Minorities with Disabilities, Disability and Health, NCBDDD, CDC

Ethnic and Racial Populations With Disabilities: A Public Health Bibliography

Compiled by:
Lisa Sinclair, Masters in Public Health and
Onalee Gomez, Artium Baccalaureatus, Masters in Science

(Last Modified: 6/19/2006 9:54:02 PM) This publication is not copyrighted and may be freely reproduced. This publication has been made Web accessible for people with disabilities. The document currently prints out to 39 pages. The document is a living document, in that older citations serve as foundation for discussions while more recent and future citations inform the state of the science. For periodic updates, please visit http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dh.

ABSTRACT: This bibliography is a public health tool for those who are engaged in addressing the health status of ethnic and racial minorities with impairments and disabling conditions. Inclusion Criteria: Articles are included in this bibliography if they 1) broadly address disability, AND 2) focus or include demographic data on racial minority groups consistent with the U.S. Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, by ethnicity or race, AND 3) address a public health issue; for example, abuse among children with disabilities. Given the high prevalence of disability among the elderly (Miller, 1996), citations that address older populations are also included. Search Methods: The methods for constructing this first edition are detailed in the appendix. Two major search engines, Dialog OneSearch and OVID, and the online libraries of several federal agencies were searched. The search terms were derived from two public health fields, disability and minority health. Limitations: The citations identified in this first bibliography are dependent upon the literature that is archived in the engines used for the initial search. The initial search did not include the terms “chronic conditions” and “impairments”. However, the search identified a few articles that address chronic conditions and impairments (e.g., end stage renal disease, arthritis, and diabetes) and they are cited in the bibliography. Adding those two terms to future literature searches can serve to enlarge the scope and content of this monograph. Certain disability topics that are addressed in other bibliographies fell outside the scope of this bibliography, including mental illness, substance abuse, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, special education, and vocational rehabilitation. Also, international studies were not incorporated because of the breadth of international cultures and consideration that minority status in the United States might not constitute minority status in other countries. In Section 1, Pfeiffer’s 2002 bibliography of studies on religious, cultural, ethnic, and national perspectives on disability provides a resource for discussions on acculturation. Results: To date, several articles have been identified that meet the inclusion criteria for this monograph. Those articles: reflect the current U.S. health research and policy agenda addressing minority groups with disabilities; describe research methods tailored to minority groups with disabilities, health indicators (mostly functional status), risk factors, health resources, and health promotion interventions; and enumerate the rates of disability among various U.S. ethnic and racial groups. Certain ethnic or racial groups do not appear to be well represented in the U.S. disability and minority health literature, for example, people who are multiracial, and indigenous cultures from Australia and the Middle East. Discussion: The approach to this bibliography reflects only one of several possible public health perspectives on the convergent fields of disability and minority health. The intent is to provide a convenient public health tool for all students and professionals who wish to:

Identify a cadre of experts in the convergent fields of minority health and disability.
Engage in a scholarly based discussion about the health status of ethnic racial minorities with various disabilities, and research and interventions aimed at health promotion among these groups.
Undertake an actual literature review of interest.
Identify, examine, and evaluate the U.S. response to published recommendations for research and public health activities targeting minorities with disabilities.
Develop initiatives and release funding announcements.
Develop applications in response to funding announcements.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors would like to thank and recognize Mr. Roland Lisle Jr., summer intern, Morehouse College, who conducted the preliminary search; Ms. Carole Dean, informatics specialist, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), who assisted with identifying minority health journals; and Ms. Tankeisha Cutler, administrative assistant, Disability and Health Team, CDC, who helped create a separate author index. Also, we are grateful to staff with the CDC, Office on Minority Health for their review and insightful comments.

Suggested citation: Sinclair LB, Gomez, O, compilers. Ethnic and racial populations with disabilities: a public health bibliography. Atlanta (Georgia): The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities; 2006.

SECTIONS: The following sections reflect public health categories into which the literature may sort, depending on the reader’s perspective. The citations can apply to more than one public health section. However, there are no intentional duplicate listings in this bibliography. The reader is encouraged to customize the listing to suit her or his own research, publication, or discussion. This document complies with the Uniform Requirements citation format with the exception that the abbreviations have been spelled out for those who may use screen reader technology.

Bibliographies, Literature Reviews, and Catalogs

Social Determinants, Contexts, and Issues

Policies, Legislation, Recommendations, and Conferences

Public Health Initiatives

Public Health Research Methods

Public Health-Status Measures

Health Risk Factors

Health Resources

Health Promotion Intervention Studies

Disability Rates Among Ethnic And Racial Groups

U.S. Organizations and Programs that focus on Minorities with Disabilities

U.S. Journals that focus on Minority Health, and Disability and Health

Resources: Colleges and Universities, and Government Offices on Minority Health, or Disability and Health

Search Methodology

SECTION 1 BIBLIOGRAPHIES, LITERATURE REVIEWS, AND CATALOGS

Arrom J. Latinos/Hispanics and disability: an annotated resource bibliography [monograph on the Internet]. Illinois: Center on Emergent Disability and the University of Chicago Midwest Latino Health research, Training and Public Policy Center, University of Illinois at Chicago. 1997 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www/uic/edu/depts/idhd/ced/Reports/Bibliographies.

Institute for Human Development. American Indian Rehabilitation Research and Training Center Web-based Catalog 1998–2003 [monograph on the Internet]. Arizona: Northern Arizona University; 2004 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.nau.edu/ihd/airrtc/catalog.html.

National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research. Disability, diversity, and dissemination: a review of the literature on topics related to increasing the utilization of rehabilitation research outcomes among diverse consumer groups. The Research Exchange Newsletter [serial on the Internet]. 1999 [cited 2005 September 23];4(1&2):[about 54 p.]. Available from: http://www.ncddr.org/du/researchexchange.

National Council on Disability. Outreach and people with disabilities from diverse cultures: a review of the literature [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: National Council on Disability; 2003 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.ncd.gov/index.html.

Pfeiffer D. A bibliography of studies on religious, cultural, ethnic, and national perspectives on disability. Disability Studies Quarterly. 2002;22(4):178–93.

Research Training Center on Independent Living. Bibliography: volume 7. Lawrence (Kansas): University of Kansas; 1989.

Wright TJ, Emner WG. Ethnic minorities with disabilities: an annotated bibliography of rehabilitation. Tampa (Florida): University of South Florida; 1989.

SECTION 2 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, CONTEXTS, AND ISSUES

Armstrong F, Barton L. Disability, human rights and education: cross-cultural perspectives. Philadelphia (Pennsylvania): Open University Press; 1999.

Block P, Balcazar F. From pathology to power: rethinking race, poverty, and disability. Journal of Disability Policy Studies. 2001;12(1):18–27, 39.

Blue-Banning M, Turnbull AP. Hispanic youth/young adults with disabilities: parent’s visions for the future. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities. 2002;27(3):204–19.

Borthwick C. Racism, IQ, and Down’s syndrome. Disability and Society. 1996;11(3):403–10.

Froschel M, Rousso H. Building community: a manual exploring issues of women and disability. New York (New York): Educational Equity Concepts, Inc.; 1984.

Fujiura GT. The implications of emerging demographics: a commentary on the meaning of race and income inequity to disability policy. Journal of Disability Policy Studies. 2000;11(2):66–75.

Fujiura GT. Race and poverty agenda: Emergent disability. Journal of Disability Policy Studies. 2000;11(2):66–75.

Fujiura GT, Yamak K, Czechowicz S. Disability among ethnic and racial minorities in the United States. Journal of Disability Policy Studies. 1998;9(2):111–130.

Gannotti ME, Handwerker WP, Groce NE, Cruz C. Socioculture influences on disability in Puerto Rican children. Physical Therapy. 2001;81(9):1512–23.

Gordon BO, Rosenblum KE. Bringing disability into the sociological frame: a comparison of disability with race, sex, and sexual orientation. Disability and Society. 2001;16(1):5–19.

Graham S. Most of the subjects were white and middle class: trends in published research on African-Americans in selected American Psychological Association journals 1970–1989. American Psychologist. 1992;47(5):629–39.

Groce NE. Disability in cross-cultural perspective: rethinking disability. Lancet. 1999;354(9180):756–7.

Groce NE, Zola I. Multiculturalism, chronic disease and disability. Pediatrics. 1993;91(5 Pt 2):1048–55.

Groce NE. Focus, cross-cultural research: from here to the 21^st century. Disability Studies Quarterly. 1990;10(2):1–3.

Hodge F, Edmonds R. The sociocultural aspects of disability: a survey of disabled American Indians. Tucson (Arizona): Native American Research and Training Center; 1988. Contact the Center to obtain a copy. http://www.fcm.arizona.edu/research/nartc/publications/monographs/index.htm.

Joe JR, Miller DL. American Indian perspectives on disability. Tucson (Arizona): Native American Research and Training Center; 1987. Contact the Center to obtain a copy. http://www.fcm.arizona.edu/research/nartc/publications/monographs/index.htm.

Locust C. Hopi Indian concepts of unwellness and handicaps. Tucson (Arizona): Native American Research and Training Center; 1986. Contact the Center to obtain a copy. http://www.fcm.arizona.edu/research/nartc/publications/monographs/index.htm.

Locust C. Apache Indian concepts of unwellness and handicaps. Tucson (Arizona): Native American Research and Training Center; 1987. Contact the Center to obtain a copy. http://www.fcm.arizona.edu/research/nartc/publications/monographs/index.htm.

Locust C. Yaqui Indian concepts of unwellness and handicaps. Tucson (Arizona): Native American Research and Training Center; 1987. Contact the Center to obtain a copy. http://www.fcm.arizona.edu/research/nartc/publications/monographs/index.htm.

Locust C. The piki maker: disabled American Indians, cultural beliefs, and traditional behaviors. Tucson (Arizona): Native American Research and Training Center; 1984. Contact the Center to obtain a copy. http://www.fcm.arizona.edu/research/nartc/publications/monographs/index.htm.

Marshall CA, Largo HR. Disability and rehabilitation: a context for understanding the American Indian experience. Lancet. 1999;354:758–60.

Miles M. Studying responses to disability in South Asian histories: approaches personal, prakrital and pragmatical. Disability and Society. 2001;16(1):143.

Milian M, Erin JN. Diversity and visual impairment: the influence of race, gender, religion and ethnicity on the individual. New York (NewYork): American Foundation for the Blind Press; 2001.

Newacheck PW, Stein RE, Bauman L, Hung, Y. Disparities in the prevalence of disability between black and white children. Archive of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2003;157(3):244–8.

Scheurich JJ, Young MD. Coloring epistemologies racially biased? Educational Researcher. 1997;26(4):4–16.

Skinner D, Bailey D, Correa V, Rodrique P. Narrating self and disability: Latino mothers’ construction of meanings vis-a-vis their child with special needs. Exceptional Children. 1999;65:481–95.

Skinner DG, Correa V, Skinner M, Bailey Jr. DB. Role of religion in the lives of Latino families of young children with developmental delays. American Journal of Mental Retardation. 2001;106(4):297–313.

Stienstra D. Intersection of disability and race/ethnicity/official language/religion [monograph on the Internet]. Canada: Canadian Centre on Disability Studies; 2002 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://canada.metropolis.net/events/Diversity/Disability_stienstra_e.pdf

Tam S. Relationship of self-concept and social desirability tendency of Hong Kong Chinese adults with physical disabilities. Psychology and Aging. 1995;10(4):540–52.

Uswatte G, Elliot TR. Ethnic and minority issues in rehabilitation psychology. Rehabilitation Psychology. 1997;42(1):61–71.

SECTION 3 POLICIES, LEGISLATION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONFERENCES

Fowler L, Dwyer K, Breuckmann S, Seekins T, Clay J, Locust C. American Indian approaches to disability policy, establishing legal protections for tribal members with disabilities: five case studies [monograph on the Internet]. Montana: Montana University Affiliated Rural Institute on Disabilities, University of Montana; 1996 [cited on 2005 August 2]. Available from: http://www.ruralinstitute.umt.edu.

Fowler L, Seekins T, Dwyer K, Duffy SW, Brod RL, Locust C. American Indian disability legislation and programs: findings of the first national survey of tribal governments. Journal of Disability Policy Studies. 2000;10(2):166–85.

Joe JR, Locust C. Government policies and the disabled in American Indian communities. Tucson (Arizona): Native American Research and Training Center; 1989. Contact the Center to obtain a copy. http://www.fcm.arizona.edu/research/nartc/publications/monographs/index.htm.

National Council on Disability. National disability policy: a progress report, November 1, 1998 – November 19, 1999 [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: National Council on Disability; 2000 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.ncd.gov/index.html.

National Council on Disability. Lift every voice: modernizing disability policies and programs to serve a diverse nation [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: National Council on Disability; 1999 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.ncd.gov/index.html.

National Council on Disability. Reorienting disability research [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: National Council on Disability; 1998 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.ncd.gov/index.html.

Shalala DE. Department of Heath and Human Services policy on the inclusion of race and ethnicity in Department of Heath and Human Services data collection activities [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: U.S. Department of Heath and Human Services; 1997 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://aspe.hhs.gov/datacncl/inclusn.htm.

U.S. Conferences with proceedings by year: Conferences that yielded published proceedings are included in this section. The proceedings provide important documentation and guidance for ongoing discussions on minorities with disabilities.

2002

Zawaiza T, Walker S, Ball S, McQueen MF, editors. Diversity matters: infusing issues of people with disabilities from underserved communities into a trans-disciplinary research agenda in the behavioral sciences. In: Menz FE, Thomas DF, editors. Bridging the Gaps: refining the disability research agenda for rehabilitation and the social sciences–conference proceedings; 2002 May 29–31; Menomonie, Wisconsin. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Stout, Stout Vocational Rehabilitation Institute, Research and Training Centers; 2003. p. 279–312.

2000

Young G, editor. Learning disabilities and Spanish-speaking adult populations: the beginning of a process—conference proceedings; 2000 April 10–11; San Antonio, Texas. District of Columbia: Office of Vocational and Adult Education; 2000.

1999

University of Oklahoma, Northern Arizona University Health Promotion Program, editors. Native health promotion and disability conference; 1999 September 27–29; Albuquerque, New Mexico. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma; 2000. For abstracts, contact the University at hpp@ou.edu

White G, Branstetter A, Seekins T, editors. Secondary conditions among people with disabilities from minority cultures—conference proceedings; 1999 March 12–14; Chicago, Illinois. Kansas: Research and Training Center on Independent Living, University of Kansas; 1999.

1992

Tennyson JW, Leung P, editors. Meeting the unique needs of minorities with disabilities, a report to the President and the Congress [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: National Council on Disability; 1993 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.ncd.gov/index.html

1990

Walker S, Belgrave F, Nicholls R, Turner K, editors. Future frontiers in the employment of minority persons with disabilities–conference proceedings; 1990 March 28-30; (location unidentified). District of Columbia: The President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities and the Research and Training Center for Access to Rehabilitation and Economic Opportunity, Howard University; 1991.

SECTION 4 PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIVES

These citations reflect only those that were identified during the search. A refined or exhaustive search might enhance this section, especially with reference to chronic disabling conditions.

Administration on Developmental Disabilities. Program announcement No. 93631-98-01: Developmental disabilities [Funding Announcement on the Internet]. Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1998 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/add.

Center for Persons with Disabilities. Proyecto prevencion planning, 2005–2006. Utah: Utah State University. For more information contact Dr. Judith Holt at 435/797-7195

Evans T, Garwick A, Rinehart PM. Improving care for children with special health care needs from diverse cultural backgrounds: an action plan [monograph on the Internet]. Maryland: Health Resources and Services Administration. National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse; 1999 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.nmchc.org.

National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research. Disability research for all. Research Exchange Newsletter [serial on the Internet]. 2001 [cited 2005 September 23];6(2):[about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.ncddr.org/du/researchexchange/archives.html.

National Institute on Aging. Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH) [monograph on the Internet]. Maryland: National Institutes of Health; 1996 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.omhrc.gov/ctg/ctg-agng.htm. This initiative focused on African-American and Hispanic Families.

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education. Catalogue of Federal Domestic Assistance No. 84-133B Priority 2: Rehabilitation of persons with disabilities from minority backgrounds. Federal Register. 1999;64(217):61468.

Zola I, Pfeiffer D, Makas, E. Disability and ethnicity. Disability Studies Quarterly. 1996 Spring;16(2):1–71.

SECTION 5 PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH METHODS

Escalante A, Galarza-Delgado D, Beardmore TD, Baethge BA, Esquivel-Valerio J, Marines AL, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation of a brief outcome questionnaire for Spanish-speaking arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheumatology. 1996;39(1):93–100.

Escalante A, Caardiel MH, del Rincon I, Suarez-Medoza AA. Cross-cultural equivalence of a brief helplessness scale for Spanish-speaking rheumatology patients in the United States. Arthritis Care Research. 1999; 12(5):341–55.

Ezzati T, Judkins D, Masey J, Moore T. A dual frame design for sampling elderly minorities and persons with disabilities. Statistics in Medicine. 1995;14:571–83.

Ford GR, Haley WE, Thrower SL, West C, Harrell LE. Utility of mini-mental state exam scores in predicting functional impairment among white and African-American dementia patients. Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 1996;51A(4):M185–8.

Jitapunkul S, Kamolratanakul P, Ebrahim S. The meaning of activities of daily living in a Thai elderly population: development of a new index. Age and Ageing. 1994;23(2):97–101.

Magana SM. Mental retardation research methods in Latino (Puerto Rican) communities. Mental Retardation. 2000;38(4):303–15.

MacMillan DL, Gresham FM, Siperstein GN. Conceptual and psychometric concerns about the 1992 AAMR definition of mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation. 1993;98(3):325–35.

SECTION 6 PUBLIC HEALTH-STATUS MEASURES

Though not included in this bibliography, there are numerous publications that address health status and disparities among minorities and low income groups. These reports have model application to minorities with disabilities. Among such major reports are the Health Status of Minorities And Low Income Groups 3rd ed. published in 1991, Healthy People 2010 published in 2000, and the National Healthcare Disparities Report published in 2004.

Public Health Issues

Bernard C. Child sexual abuse and the black disabled child. Disability and Society. 1999;14(3):325–39.

Campbell VA, Crews JE, Sinclair LB. State-specific prevalence of obesity among adults with disabilities—eight states and the District of Columbia, 1998–1999. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [serial on the Internet]. 2003 [cited 2005 September 23]; 51(36):[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5136a1.htm

Cohen C, Hyland K, Magai C. Depression among African-American nursing home patients with dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1998;6(2);162–75.

Friedman JM, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Racial disparities in median age at death of persons with Down Syndrome—United States, 1968–1997. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [serial on the Internet]. 2001 [cited 2005 September 23]; 50(22);[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5022a3.htm.

Grisso JA, Schwarz DF, Wolfson V, Polansky M, LaPann K. The impact of falls in an inner-city elderly African-American population. Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 1992;40:673–8.

Lee DJ, Gomez-Marin O, Lam BL. Current depression, lifetime history of depression and visual acuity in Hispanic adults. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness. 2000;94(2):85–96.

Ozminkowski RJ, White AJ, Hassol A, Murphy M. General health of end-stage renal disease program beneficiaries. Health Care Financing Review. 1997;19(1):121–44.

Parikh GM, Robinson RR, Lipsey JR, Starkstein SE, Fedroff JP, Price TR. The impact of post stroke depression on recovery in activities of daily living over a 2-year follow-up. Archives of Neurology. 1990;47;785–9.

Petrini J, Damus K, Johnston Jr. RB., Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Team, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control And Prevention. Trends in infant mortality attributable to birth defects—United States, 1980–1995. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report [serial on the Internet]. 1998 [cited 2005 September 23]; 47(37):[about 6 p.]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00054921.htm.

Rasmussen SA, Wong LY, Yang Q, May KM, Friedman JM. Population-based analyses of mortality in trisomy 13 and trisomy 18. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 Pt 1):777–84.

Redelings MD, McCoy L., Sorvillo F. Multiple sclerosis mortality and patterns of comorbidity in the United States from 1990 to 2001. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;26(2):102–7.

White VK. Ethnic differences in the wellness of elderly persons. Occupational Therapy in Health Care. 1998;11(3):1–15.

Yampolskaya S, Brown EC, Greenbaum PE. Pregnancy in adolescent females with serious emotional disturbance: risk factors and outcomes. In: Libertonn C, Newman C, Kutash K, Friedman R, editors. Proceeding of the 12th Annual Research Conference: a system of care for children’s mental health; 1999 February 21–24; Tampa, Florida. Florida: Research and Training Center for Children’s Mental Health, University of South Florida; 1999. p. 219–21.

Yang Q, Rasmussen SA, Friedman JM. Mortality associated with Down’s Syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based study. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):1019–25.

Zea MC, Belgrave FZ, Townsend TG, Jarama SL, Banks SR. The influence of social support and active coping on depression among African-Americans and Latinos with disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology. 1996;41(3):225–42.

Health as Measured by Functional Status

Berkman C, Gurland B. The relationship between ethno racial group and functional level in older persons. Ethnicity and Health. 1998;3(3):175–88.

Chiodo LK, et al. Functional status of Mexican-American nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1994;42(3):293–6.

Iwanaga R, Kawasaki C, Tsuchida R. Brief report: comparison of sensory-motor and cognitive function between autism and Asperger syndrome in preschool children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2000;30(2):169–74.

Jordan JM, Luta G, Renner JB, Dragomir A, Hochberg MC, Fryer JG. Ethnic differences in self-reported functional status in the rural south: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Arthritis Care Research. 1996;9(6):483–91.

Kennedy J, LaPlante MP, Kaye HS. Need for assistance in the activities of daily living, 1991–92. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1997 [cited 2006 April 21];18 [about 4 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php.

Krause JS. Dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: an empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998;79(8):900–9.

Krause JS. Activity pattern after spinal cord injury: relationship to gender and race. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. 1998;4(1):31–41.

Miller DK, Lui LY, Perry HM, Kaiser FE, Morley JE. Reported and measured physical functioning in older inner-city diabetic African-Americans. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1999;54(5):M230–6.

Miller KH. A changing landscape: health issues among minority elders in the United States. The Health Education Series. 2000;18(2):33–7.

Mulrow CD, Chiodo LK, Gerety MB, Lee S, Basu S, Nelson D. Function and medical comorbidity in South Texas nursing home residents: variation by ethnic group. Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 1996;44:279–84.

Proctor EK, Morrow-Howell N, Chadiha L, Braverman AC, Darkwas O, Dore P. Physical and cognitive functioning among chronically ill African-American and white elderly in home-care following hospital discharge. Medical Care. 1997;35(8):782–91.

Reyes-Ortiz CA. Letter to the editor: ethno geriatrics and functional status. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996;44(10):1227.

Rosenthal M, Dijkers M, Harrison-Felix C, Nabors N, Witol AD, Young ME, et al. Impact of minority status on functional outcome and community integration following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 1997;11(5);40–57.

Strawbridge W, Kaplan G, Camacho T, Cohen R. The dynamics of disability and functional change in an elderly cohort: results from the Alameda County Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1992;40(8):799–806.

SECTION 7 HEALTH RISK FACTORS

This section includes studies of risk factors for poor health that can be altered through public health interventions. “Though race and preexisting conditions are often reported as risk factors, they would be better understood as fixed attributes that serve to identify high risk populations within which we may look for modifiable risk factors.” (Lisa Sinclair, 2005)

Health Knowledge, Awareness, Attitudes, and Beliefs

Steinberg AG, Davila JR, Collazo Sr J, Loew RC, Fischgrund JE. A little sign and a lot of love: attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs of Hispanic families with deaf children. Qualitative Health Research. 1997;7(2):202–22.

Stolarczyk LM, Gilliland SS, Lium DJ, Owen CL, Perez GE, Kriska AM, et. al. Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors related to physical activity among Native-Americans with diabetes. Ethnicity and Disease. 1999;9:59–69.

Health Behaviors and Barriers

Hendrie HC, Gao S, Hall KS, Hui SL, Unverzagt FW. The relationship between alcohol consumption, cognitive functioning and daily functioning in an urban sample of older black Americans. Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 1996;44(10):1558–65.

Rimmer JH, Rubin SS, Braddock D, Hedman G. Physical activity patterns of African-American women with physical disabilities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1999;31(4):613–8.

Rimmer JH, Rubin SS, Braddock D. Barriers to exercise in African-American women with physical disabilities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000;81(2):182–8.

Topolski TD. Five a day: vegetable and fruit intake among people with disabilities. Using data from the 1998 BRFSS disability survey [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: University of Washington; 1998 [cited 2005 March 10]. Available from: http://www.washington.edu

Living Circumstances

Coward RT, Peek CW, Henretta JC, Duncan RP, Doughtery MC, Gilbert GG. Race differences in the health of elders who live alone. Journal of Aging and Health. 1997;9(2):147–70.

Goldman N, Korenman S, Weinstein R. Marital status and health among the elderly. Social Science Medicine. 1995;40(12):1717–30.

Determinants of Functional Health

Chapelski EE, Lichtenberg PA, Dwyer JW, Youngblade LM, Tsai PF. Morbidity and comorbidity among Great Lakes American-Indians: predictors of functional ability. Gerontologist. 1997;37(5):588–97.

Haan M, Weldon M. The influence of diabetes, hypertension, and stroke on ethnic differences in physical and cognitive functioning in an ethnically diverse older population. Annals of Epidemiology. 1996;6(5):392–8.

Ma J, Markides KS, Perkowski LP, Stroup-Benham CA, Lichtenstein M, Goodwin JS. Impact of selected medical conditions on self-reported lower-extremity function in Mexican-American elderly. Ethnicity and Disease. 1998;8:52–59.

Markides KS, Stroup-Benham CA, Goodwin JS, Perkowski LP, Lichtenstein M, Ray L. The effect of medical conditions on the functional limitations of Mexican-American elderly. Annals of Epidemiology. 1996;6(5):386–91.

Markides KS, Lee DJ. Predictors of well-being and functioning in older Mexican-Americans and Anglos: an eight-year follow up. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 1990;45(1):569–73.

Martin JC. Determinants of functional health of low-income black women with osteoarthritis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1996;12(5):430–6.

Ostir G, Markides K, Black S, Goodwin J. Lower body functioning as a predictor of subsequent disability among older Mexican-Americans. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. 1998;53A(6):M491–5.

Perkowski LC, Stroup-Benham CA, Markides KS, Lichtenstein MJ, Angel RJ, Guralnik JM, et. al. Lower-extremity functioning in older Mexican-Americans and its association with medical problems. Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 1998;46:411–8.

Portillo CJ, White MC, Baisden K, Dawson C. Angina, functional impairment, and physical inactivity among Mexican-American women with depressive symptoms. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing. 1995;10(3):18–25.

Waters RL, Adkins RH. Firearm versus motor vehicle related spinal cord injury: preinjury factors, injury characteristics, and initial outcome comparisons among ethnically diverse groups. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 1997;78(2):150–5.

SECTION 8 HEALTH RESOURCES

Though the lack of health resources could be listed under risk factors, this topic is broad enough to merit having its own distinct section.

Education, Employment, and Income

Belgrave F, Walker S. Predictors of employment outcomes of black persons with disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology. 1991;36(2):111–9.

Bureau of the Census. Selected characteristics of persons with work disability by state [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: Government Printing Office; 1990 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability/cps/cps104.html

Campbell VA. The demographic and economic complexities of disability and race/ethnicity: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey 1994 [presentation]. National Conference on Secondary Conditions Among People with Disabilities from Minority Cultures; 1999 March 12–14; Chicago, Illinois. (For a copy, contact the CDC, Disability and Health Team at 404-498-3015)

Guralnik JM, Land KC, Blazer D, Fillenbaum GG, Branch LG. Educational status and active life expectancy among older blacks and whites. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;329(2):110–6.

Jones GC. Health risk factors for African-American persons with disabilities [poster]. Prevention ’99, the annual meeting of the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine; 1999 March 19; Washington, District of Columbia. (For a copy, contact the CDC, Disability and Health Team at 404-498-3015).

Kaye HS. Improved employment opportunities for people with disabilities [monograph on the Internet]. California: Disability Statistics Center Institute for Health and Aging, University of California; 2003 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/frank_g_bowe/EmployKaye.pdf

LaPlante M, Kennedy J, Kaye S, Wenger B. Disability and employment. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1996 [cited 2005 September 23]; 11:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. This report provides data from the 1995 Current Population Survey.

LaPlante M, Miller S, Miller K. People with work disability. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1992 [cited 2005 September 23]; 4:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. This report provides data from the 1990 Current Population Survey.

Miller DL, Joe JR. Employment barriers and work motivation for Navajo rehabilitation clients. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 1993;16:107–7.

Sebesta D, LaPlante M. HIV/AIDS, disability, and employment. Disability Statistics Report [serial on the Internet]. 1996 [cited 2005 September 23]; 6:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. This report provides data from the 1991 AIDS Cost and Service Utilization Survey.

Stoddard S, Jans L, Ripple J, Kraus L. Chart book on work and disability in the United States, 1998. An Info Use Report [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: U.S. Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research; 1998 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.infouse.com/disabilitydata/home/index.php

Tennstedt S, Chang B. The relative contribution of ethnicity versus socioeconomic status in explaining differences in disability and receipt of informal care. Journal of Gerontology: Psychology Sciences & Social Sciences. 1998;53B(2):S61–70.

Tran TV, Williams LF. Poverty and impairment in activities of living among elderly Hispanics. Social Work in Health Care. 1998;26(4):59–78.

Trupin L, Sebesta DS, Yelin E. Transitions in employment and disability among people ages 51-61. Disability Statistics Report [serial on the Internet]. 2000 [cited 2005 September 23]; 15:[about 5p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. This report provides data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Survey.

Trupin L, Yelin E. The employment experience of persons with limitations in physical functioning: an analysis of the 1996 California Work and Health Survey [monograph on the Internet]. California: Disability Statistics Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, University of California; 1999 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/pub_listing.php

Wray L. The role of ethnicity in the disability and work experience of preretirement-age Americans. Gerontologist. 1996;36(3):287–98.

Health Insurance, Clinical Care Related to Disabling Conditions, and Primary Preventive Care Not Related to Disabling Conditions: Few publications were identified that describe the actual use of routine preventive care services (for example, immunization, cancer screenings) by ethnic racial groups with disabilities.

Escalante A. Espinosa-Morales R, del Rincon I, Arroyo RA, Older SA. Recipients of hip replacement for arthritis are less likely to be Hispanic, independent of access to health care and socioeconomic status. Arthritis Rheumatology. 2000;43(2):390–9.

Espino DV, Palmer RF, Mouton CP, Miles TP, Bayne NS, Markides KS. Patterns of prescription drug utilization in elder Mexican-Americans: results from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. Ethnicity and Disease. 2000;10(2):218–23.

Espino DV, Lichenstein MJ, Hazuda HP, Fabrizio D, Wood RC, Goodwin J. Correlates of prescription and over-the-counter medication usage among older Mexican-Americans: the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1998;46(10):1228–34.

McManus MA, Newacheck PW, Greaney AM. Young adults with special health care needs: prevalence, severity and access to health services. Pediatrics. 1990;86(5):674–82.

Trupin L, Rice D, Max W. Medical expenditures for people with disabilities in the United States. Disability Statistics Report [serial on the Internet]. 1995; [cited 2005 September 23], 5:[about 5p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. This report provides data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.

Watkins MP, Kurz JM. Managing clinical experiences for minority students with physical disabilities and impairments. Association of Black Nursing Faculty Journal. 1997;8(4):82–5.

Caregiving, Personal Attendant Services, Long-Term Care, and Families: Few publications were identified that describe the availability and actual utilization of home-based caregivers or personal attendants by ethnic racial groups with disabilities.

Applequist K, Bailey DB. Navajo caregivers’ perception of early intervention services. Journal of Early Intervention. 2000;23(1):47–61.

Burnette D, Mui A. In-home and community-based service utilization by three groups of elderly Hispanics: a national perspective. Social Work Research. 1995;19(4):197–206.

Burton L, Kasper J, Shore A, Cagney K, LaVeist T, Cubbin C, et al. The structure of informal care: are there differences by race? Gerontologist. 1995;35(6):744–52.

Calderon V, Tennstedt SL. Ethnic differences in the expression of caregiver burden: results of a qualitative study. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 1998;30(2):159–78.

Clark D. U.S. trends in disability and institutionalization among older blacks and whites. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87(3):438–40.

Fredman L, Daly MP, Lazur AM. Burden among white and black caregivers to elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences. 1995;50B(2):S110–8.

Haley WE, West C, Wadley VG, Ford GR, White FA, Barrett JJ, et. al. Psychological, social and health impact of caregiving: a comparison of black and white dementia family-caregivers and non-caregivers. Psychology and Aging. 1995;10(4):540–52.

Johnson RJ, Wolinsky FD. Use of community-based long-term care services by older adults. Journal of Aging and Health. 1996;8(4):512–37.

Kart CS. Variation in long-term care service use by aged blacks. Journal of Aging and Health. 1991;3(4):511–26.

Lawrence RH, Tennstadt SL, Almy SL. Subject-caregiver response comparability on global health and functional status measures for African-American, Puerto Rican, and Caucasian elders and their primary caregivers. Journal of Gerontology. 1997;52B(2):S103–11.

Mauser E, Miller NA. A profile of home health users in 1992. Health Care Financing Review. 1994;16(1):17–33.

Mercer SO. Navajo elderly people in a reservation nursing home: admission predictors and culture care practices. Social Work. 1996;41(2):181–9.

Mintzer JE, Rubert MP, Loewenstein D, Gamez E, Millor A, Quinteros R, Flores L, et al. Daughter’s caregiving for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Alzheimer patients: does ethnicity make a difference? Community Mental Health Journal. 1992;28(4):293–303.

National Institute on Aging. Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH) [monograph on the Internet]. Maryland: National Institute on Aging; 1996 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.omhrc.gov/ctg/ctg-agng.htm. This initiative focused on African-American and Hispanic Families.

Tennstedt SL, Change B, Delgado M. Patterns of long-term care: a comparison of Puerto Rican, African-American, and non-Latino white elders. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 1998;30(1/2):179–99.

Valentine D, McDermott S, Anderson D. Mothers of adults with mental retardation: is race a factor in perceptions of burdens and gratifications? Families in Society. 1998;79(6):577–84.

Valle R. Caregiving across cultures: working with dementing illness and ethnically diverse populations. Washington (District of Columbia): Taylor and Francis; 1998.

Wallace SP, Levy-Storms L, Ferguson LR. Access to paid in-home assistance among disabled elderly people: do Latinos differ from non-Latino whites. American Journal of Public Health. 1995;85(7):970–5.

Community Support and Services

Bailey D, Skinner D, Correa V, Arcia E, Reyes-Vlanes M, Rodrique P. Needs and supports reported by Latino families of young children with developmental disabilities. American Journal of Mental Retardation. 1999;104:437–57.

Bailey D, Skinner D, Rodrique P, Gut D, Correa V. Awareness, use and satisfaction with services for Latino parents of young children with disabilities. Exceptional Children. 1999;65(30:367–77.

Blue-Banning MJ, Turnbull AP, Pereira L. Group action planning as a support strategy for Hispanic families: parent and professional perspectives. Mental Retardation. 2000;38(3):262–75.

Fernandex MS, Marini I. Cultural values orientation in counseling persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Injury Psychological Process. 1995;8(4):150–5.

Jones L, Atkin K, Ahmad W. Supporting Asian deaf young people and their families: the role of professionals and services. Disability and Society. 2001;16(1):51.

Minor S. Racial differences in family support and formal service utilization among older persons: a nonrecursive model. Journal of Gerontology. 1995;50B(3):S143–53.

Reyes-Blanes ME. Puerto Rican mothers of young children with disabilities: a comparison of perceived support systems. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 2001;1(3):1–11.

Segal SP, Silverman C, Temkin T. Characteristics and service use of long-term members of self-help agencies for mental health clients. Psychiatric Services. 1995;46(3):269–74.

Stodden R, Hemphill HJ, Kim-Rupnow WS, Ah Sam A. Challenges to and recommendations for providing effective support services for minority people with disabilities [monograph on the Internet]. Hawaii: National Center on the Study of Post Secondary Supports Rural Research and Training Center, University of Hawaii; 2000 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.rrtc.hawaii.edu

Williams JM. The effort to serve Latinos with disabilities [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: National Organization on Disability; 2001 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.nod.org/content.cfm?id=25

Witucki JM, Wallace DC. Differences in functional status, health status, and community-based service use between black and white diabetic elders. Journal of Cultural Diversity. 1998;5(3):94–100.

Wright TJ, Martinez YG, Dixon, C.G. Minority consumers of independent living services: a pilot investigation. Journal of Rehabilitation. 1999;65(2):20–5.

Technology and the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Kaplan DL, Hernandez B, Balcazar FE, Keys CB, McCullough S. Assessing and improving the accessibility of public accommodations in an urban Latino community. Journal of Disability Policy Studies. 2001;12(1):55–62.

Kaye HS, Kang T, LaPlante MP. Wheelchair use in the United States. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited 2005 September 23]; 23:[about 5p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. This report provides data from the 1994–95 National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement.

Kaye HS. Disability and the digital divide. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 2000 [cited 2005 September 23]; 22:[about 5p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php

Kaye HS, Kang T, LaPlante MP. Mobility device use in the United States. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 2000 [cited 2005 September 23]; 14:[about 5p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php

Kaye HS. Computer and Internet use among people with disabilities. Disability Statistics Report [serial on the Internet]. 2000 [cited 2005 September 23]; 13:[about 5p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php

Parette Jr. HP, Brotherson MJ, Huer MB. Giving families a voice in augmentative and alternative communication decision-making. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. 2000;35(2):177–90.

Parette Jr, HP, Brotherson MJ, Huer MB. Family and cultural alert! Considerations in assistive technology assessment. Exceptional Children. 1997;30(1):40–4.

Tomita MR, Mann WC, Fraas LF, Burns LL. Racial differences of frail elders in assistive technology. Assistive Technology. 1997;9(2):140–51.

Trivelli LU. Project reaching out: technology training for Hispanics with disabilities. Arlington (VA): Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA); 1994. For more information, contact RESNA at 703/524-6686.

SECTION 9 HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTION STUDIES

“Until recently, health promotion for people with disabilities has been a neglected area of interest on the part of the general health community.” (James Rimmer, 1999) This section identifies health promotion efforts that focus on or include ethnic and racial minorities with disabilities.

Andrews J, Smith Z. A study of four African-American families reading to their young deaf children, 1996–1997. Beaumont (TX): Lamar University; 2000.

DeMars PA. An occupational therapy life skills curriculum model for a Native American tribe: a health promotion program based on ethnographic field research. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1992;46(8):727–36.

Favazza PC, Phillipsen L, Kumar P. Measuring and promoting acceptance of young children with disabilities. Exceptional Children. 2000;66(4):491–500.

Giger JN, Davidhizar R, Johnson JY, Poole VL. Health promotion among ethnic minorities: the importance of cultural phenomena. Rehabilitation Nursing. 1997;22(6):303–7, 310, 336.

Rimmer JH, Hedman G. A health promotion program for stroke survivors. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 1998;5(2):30–44.

Rimmer JH, Riley B, Creviston T, Nicola T. Exercise training in predominantly African-American group of stroke survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000;32(12):1990–6.

Rimmer JH, Braunschweig C, Sliverman K, Riley B, Creviston T, Nicola T. Effects of short-term health promotion intervention for a predominately African-American group of stroke survivors. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2000;18(4):332–8.

Smart JF, Smart DW. Hispanic-Americans: topics of interest to rehabilitation educators. Rehabilitation Education. 1996;10(2 & 3):171–84.

Taylor G. Empowerment, identity and participatory research: using social action research to challenge isolation for deaf and hard of hearing people from minority ethnic communities. Disability and Society. 1999;14(3):369–84.

Turnbull AP, Blue-Banning M, Pereira L. Successful friendships of Hispanic children and youth with disabilities: an exploratory study. Mental Retardation. 2000;38(2):138–53.

Vest GW, Ronnau J, Lopez BR, Gonzales G. Alternative health practices in ethnically diverse rural areas: a collaborative research project. Health and Social Work. 1997;22(2):95–100.

SECTION 10 DISABILITY RATES AMONG ETHNIC AND RACIAL GROUPS

Ethnic and Racial Composition of the Disability Community

Kruse D. Persons with disabilities: demographic, income and health care characteristics, 1993. Monthly Labor Review. 1998;13–22.

LaPlante M, Kennedy J, Trupin L. Income and program participation of people with work disabilities. Disability Statistics Report [serial on the Internet]. 1997 [cited 2005 September 23];9:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1990 Survey of Income and Program Participation.

Disability Rates Within Minority Groups

Bowe F. Disabled adults of Hispanic origin: a portrait. Washington (District of Columbia): President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities; 1992.

Bowe F. Adults with disabilities: a portrait. Washington (District of Columbia): President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities; 1990.

Bradshear J. Disability among racial and ethnic groups. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1996 [cited 2005 September 23];10:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1991–1992 Survey of Income and Program Participation.

Fein R, Kraus L. People with functional limitation in the U.S. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1991 [cited 2005 September 23];1:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1984–1985 Survey of Income and Program Participation.

LaPlante M., Rice D, Kraus, L. People with activity limitations in the U.S. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1991 [cited 2005 September 23];2:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey.

LaPlante M, Carlson D. Disability in the United States: prevalence and causes, 1992. Disability Statistics Report [serial on the Internet]. 1996 [cited 2005 September 23];7:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey.

President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities. Disability and cultural diversity. Educational kit, Opening doors to ability. Washington (District of Columbia): President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities; 1998.

President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities. Statistical report: the status of people with disabilities. Educational kit, Profit from our experience. Washington (District of Columbia): President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities; 1994.

Schacht R, Vanderbilt R, Wiggins AC, Jergenson M.. Emergent disability among Native-Americans: a secondary analysis of public health data sets [fact sheet]. Arizona: Northern Arizona University; 1999 [cited 2006 May 3]. Available from: http://www.nau.edu/ihd/airrtc/factshts/fact9.html

Disability Rates Within Ethnic and Racial Minority Families

LaPlante M, Carlson D, Kaye HS, Bradshear J. Families with disabilities in the United States. Disability Statistics Report [serial on the Internet]. 1996 [cited 2005 October 6];8:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey.

Disability Rates among Ethnic and Racial Minority Children

Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. America’s children: key national indicators of well being, 2005 [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics; 2005 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.childstats.gov/pubs.asp

McNeil J. Americans with disabilities, 1991-92. Current Populations Report. [monograph on the Internet] Washington (District of Columbia): U.S. Department of Commerce; 1993 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/popula.html. The data in this report are derived from the 1991–1992 Survey of Income and Program Participation.

Newacheck PW, Stein RE, Bauman L, Hung Y. Disparities in the prevalence of disability between black and white children. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 2003;157(3):244–8. The data in this report are derived from the 1979–2000 National Health Interview Survey.

Waldman HB. Almost twenty million chronically ill children. Journal of Dentistry for Children. 1994;61(2):129–33.

Wenger B, Kaye S, LaPlante M. Disabilities among children. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1996 [cited 2005 September 23];15:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey.

Disability Rates among Ethnic and Racial Minority Elders

Liao Y, McGee DL, Cao G, Cooper RS. Black and white differences in disability and morbidity in the last years of life. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999;149(12):1097–103.

Schoeni RF, Martin LG, Andreski PM, Freedman VA. Persistent and growing socioeconomic disparities in disability among the elderly: 1982–2002. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95(11):2065–70.

Tanjasiri SP, Wallace SP, Shibata K. Picture imperfect: hidden problems among Asian Pacific Islander elderly. Gerontologist. 1995;35(6):753–60.

Disability Rates as Measured by Functional Status—Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

Andresen E, Brownson R. Disability and health status: ethnic differences among women in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health. 2000;54(3):200–6.

Clark D, Stump T, Wolinsky F. A race- and gender-specific replication of five dimensions of functional limitation and disability. Journal of Aging and Health. 1997;9(1):28–42.

Freedman VA, Marin LG. Understanding trends in functional limitations among older Americans. Journal of Public Health. 1998;88:1457–62.

Hamman RF, Mulgrew CL, Baxter J, Shetterly SM, Swenson C, Morgenstern NE. Methods and prevalence of activities of daily living limitations in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white subjects in rural Colorado: the San Luis Valley Health and Aging Study. Annals of Epidemiology. 1999;9(4):225–35.

Joe, J. The health of American Indian and Alaska Native women. Journal of American Medical Women’s Association. 1996;51(4):141–5.

Kennedy J, LaPlante MP, Kaye HS. Need for assistance in the activities of daily living, 1991–92. Disability Statistics Abstract [serial on the Internet]. 1997 [cited 2005 September 23];18:[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://dsc.ucsf.edu/main.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1990–1991 Survey of Income and Program Participation.

Kraus L, Stoddard S, Gilmartin D. Chartbook on disability in the United States. An Info Use Report [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: U.S. National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research; 1996 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.infouse.com/disabilitydata/home/index.php. The data in this report are derived from the 1991–1992 Survey of Income and Program Participation.

Macheledt JE, Vernon SW. Diabetes and disability among Mexican-Americans: the effect of different measures of diabetes on its association with disability. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1992;45(5):519–28.

Mendes de Leon CF, Fillenbaum GG, Williams CS, Brock DB, Beckett LA, Berkman LF. Functional disability among elderly blacks and whites in two diverse areas: the New Haven and North Carolina EPESE. Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. American Journal of Public Health. 1995;85(7):994–8.

Miller D, Carter M, Miller J, Fornoff J, Bentley J, Boyd S, et. al. Inner city older blacks have high levels of functional disability. Journal of American Geriatrics Society. 1996;44(10):1166–73.

Shetterly S, Baxter J, Morgenstern E, Grigsby J, Hamman, R. Higher instrumental activities of daily living in Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic whites in rural Colorado. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998;147(11):1019–27.

Rates of Various Disabling Conditions Within Ethnic and Racial Groups: The search identified a few articles that address specific chronic conditions and impairments though the terms “chronic conditions” and “impairments” were not used in this particular search. Adding those two terms to future literature searches would serve to enlarge the scope of this monograph.

Asbury C, Walker S, Maholmes V, Rackley R, White S. Disability prevalence and demographic association among race/ethnic minority populations in the United States: implications for the 21st century. Washington (District of Columbia): Research and Training Center for Access to Rehabilitation and Economic Opportunity, Howard University; 1991. The data in this report are derived from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey.

Bureau of the Census. The 1997 Survey of Income and Program Participation [monograph on the Internet]. District of Columbia: Bureau of the Census; 2003 [cited 2005 September 23]. Available from: http://www.cenus.gov/hhes/www/disable/sipp/disab97