillary atrophy, right eye
English Text:: This variables provides information on the presence or absence of peripapillary atrophy, defined as retinal-choroidal atrophic area around the disc, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2717	2717
1	Questionable	101	2818
2	Yes	426	3244
.	Missing	619	3863

OPDDASHY - Asteroid Hyalosis, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDASHY
SAS Label:: Asteroid Hyalosis, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Asteroid Hyalosis, soap-like crystals floating in the vitreous cavity in front of the retina, which can obstruct the view of retinal lesions, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3229	3229
1	Questionable	4	3233
2	Yes	21	3254
3	Yes, in center	2	3256
.	Missing	607	3863

OPDDCHRA - Chorioretinal abnormality, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDCHRA
SAS Label:: Chorioretinal abnormality, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any chorioretinal abnormality from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3210	3210
1	Questionable	0	3210
2	Yes	15	3225
3	Yes, in center	0	3225
.	Missing	638	3863

OPDDMACH - Macular hole, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDMACH
SAS Label:: Macular hole, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of a macular hole, a round sharply defined hole involving the center of the macula, resulting in a decrease in visual acuity, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent. Can analyze with visual acuity data.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3147	3147
1	Questionable	8	3155
2	Yes	4	3159
.	Missing	704	3863

OPDDCHN - Choroidal nevus, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDCHN
SAS Label:: Choroidal nevus, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of choroidal nevus, a localized increase in the number of pigment bearing cells in choroid, usually round or oval in shape, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; ; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3117	3117
1	Questionable	39	3156
2	Yes	64	3220
3	Yes, in center	1	3221
.	Missing	642	3863

OPDDOTRX - Any other treatment, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDOTRX
SAS Label:: Any other treatment, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any other laser treatment for other conditions (i.e. local treatment for retinal detachment), from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; ; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3234	3234
1	Questionable	0	3234
2	Yes	2	3236
3	Yes, in center	0	3236
.	Missing	627	3863

OPDDPOHS - Histoplasmosis syndrome, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDPOHS
SAS Label:: Histoplasmosis syndrome, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome, which usually manifests by peripapillary atrophic scars, focal round chorioretinal active lesions or punched out scars, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3235	3235
1	Questionable	1	3236
2	Yes	2	3238
3	Yes, in center	2	3240
.	Missing	623	3863

OPDDRDET - Retinal detachment, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDRDET
SAS Label:: Retinal detachment, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of traction or traumatic retinal detachment (not ARM Pigment Epithelial Detachment), from the right eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3228	3228
1	Questionable	0	3228
2	Yes	2	3230
3	Yes, in center	0	3230
.	Missing	633	3863

OPDDSWR - SW, cellophane changes, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSWR
SAS Label:: SW, cellophane changes, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of epiretinal membrane (cellophane changes), from the right eye. Epiretinal membrane (cellophane changes) refers to a patch or patches of irregular increased reflection on the inner surface of the retina due to membrane cellophane changes only with no traction.
English Instructions:: Can combine with epiretinal membrane (traction changes) variable (OPDDSWRT). Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2738	2738
1	Questionable	58	2796
2	Yes	353	3149
3	Yes, in center	19	3168
.	Missing	695	3863

OPDDSWRT - SW, traction changes, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDSWRT
SAS Label:: SW, traction changes, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of epiretinal membrane (retinal traction changes), from the right eye. Epiretinal membrane (retinal traction changes) refers to a patch or patches of irregular increased reflection on the inner surface of the retina due to retinal traction changes of the membrane.
English Instructions:: Can combine with epiretinal membrane cellophane changes, variable OPDDSWR. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3098	3098
1	Questionable	15	3113
2	Yes	39	3152
3	Yes, in center	9	3161
.	Missing	702	3863

OPDDOTHC - Other ocular conditions, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDOTHC
SAS Label:: Other ocular conditions, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides information of other ocular conditions not graded elsewhere, from the right eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3041	3041
1	Questionable	19	3060
2	Yes	171	3231
3	Yes, in center	0	3231
.	Missing	632	3863

OPDDVCDR - Vertical cup disc ratio, right eye

Variable Name:: OPDDVCDR
SAS Label:: Vertical cup disc ratio, right eye
English Text:: This variable provides the vertical cup to disc ratio, in microns, from the right eye.
English Instructions:: The vertical cup to disc ratio is from 0 to 1.0.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative	Skip to Item
0.08 to 0.89	Range of Values	3200	3200
.	Missing	663	3863

OPXSCOMP - Are field 1 & field 2 present, left eye

Variable Name:: OPXSCOMP
SAS Label:: Are field 1 & field 2 present, left eye
English Text:: Are field 1 & field 2 present, left eye?
English Instructions:: Completeness of the photo. If field 1 or field 2 are missing, the photos will be incomplete.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No photos	42	42
1	Incomplete	108	150
2	Complete	3174	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXSF1 - Field 1 Present, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSF1
SAS Label:: Field 1 Present, Left Eye
English Text:: Is field 1 present in the photos of the left eye?
English Instructions:: If present, there is a gradability value, OPXSGRBL.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Absent	119	119
2	Present	3205	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXSF1FO - Field 1 Focus, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSF1FO
SAS Label:: Field 1 Focus, Left Eye
English Text:: Was the optic nerve in focus from the left eye?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Good/fair	2753	2753
1	Borderline	336	3089
2	Poor	116	3205
.	Missing	658	3863

OPXSF2 - Field 2 Present, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSF2
SAS Label:: Field 2 Present, Left Eye
English Text:: Is field 2 present, Left Eye?
English Instructions:: Was field 2 present in the photos of the left eye? If absent, ARM and ME may not be measurable in this eye. If present, there is a gradability value, OPXSGRBL.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Absent	63	63
2	Present	3261	3324
.	Missing	539	3863

OPXSF2FO - Field 2 Focus, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSF2FO
SAS Label:: Field 2 Focus, Left Eye
English Text:: Field 2 Focus, Left eye
English Instructions:: Was the Macula Image in Focus from the left eye?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Good/fair	2703	2703
1	Borderline	403	3106
2	Poor	155	3261
.	Missing	602	3863

OPXSGRBL - Gradability of images, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSGRBL
SAS Label:: Gradability of images, Left Eye
English Text:: Gradability of images, left eye. This assumes at least one digital image of the left eye is available.
English Instructions:: 0=All fields are gradable; 1=Disc is ungradable; 2=Portion of the macula is ungradable; 4= Portion of the disc and macula are ungradable; 5=Disc and macula are ungradable; 6= All available fields are ungradable. Please refer to the NHANES Digital Retinal Image Grading Protocol for more details and definitions.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	Gradable	3025	3025
1	Disc ungradable	13	3038
2	Part macula	140	3178
3	Macula ungradable	65	3243
4	Part disc & macula	6	3249
5	Disc & macula ungradable	13	3262
6	Ungradable	20	3282
.	Missing	581	3863

OPXSPMM - Pupil Size, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPMM
SAS Label:: Pupil Size, Left Eye
English Text:
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative	Skip to Item
1 to 6	Range of Values	3282	3282
.	Missing	581	3863

OPXSPHPR - Photo Problems, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHPR
SAS Label:: Photo Problems, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problems
English Instructions:: Were there problems with the quality of the images from the left eye?
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	1780	1780
2	Yes	1501	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHIL - Photo Prob - Illumination, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHIL
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Illumination, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Illumination
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2793	2793
2	Yes	488	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHFD - Photo Prob - Field Definition, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHFD
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Field Definition, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Field Definition
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3187	3187
2	Yes	94	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHHZ - Photo Prob - Haze, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHHZ
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Haze, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Haze
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2219	2219
2	Yes	1062	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHDD - Photo Prob - Dust/Dirt, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHDD
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Dust/Dirt, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Dust/Dirt
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2954	2954
2	Yes	327	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHLA - Photo Prob - Lashes, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHLA
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Lashes, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Lashes
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3202	3202
2	Yes	79	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHAR - Photo Prob - Arc, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHAR
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Arc, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Arc
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3134	3134
2	Yes	147	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHRC - Photo Prob - Red Channel, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHRC
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Red Channel, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Red Channel
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3277	3277
2	Yes	4	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPXSPHOT - Photo Prob - Other, Left Eye

Variable Name:: OPXSPHOT
SAS Label:: Photo Prob - Other, Left Eye
English Text:: Photo Problem - Other
English Instructions:: If other is coded describe the problem or artifact from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2517	2517
2	Yes	764	3281
9	No photos of eye	42	3323
.	Missing	540	3863

OPDSRET - Retinopathy level, left eye.

Variable Name:: OPDSRET
SAS Label:: Retinopathy level, left eye.
English Text:: Calculated levels of retinopathy severity, left eye.
English Instructions:: Calculated severity levels are described in more detail in the NHANES Grading Protocol, Retinopathy section. HE=HARD EXUDATES; SE=SOFT EXUDATE; IRMA=INTRARETINAL MICROVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES; VL=VENOUS LOOPS; MAS=MICROANEURYSMS; HEM=HEMORRHAGES; NPR=NON-PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY; RET=RETINOPATHY; PRP LASER=PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION SCARS PRESENT; PR=PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY; HRC=HIGH RISK CHARACTERISTICS AS DEFINED IN THE EARLY TREATMENT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY STUDY; AND VH=VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE Note: Retinopathy is graded masked to diabetes status and retinopathy may be found in persons with and without diabetes (even though value labels may indicate otherwise). Level 12 is indicated when specific nondiabetic disease, e.g. retinal vein occlusion, is present. To examine retinopathy in persons with diabetes use the diabetes definition found in the NHANES Grading Protocol; to examine in nondiabetic persons exclude all persons with diabetes.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
10	No retinopathy	2739	2739
12	Non-diabetic retinal disease specific retinopathy	48	2787
13	Questionable retinopathy	109	2896
14	HE, SE, IRMA, VL but no MAS	8	2904
15	HEM only, no MAS	37	2941
20	MAS only	99	3040
31	Early NPR	59	3099
41	Moderate NPR	30	3129
51	Severe NPR	4	3133
60	Fibrous prolif. only	3	3136
61	No retinopathy but PRP laser	3	3139
62	MAS only + PRP laser	0	3139
63	Early NPR + PRP laser	4	3143
64	Moderate/severe NPR + PRP laser	2	3145
65	PR < HRC	3	3148
70	PR >= HRC	0	3148
80	Total VH	0	3148
.	Missing	715	3863

OPDSRL4 - 4 levels retinopathy severity, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSRL4
SAS Label:: 4 levels retinopathy severity, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on four levels of retinopathy severity, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Four levels of retinopathy severity are computed from variable OPDSRET: 1=LEVELS 10-13; 2=LEVELS 14-31; 3=LEVELS 41-51; 4=LEVELS 60-80 This variable is often used in examining associations with retinopathy severity. To collapse further 1=No Retinopathy; 2-4=Retinopathy; For a No Proliferative Retinopathy vs. Proliferative analysis, combine 1-3 as Non-Proliferative.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
1	No retinopathy	2896	2896
2	Mild NPR	203	3099
3	Moderate/severe NPR	34	3133
4	PR (Proliferative)	15	3148
.	Missing	715	3863

OPDSARMA - Any retinopathy, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSARMA
SAS Label:: Any retinopathy, left eye
English Text:: This field is coded for the presence or absence of any retinopathy from the left eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is computed from the OPDSRET variable as follows: 0(No)=LEVELS <14; 1(Yes)=LEVELS>=14
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2896	2896
1	Yes	252	3148
.	Missing	715	3863

OPDSHMA - MAS, HEM, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSHMA
SAS Label:: MAS, HEM, left eye
English Text:: This summary variable provides information on describing microaneurysms (MAS) only, blot hemorrhages (HEM) only, or both using two severity levels using the ETDRS standard 2A, left eye.
English Instructions:: Value 5 is more severe than value 4. For MAS only, see variable OPDSMA. For HEM only, see variable OPDSHEM. Combined MAS and/or HEM would include values 2 to 5 as present and values 0 & 1 as none.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	2772	2772
1	Questionable	110	2882
2	MAS only	131	3013
3	HEM only	55	3068
4	HEM+MAS < 2A	88	3156
5	HEM+MAS >= 2A	2	3158
.	Missing	705	3863

OPDSMA - Retinal microaneurysms, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSMA
SAS Label:: Retinal microaneurysms, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information only on eyes with retinal microaneurysms and no retinal blot hemorrhage, left eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is calculated as being present (1=YES) if variable OPDSHMA=2 and absent (0=NO) if OPDSHMA=0 or 1. For eyes with any microaneurysms, recode from OPDSHMA.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2882	2882
1	Yes	131	3013
.	Missing	850	3863

OPDSHEM - Retinal blot hemorrhages, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSHEM
SAS Label:: Retinal blot hemorrhages, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information only on eyes with retinal blot hemorrhages and no microaneurysms in the left eye.
English Instructions:: This variable is computed as present (1=YES) from OPDSHMA variable code=3 and absent (0=NO) from OPDSHMA variable code=0 or 1. For eyes with any retinal blot hemorrhages, recode from OPDSHMA.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2882	2882
1	Yes	55	2937
.	Missing	926	3863

OPDSHE - Retinal hard exudate, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSHE
SAS Label:: Retinal hard exudate, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of hard exudate in the left eye. Hard exudate is a result of lipoprotein deposition in the retina and is usually associated with macular edema.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3106	3106
1	Questionable	15	3121
2	Yes	58	3179
.	Missing	684	3863

OPDSSE - Retinal soft exudate, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSE
SAS Label:: Retinal soft exudate, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft exudate in the left eye. Soft exudate, sometimes called cotton wool spot, is due to retinal nerve fiber layer infarction, a result of retinal ischemia.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3114	3114
1	Questionable	15	3129
2	Yes	42	3171
.	Missing	692	3863

OPDSIRMA - IRMA, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSIRMA
SAS Label:: IRMA, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormalities (IRMA), from the left eye. IRMA are retinal collateral vessels in areas of retinal ischemia indicating a more severe level of retinopathy. This variable is coded using the ETDRS photo standard, 8A. Eyes with IRMA>=8A have more severe disease than eyes with standard <8A.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for IRMA absent and codes 2 & 3 for IRMA present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3095	3095
1	Questionable	27	3122
2	< 8A	23	3145
3	>= 8A	7	3152
.	Missing	711	3863

OPDSVB - Retinal venous beading, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSVB
SAS Label:: Retinal venous beading, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal venous beading from the left eye. Venous beading is a manifestation of severe retinal ischemia.
English Instructions:: Can combine code 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3198	3198
1	Questionable	2	3200
2	Yes	2	3202
.	Missing	661	3863

OPDSNVO - Retinal new vessels on disc, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSNVO
SAS Label:: Retinal new vessels on disc, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal new vessels on the optic disc area, from the left eye. Retinal new vessels on the optic disc area are a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. This variable is coded using the ETDRS photo standard, 10A. Eyes with standard>=10A have more severe vessels than eyes with standard <10A.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDSRL4=4 (Proliferative). Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; codes 2=<10A with 3=>=10A for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3217	3217
1	Questionable	4	3221
2	< 10A	3	3224
3	>= 10A	0	3224
.	Missing	639	3863

OPDSNVE - Retinal new vessels elsewhere, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSNVE
SAS Label:: Retinal new vessels elsewhere, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal new vessels elsewhere outside the optic disc margin in the left eye. Retinal new vessels elsewhere outside the optic disc margin are a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area affected, the more severe the disease.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDSRL4=4 (Proliferative). Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and code 2=<1/2 DISC AREA with 3=>=1/2 DISC AREA for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3180	3180
1	Questionable	6	3186
2	< 1/2 Disc Area	5	3191
3	>= 1/2 Disc Area	0	3191
.	Missing	672	3863

OPDSRFP - Retinal fibrous proliferation, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSRFP
SAS Label:: Retinal fibrous proliferation, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal fibrous proliferation in the left eye. Retinal fibrous proliferation is a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area affected, the greater the disease.
English Instructions:: FPD = Fibrous proliferation within the optic disc area; FPE = Fibrous proliferation elsewhere outside the optic disc margin. When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDSRL4=4. Can combine code 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; 2=FPD ONLY, 3=FPE ONLY, and 4=FPD + FPE for any present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3187	3187
1	Questionable	4	3191
2	FPD only	1	3192
3	FPE only	6	3198
4	FPD + FPE	1	3199
.	Missing	664	3863

OPDSPHVH - Pre-ret./ vitreous hemorrhage, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSPHVH
SAS Label:: Pre-ret./ vitreous hemorrhage, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of pre-retinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye. Pre-retinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage is a manifestation of proliferative retinopathy due to retinal ischemia. The more area is affected, the more severe the disease.
English Instructions:: When combined with other manifestations of proliferative retinopathy is equivalent to OPDSRL4=4. Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and 2=<1 Disc Area and 3=>= 1 Disc Area for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3196	3196
1	Questionable	1	3197
2	< 1 Disc Area	0	3197
3	>= 1 Disc Area	0	3197
.	Missing	666	3863

OPDSME - Macular edema, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSME
SAS Label:: Macular edema, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of macular edema by clinical significance. The definition for Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME), found in the NHANES Grading Protocol: CSME is considered present when edema involves the fovea or is within 500 microns of the fovea, or when a 1+disc area of edema is present with at least a portion of it within the macula.
English Instructions:: Increased permeability of retinal capillaries and MAS may result in accumulation of extracellular fluid and thickening of normally compact retinal tissue called Macular Edema. In some cases, the macular edema becomes clinically significant. "OTHER" refers to evidence of macular edema associated with retinopathy often associated with a specific ocular or systemic condition (e.g. retinal vein occlusion). Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable for absent; and 2=Yes, but not CSME and 3=Yes, CSME for any macular edema present; exclude 7 from analysis.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3108	3108
1	Questionable	13	3121
2	Yes, but not CSME	11	3132
3	Yes CSME	17	3149
7	Other	4	3153
.	Missing	710	3863

OPDSMEC - Macular edema in center, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSMEC
SAS Label:: Macular edema in center, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of macular edema in the center from the left eye. Center involvement specifies involvement of the fovea by macular edema. Cysts indicate more severe involvement, usually associated with visual loss.
English Instructions:: "OTHER" refers to evidence of macular edema associated with retinopathy often associated with a specific ocular or systemic condition (e.g. retinal vein occlusion). Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent; 2=Present and CSME and 3=CSME with cysts for any present central involvement; exclude 7 from analysis. Can combine with visual acuity data in corresponding eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3123	3123
1	Questionable	12	3135
2	Present and CSME	14	3149
3	CSME with cysts	0	3149
7	Other	3	3152
.	Missing	711	3863

OPDSPPS - Panret. photocoagulation scar, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSPPS
SAS Label:: Panret. photocoagulation scar, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of panretinal photocoagulation scars in the left eye. Panretinal photocoagulation in a scatter pattern across the retina or in specific areas outside the macular area later results in scarring and is a surrogate for having had active severe disease. Local and/or scatter photocoagulation is usually done to prevent preretinal and vitreous hemorrhage or the development of retinal new vessels.
English Instructions:: In the absence of retinopathy, is usually combined with other signs of proliferative retinopathy which may or may not be present (refer to OPDSRET). Can combine 0=None and 1=Questionable/Incomplete for absent; and codes 2, 3, and 4 as present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3200	3200
1	Questionable/incomplete	0	3200
2	Local	0	3200
3	Scatter only	13	3213
4	Scatter + local	1	3214
.	Missing	649	3863

OPDSFOC - Focal photocoag. scars for ME, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSFOC
SAS Label:: Focal photocoag. scars for ME, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of focal laser photocoagulation from the left eye. It can appear either as treatment of leaking retinal microaneurysms (MA Rx only) or in a grid pattern in macula done for the treatment of localized or diffuse macular edema (Grid only), or sometimes together.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 0=None and 1=Questionable for absent and codes 2-4 (MA RX only, Grid Only, and MA RX + Grid Rx) for present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3197	3197
1	Questionable	5	3202
2	MA RX only	11	3213
3	Grid only	1	3214
4	MA RX & Grid RX	1	3215
.	Missing	648	3863

OPDSARM - ARM, 3 severity levels, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSARM
SAS Label:: ARM, 3 severity levels, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the 3-level severity classification of age-related macular degeneration (ARM) from the left eye. Early ARM is defined by presence or absence of drusen and/or pigmentary abnormalities; late ARM by exudative ARM signs and/or geographic atrophy.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 1=Early ARM and 2=Late ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No ARM	2874	2874
1	Early ARM	157	3031
2	Late ARM	19	3050
.	Missing	813	3863

OPDSPIGA - Ret. & pigmentary abnorm., left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSPIGA
SAS Label:: Ret. & pigmentary abnorm., left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of increased retinal pigment and/or RPE depigmentation, a manifestation of early ARM in absence of signs of late ARM, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2937	2937
1	Yes	116	3053
.	Missing	810	3863

OPDSLARM - Late ARM, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSLARM
SAS Label:: Late ARM, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of exudative ARM and/or geographic atrophy from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Late ARM is defined by the presence of signs of exudative ARM and/or geographic atrophy.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3085	3085
1	Yes	19	3104
.	Missing	759	3863

OPDSGA - Geographic atrophy, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSGA
SAS Label:: Geographic atrophy, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of pure geographic atrophy in the absence of signs of Exudative ARM, left eye
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3085	3085
1	Yes	10	3095
.	Missing	768	3863

OPDSEXU - Exudative ARM, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSEXU
SAS Label:: Exudative ARM, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of exudative ARM from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Exudative ARM is also called neovascular ARM. Sometimes geographic atrophy is present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3094	3094
1	Yes	9	3103
.	Missing	760	3863

OPDSAREX - Excluded for ARM, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSAREX
SAS Label:: Excluded for ARM, left eye
English Text:: Was the left eye excluded for ARM?
English Instructions:: ARM may not be ascertained for many reasons, refer to OPDSREA for the reason for ARM exclusion.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3109	3109
1	Yes	71	3180
.	Missing	683	3863

OPDSREA - Reason for ARM exclusion, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSREA
SAS Label:: Reason for ARM exclusion, left eye
English Text:: If a condition exists in the macula which confounds the grader from evaluating Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARM) lesions from similar changes in the retina due to another process the eye is excluded (cannot grade) from evaluation of all ARM lesions from the right eye.
English Instructions:: This variable lists reasons such as trauma, laser treatment, retinal vessel occlusion, retinal dystrophy, myopic degeneration, presumed ocular histoplasmosis or chorioretinal taxoplasmosis scar, nonspecific inflammatory retinal lesion, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), non ARM retinal pigment epithelial abnormality, non ARM detachment, unknown, other, and/or a retinal coloboma or staphyloma.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	None	3179	3179
1	Trauma	0	3179
2	Laser RX	18	3197
3	Vessel occlusion	5	3202
4	Macular dystrophy	4	3206
5	Myopic degeneration	5	3211
6	Histoplasmosis/toxoplasmosis	8	3219
7	Inflammatory lesion	4	3223
9	Retinopathy of prematurity	0	3223
10	Non-ARM RPE abnormality	8	3231
11	Non-ARM detachment	2	3233
12	Unknown etiology	6	3239
15	Other	11	3250
16	Coloboma/staphyloma	0	3250
99	No photos of eye	0	3250
.	Missing	613	3863

OPDSHD - Hard distinct drusen, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSHD
SAS Label:: Hard distinct drusen, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of hard distinct drusen, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Currently considered not to be a sign of ARM by itself.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	1372	1372
1	Yes	1717	3089
.	Missing	774	3863

OPDSD125 - Drusen>=125 microns, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSD125
SAS Label:: Drusen>=125 microns, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of large drusen, greater than or equal to 125 microns in diameter, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Large drusen are considered a sign of early ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2841	2841
1	Yes	215	3056
.	Missing	807	3863

OPDSD500 - Drusen>=500 microns, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSD500
SAS Label:: Drusen>=500 microns, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of large drusen, greater than or equal to 500 microns in diameter, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Large drusen are considered a sign of early ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2965	2965
1	Yes	90	3055
.	Missing	808	3863

OPDSASD - Any soft drusen, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSASD
SAS Label:: Any soft drusen, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any soft indistinct and/or soft distinct drusen from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2663	2663
1	Yes	395	3058
.	Missing	805	3863

OPDSSDD - Soft distinct drusen, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSDD
SAS Label:: Soft distinct drusen, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft distinct drusen, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Soft distinct drusen is a less severe type of drusen than soft indistinct drusen.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2721	2721
1	Yes	336	3057
.	Missing	806	3863

OPDSSID - Soft indistinct drusen, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSID
SAS Label:: Soft indistinct drusen, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of soft indistinct drusen from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Soft indistinct drusen is a more severe type of drusen than soft distinct drusen.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2889	2889
1	Yes	155	3044
.	Missing	819	3863

OPDSIRP - Increased retinal pigment, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSIRP
SAS Label:: Increased retinal pigment, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of increased retinal pigment due to disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium in early ARM, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2940	2940
1	Yes	113	3053
.	Missing	810	3863

OPDSRPE - RPE depigmentation, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSRPE
SAS Label:: RPE depigmentation, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of decreased retinal pigmentation due to disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium in early ARM, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2977	2977
1	Yes	72	3049
.	Missing	814	3863

OPDSAGA - Any geographic atrophy, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSAGA
SAS Label:: Any geographic atrophy, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any geographic atrophy from the left eye.
English Instructions:: This variable differs from the pure geographic atrophy variable, OPDSGA, because exudative ARM may be present concurrently in which case OPDSGA may result from exudative ARM and/or its treatment.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3090	3090
1	Yes	13	3103
.	Missing	760	3863

OPDSPED - RPE/sensory ret. detachment, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSPED
SAS Label:: RPE/sensory ret. detachment, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Retinal Pigment Epithelial detachment/ Sensory Retinal detachment, a sign of exudative ARM, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3091	3091
1	Yes	7	3098
.	Missing	765	3863

OPDSSNV - Subretinal new vessels, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSNV
SAS Label:: Subretinal new vessels, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal new vessels, a sign of exudative ARM, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3099	3099
1	Yes	0	3099
.	Missing	764	3863

OPDSSUBH - Subretinal hemorrhage, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSUBH
SAS Label:: Subretinal hemorrhage, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal hemorrhage, a sign of exudative ARM, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3095	3095
1	Yes	5	3100
.	Missing	763	3863

OPDSSFS - Subretinal fibrous scar, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSFS
SAS Label:: Subretinal fibrous scar, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of subretinal fibrous scar, a sign of exudative ARM, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3096	3096
1	Yes	6	3102
.	Missing	761	3863

OPDSARMX - Treatment for ARM, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSARMX
SAS Label:: Treatment for ARM, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of 3 types of treatment for exudative ARM in the left eye: laser, photodynamic and/or thermal treatment. The presence or absence of these treatments is a sign of exudative ARM.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3100	3100
1	Yes	2	3102
.	Missing	761	3863

OPDSBCO - Retinal artery occlusion, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSBCO
SAS Label:: Retinal artery occlusion, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal artery occlusion (branch or central), a blockage of retinal arteriole or artery resulting infarction of the retina, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine codes 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center, to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3229	3229
1	Questionable	0	3229
2	Yes	0	3229
3	Yes, in center	0	3229
.	Missing	634	3863

OPDSBVO - Retinal branch vein occlusion, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSBVO
SAS Label:: Retinal branch vein occlusion, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal branch vein occlusion, a blockage of retinal branch venule (level 12 in the retinopathy severity scale, variable OPDURET), from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine with retinal central vein occlusion (OPDSCVO) to get retinal vein occlusion. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3200	3200
1	Questionable	6	3206
2	Yes	8	3214
3	Yes, in center	0	3214
.	Missing	649	3863

OPDSCVO - Ret. central vein occlusion, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSCVO
SAS Label:: Ret. central vein occlusion, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal central vein occlusion (RCVO) from the left eye; blockage of the retinal central vein (level 12 in the retinal severity scale variable, OPDSRET).
English Instructions:: Can combine with retinal branch vein occlusion (OPDSBVO) to get retinal vein occlusion. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3221	3221
1	Questionable	1	3222
2	Yes	3	3225
3	Yes, in center	1	3226
.	Missing	637	3863

OPDSAVN - Retinal AV nicking, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSAVN
SAS Label:: Retinal AV nicking, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal arterio-venous nicking, a pinching of the vein at an artery crossing, from the left eye. May be secondary to hypertension. Refer to the NHANES Detailed Grading Protocol for more details.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2629	2629
1	Questionable	378	3007
2	Yes	196	3203
.	Missing	660	3863

OPDSFAN - Focal arteriolar narrowing, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSFAN
SAS Label:: Focal arteriolar narrowing, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal focal arteriolar narrowing, focal pinching or narrowing of the arteriole, from the left eye. May be secondary to hypertension. Refer to the NHANES Detailed Grading Protocol for more details.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3065	3065
1	Questionable	93	3158
2	Yes	11	3169
.	Missing	694	3863

OPDSHOLL - Hollenhorst plaque, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSHOLL
SAS Label:: Hollenhorst plaque, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of retinal arteriolar embolus (Hollenhorst plaque), from the worse eye. Usually fibrin or cholesterol embolus seen in retinal arterioles, often at a bifurcation of the vessel.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3199	3199
1	Questionable	7	3206
2	Yes	3	3209
.	Missing	654	3863

OPDSPPA - Peripapillary atrophy, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSPPA
SAS Label:: Peripapillary atrophy, left eye
English Text:: This variables provides information on the presence or absence of peripapillary atrophy, defined as retinal-choroidal atrophic area around the disc, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2684	2684
1	Questionable	127	2811
2	Yes	419	3230
.	Missing	633	3863

OPDSASHY - Asteroid Hyalosis, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSASHY
SAS Label:: Asteroid Hyalosis, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Asteroid Hyalosis, soap-like crystals floating in the vitreous cavity in front of the retina, which can obstruct the view of retinal lesions, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3221	3221
1	Questionable	4	3225
2	Yes	17	3242
3	Yes, in center	1	3243
.	Missing	620	3863

OPDSCHRA - Chorioretinal abnormality, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSCHRA
SAS Label:: Chorioretinal abnormality, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any chorioretinal abnormality from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3199	3199
1	Questionable	2	3201
2	Yes	10	3211
3	Yes, in center	0	3211
.	Missing	652	3863

OPDSMACH - Macular hole, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSMACH
SAS Label:: Macular hole, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of a macular hole, a round sharply defined hole involving the center of the macula, resulting in a decrease in visual acuity, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent. Can analyze with visual acuity data.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3142	3142
1	Questionable	9	3151
2	Yes	2	3153
.	Missing	710	3863

OPDSCHN - Choroidal nevus, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSCHN
SAS Label:: Choroidal nevus, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of choroidal nevus, a localized increase in the number of pigment bearing cells in choroid, usually round or oval in shape, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; ; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3101	3101
1	Questionable	37	3138
2	Yes	63	3201
3	Yes, in center	0	3201
.	Missing	662	3863

OPDSOTRX - Any other treatment, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSOTRX
SAS Label:: Any other treatment, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of any other laser treatment for other conditions (i.e. local treatment for retinal detachment), from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; ; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3218	3218
1	Questionable	0	3218
2	Yes	2	3220
3	Yes, in center	0	3220
.	Missing	643	3863

OPDSPOHS - Histoplasmosis syndrome, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSPOHS
SAS Label:: Histoplasmosis syndrome, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome, which usually manifests by peripapillary atrophic scars, focal round chorioretinal active lesions or punched out scars, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3216	3216
1	Questionable	2	3218
2	Yes	3	3221
3	Yes, in center	2	3223
.	Missing	640	3863

OPDSRDET - Retinal detachment, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSRDET
SAS Label:: Retinal detachment, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of traction or traumatic retinal detachment (not ARM Pigment Epithelial Detachment), from the left eye.
English Instructions:: Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3213	3213
1	Questionable	1	3214
2	Yes	3	3217
3	Yes, in center	0	3217
.	Missing	646	3863

OPDSSWR - SW, cellophane changes, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSWR
SAS Label:: SW, cellophane changes, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of epiretinal membrane (cellophane changes) from the left eye. Epiretinal membrane (cellophane changes) refers to a patch or patches of irregular increased reflection on the inner surface of the retina due to membrane cellophane changes only with no traction.
English Instructions:: Can combine with epiretinal membrane (traction changes) variable (OPDSSWRT). Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	2729	2729
1	Questionable	44	2773
2	Yes	369	3142
3	Yes, in center	16	3158
.	Missing	705	3863

OPDSSWRT - SW, traction changes, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSSWRT
SAS Label:: SW, traction changes, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information on the presence or absence of epiretinal membrane (retinal traction changes), from the left eye. Epiretinal membrane (retinal traction changes) refers to a patch or patches of irregular increased reflection on the inner surface of the retina due to retinal traction changes of the membrane.
English Instructions:: Can combine with epiretinal membrane cellophane changes, variable OPDSSWR. Can combine 0=No and 1=Questionable to define absent; 2=Yes and 3=Yes, in center to define present.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3083	3083
1	Questionable	15	3098
2	Yes	47	3145
3	Yes, in center	12	3157
.	Missing	706	3863

OPDSOTHC - Other ocular conditions, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSOTHC
SAS Label:: Other ocular conditions, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides information of other ocular conditions not graded elsewhere, from the left eye.
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative
0	No	3018	3018
1	Questionable	26	3044
2	Yes	171	3215
3	Yes, in center	0	3215
.	Missing	648	3863

OPDSVCDR - Vertical cup disc ratio, left eye

Variable Name:: OPDSVCDR
SAS Label:: Vertical cup disc ratio, left eye
English Text:: This variable provides the vertical cup to disc ratio, in microns, from the left eye.
English Instructions:: The vertical cup to disc ration is from 0 to 1.0
Target Gender:: Both males and females
Target Age:: 40 YEARS - 150 YEARS

Code or Value	Value Description	Count	Cumulative	Skip to Item
0.12 to 0.9	Range of Values	3190	3190
.	Missing	673	3863

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