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Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Surveillance for Pregnancy and Birth Rates Among Teenagers, by State -- United States, 1980 and 1990Alison M. Spitz, M.S., M.P.H. (1) Stephanie J. Ventura, A.M. (2) Lisa M. Koonin, M.N., M.P.H. (1) Lilo T. Strauss, M.A. (1) Alice Frye, M.P.H. (1) Robert L. Heuser, M.A. (2) Jack C. Smith, M.S. (1) Leo Morris, Ph.D., M.P.H. (1) Sandra Smith, M.P.H. (2) Phyllis Wingo, Ph.D., M.S. (1) James S. Marks, M.D. (1) Abstract Problem/Condition: In the United States in 1990, there were an estimated 1 million pregnancies and 521,826 births among women ages 15-19 years. Rates of teenage pregnancy and birth rates by state in 1990 exceeded those in most developed countries. An estimated 95% of teenage pregnancies are unintended (i.e., they occur sooner than desired or are not wanted at any time). Reporting Period Covered: This report summarizes and reviews surveillance data for pregnancies, abortions, and births among women ages 15-19, 15-17, and 18-19 years reported by CDC for 1980 and 1990. Description of System: Data for births and abortions were reported to state health departments and other health agencies and sent to CDC. The data from each state included the total number of births and abortions by age and race/ethnicity. Results: Data in this report indicate that pregnancy rates by state among U.S. teenagers ages 15-19 years have changed little since 1980. Moreover, many states have reported increases in birth rates that are probably related to concurrent decreases in abortion rates. Pregnancy rates range from 25 to 75 per 1,000 for 15- to 17-year-olds and from 92 to 165 per 1,000 for 18- to 19-year-olds. Interpretation: States with low rates of teenage pregnancy or birth may have developed and used prevention strategies directed at the needs of both younger and older teenagers; these programs may serve as models for other states where birth rates have remained high or have increased since 1980. Actions Taken: CDC will continue to conduct surveillance of and analyze data for pregnancies, abortions, and births among teenagers to monitor progress toward national goals and to assist in targeting program efforts for reducing teenage pregnancy. INTRODUCTION An estimated 1 million pregnancies and 521,826 live births among U.S. women ages 15-19 years were reported for 1990 (1,2). Because of the adverse health, social, and economic consequences of teenage childbearing, CDC analyzed data for pregnancies and births among teenagers (3). These data will be used to monitor progress toward national goals and to assist in targeting program efforts to reduce teenage pregnancy (4). An earlier report presented 1990 pregnancy and birth rates for teenagers ages 15-19 by state and race/ethnicity and compared those rates with those for 1980 (5); this report makes the same comparisons with more detailed age groups for the 15- through 19-year-old population (6,7). Data for teenagers less than 15 years of age will be presented in a future report. METHODS For this report, rates of teenage pregnancy were defined as the sum of live births and legal induced abortions per 1,000 women ages 15-19, 15-17, and 18-19 years; rates were also analyzed by racial/ethnic group. These rates do not include estimates of spontaneous abortions or stillbirths, primarily because fetal losses are substantially underreported to state health departments. Although national estimates indicate that approximately 12% of pregnancies among U.S. teenagers end in fetal loss (2), no comparable data are available at the state level. Birth rates among teenagers were defined as the number of live births per 1,000 women ages 15-19, 15-17, and 18-19 years in their respective racial/ethnic group. Abortion rates were defined as the number of legal induced abortions per 1,000 women in those age and racial/ethnic groups. Information about births was obtained from birth certificates; state reports to CDC provided information on abortions. Numbers of women used to calculate rates were obtained from unpublished tabulations provided by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Births were reported by state of residence; since abortion data by residence were not available for all states, abortions were reported by state of occurrence. Thus, pregnancy and abortion rates for states with substantial numbers of abortions among nonresident women may be somewhat higher than rates based on abortions by residence. Because the numbers of abortions by age were not available for all states in 1990, pregnancy rates for all women ages 15-19 years in 1990 were calculated for the District of Columbia (DC) and for the 40 states from which information for age was available. * Pregnancy rates for detailed age groups and for race/ethnicity were calculated for states reporting data by those categories. Birth rates were calculated for all 50 states and DC for all three age groups. Detailed information has been tabulated on the states reporting data for abortions and births by various age and racial/ethnic categories (Appendix). Rates by race/ethnicity were not reported if there were less than or equal to 20 abortions or births or less than or equal to 1,000 women in the specified group or if greater than or equal to 15% of abortions were among women of unknown race/ethnicity. These exclusions are noted in the tables. ** Furthermore, rates for racial/ethnic groups other than white, black, and Hispanic were not calculated because abortion data were not available or because the numbers of births were too small at the state level for reliable rates to be computed. Data analyzed by race/ethnicity may be useful for targeting educational and family planning programs for reducing pregnancy among teenagers. Hispanic women and infants born to Hispanic women may be of any race. Although both race and Hispanic origin were reported separately on 1990 state birth certificates and in the census, information for abortions in 1990 (reported by states to CDC) did not designate race independently of Hispanic ethnicity. Thus, for this analysis, pregnancy and abortion rates for whites include all abortions for Hispanics. *** For most states, rates will be affected minimally because the majority of states have small numbers of Hispanic women. However, for states with relatively large Hispanic populations, such as Texas, the rate for white women may reflect to a considerable degree the rate for Hispanics. Differences mentioned in the text in rates in 1990 compared with 1980 are statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The categories of percent changes in rates from 1980 to 1990 are based on rounded numbers. RESULTS Rates of Pregnancy, Abortion, and Birth by Age Group In 1990, pregnancy rates by state among women ages 15-19 years ranged from 56 to 111 per 1,000 women **** (Table_1). Rates for the younger teenagers in this age group (15-17 years) showed proportionately greater variation, ranging from 25 to 75 per 1,000. Rates for older teenagers (18- 19 years) were much higher than those for younger teenagers, ranging from 92 to 165 per 1,000. Abortion rates reported by states **** for women ages 15-19 years varied more than pregnancy rates, ranging from 6 to 49 abortions per 1,000 women (Table_2). Rates for women ages 15-17 ranged from 3 to 34 per 1,000, while abortion rates for women ages 18-19 ranged from 10 to 68 per 1,000 (Table_2). Birth rates among women ages 15-19 years ranged from 33 to 81 per 1,000 women **** (Table_3). For young teenagers ages 15-17, rates ranged from 16 to 57 per 1,000 women. Again, rates for older teenagers were higher than those for younger teenagers, ranging from 47 to 124 per 1,000 women ages 18-19. Rates of Pregnancy, Abortion, and Birth by Race/Ethnicity Pregnancy and birth rates for blacks were generally higher than rates for Hispanics and whites (Table_4 and Table_5). However, data were not available to permit adjustments for socioeconomic or educational status of mothers. Pregnancy rates for teenagers ages 15-19 years ranged from 104 to 219 per 1,000 for blacks in the 24 states for which rates could be calculated; from 56 to 145 per 1,000 for Hispanics (19 states); and from 46 to 106 per 1,000 for whites (30 states). In 1990, pregnancy rates for black teenagers ages 15-17 years were generally 2 to 3 times the rates for white teenagers in that age group (Table_4). Rates for Hispanic teenagers generally were between those for white and black women. These differentials were observed for older teenagers as well. Abortion rates for black teenagers were generally 1.5 to 3 times the rates for white teenagers, but in some states the rates were similar. Abortion rates for Hispanic teenagers generally were lower than those for either white or black women. Patterns in birth rates by racial/ethnic group for women ages 15-19 years were similar to patterns in pregnancy rates, although rates for Hispanics were closer to those for blacks. For some states, birth rates for blacks were 2-5 times the rates for whites (Table_5). These patterns were also observed for women ages 15-17 and 18-19. Rates of Pregnancy, Abortion, and Birth by Age Group, 1990 Compared with 1980 For 1990 compared with 1980, pregnancy rates for women ages 15-19 years showed a statistically significant decline in 20 of the 40 states and in DC (Table_6 and Figure_1). However, rates in 14 of these 21 areas declined by less than or equal to 10%. Over the decade, pregnancy rates increased in 13 states, and six of these states reported increases greater than 10%. Pregnancy rates for teenagers ages 15-17 years declined in 18 of the 40 states for which rates were computed (Table_7). Trends in rates for teenagers ages 18-19 were remarkably similar to those for the younger teenagers, except that the range of the percent changes was smaller for the older teenagers (Table_8). Abortion rates reported for states were more likely to show declines than were pregnancy rates, and those declines were proportionately larger (Table_6). Declines in abortion rates for women ages 15-19 years were observed in 26 of the 40 states and in DC. In 24 of these 27 areas, the declines were greater than 10%; 15 states reported declines of greater than 20%. Abortion rates increased in nine states, with increases of greater than 10% in six of these states. Abortion rates for teenagers ages 15-17 years showed the same patterns as pregnancy rates. Rates decreased in 26 of the 40 states; in 22 of these states, the declines exceeded 20%. Abortion rates for the older teenagers also declined in 26 of the 40 states; the declines exceeded 20% in 11 of these states. Unlike pregnancy and abortion rates, birth rates in most states increased in 1990 compared with 1980. Because the declines in abortion rates generally exceeded those in pregnancy rates, birth rates for women ages 15-19 years increased in 29 states and in DC (Table_6 and Figure_2). Rates in 18 of the 30 areas increased by greater than 10%; in 10 areas, rates increased by greater than 20%. Birth rates declined in only 13 states; in seven of these, declines exceeded 10%. Birth rates by state for younger teenagers (ages 15-17 years) were also more likely to increase (23 states and DC) than to decline (nine states) (Table_7). This increase also was noted for the older teenagers (ages 18-19 years); rates increased in 24 states and DC and declined in 14 states (Table_8). Increases tended to be smaller for the older age group than for the younger. Pregnancy and abortion rates and relative changes over time in these rates affect the birth rates and the percent change in these birth rates in a given area. To illustrate how the varying patterns of change in pregnancy and abortion rates affect changes in the birth rate in a given state, we discuss these rates for 15- to 19-year-olds in three states: Nevada, North Dakota, and Rhode Island (Figure_3). The pregnancy rate in Nevada declined by 9% in 1990 compared with 1980, but the abortion rate decreased by much more (43%); the net result was a 25% increase in Nevada's birth rate. In North Dakota, changes in pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates were more consistent; the pregnancy rate declined by 23% and the abortion rate decreased by 34%. The birth rate in this state also declined, but to a lesser extent (15%). A different pattern is illustrated by Rhode Island, where the pregnancy rate increased by 17%, but the abortion rate did not change. As a result, the birth rate increased by 33%. These illustrations demonstrate that a change in either the pregnancy or abortion rate can change the overall birth rate in any state. Rates of Pregnancy, Abortion, and Birth by Race/Ethnicity, 1990 Compared with 1980 Pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates for white and black teenagers for 1990 compared with 1980 differ considerably (Table_9 and Table_10). Data for 1990 and 1980 for Hispanic women were not examined because only 22 states reported Hispanic origin on the 1980 birth certificates and because abortions were not classified by Hispanic origin in 1980. Generally, pregnancy and abortion rates for white teenagers ages 15-19 years were more likely to decline than to increase; the opposite was true for black women. Birth rates for both white and black women were more likely to increase than decline, but for white women the increases occurred in relatively fewer states. Pregnancy rates for white teenagers ages 15-19 years decreased in 15 of 25 states; in eight states, declines were greater than 10% (Table_9). Abortion rates for white teenagers decreased in 16 of the 25 states; the rates decreased by greater than 10% in all of these 16 states; rates for 14 states declined by greater than 20%. Birth rates for white teenagers increased in 25 states (by greater than 10% in 15 states) and decreased in 16 states and DC. Among black teenagers ages 15-19 years, pregnancy rates increased in 13 of 19 states and declined in one state (Table_10); the increase was greater than 10% in 10 states. Abortion rates for black teenagers were also more likely to increase (10 states) than to decline (four states). Birth rates for black teenagers increased (for the most part, substantially) for DC and for 28 of the 39 states for which rates were computed for both 1980 and 1990. Birth rates rose by greater than 10% in 22 of the states and in DC; 14 states and DC reported increases of greater than 20%. DISCUSSION Trends in Pregnancy, Abortion, and Birth Pregnancy and birth rates among teenagers in the United States exceed those in most developed countries (8; Alan Guttmacher Institute, unpub- lished data, 1988). Small declines in pregnancy and birth rates among teenagers during the early 1980s subsequently reversed, resulting in relatively little net change in the U.S. pregnancy rate in this age group over the decade (1,2). ***** Recent data indicate that the teenage birth rate increased almost 20% from 1986 through 1990, whereas the abortion-to- live-birth ratio among teenagers decreased by about 21% during the same period. These trends suggest that a larger proportion of pregnancies among teenagers ended in live births (1,9). Although pregnancy rates among U.S. teenagers did not decline during the 1980s and may have increased in recent years, the actual number of pregnancies among teenagers declined by about 14% from 1980 through 1988, as the number of teenage women declined (2). Women who were teenagers in the late 1980s were born during the early 1970s, after the baby boom and during a period when birth rates dropped to historic low levels. Age This report demonstrates wide state-to-state variation in pregnancy, abortion, and birth rates among teenagers in 1990 as well as in 1980. The variation in these rates for 15- to 19-year-olds reflects the proportion- ately wider range of such rates among younger teenagers (ages 15-17 years) compared with older teenagers (ages 18-19 years). This diversity, evident among all women and subgroups, may partly reflect higher levels of unintended pregnancy among women ages 15-17 than among women ages 18-19. National health objectives for the year 2000 include reducing the pregnancy rate for teenagers ages less than or equal to 17 years to less than or equal to 50 per 1,000 women (4). Nearly half the states that have these data available have reached this goal. In some states, teenagers ages 15-19 have pregnancy or birth rates as low as those in several developed countries (8; Alan Guttmacher Institute, unpublished data, 1988). Such states may have developed and used prevention strategies directed at the needs of both younger and older teenagers; these programs may serve as models for other states. Race/Ethnicity Factors that affect pregnancy and birth rates for all women and for women by racial/ethnic groups include trends in sexual experience among teenagers, socioeconomic status, access to family planning and abortion services, and the use of contraception. For example, a recent study indicated that, although sexual activity among white teenagers increased considerably during the 1980s, the use of condoms at first intercourse rose sharply as well; sexually experienced white teenagers were thus less likely to become pregnant in 1988 than in 1980 (2). However, during 1983-1988, Hispanic and black women were less likely than white women to use contra- ception during their first reported premarital sexual intercourse (32% and 58%, compared with 70%) (10). Trends in these factors bear further analysis. An important factor in the rapid increase in birth rates for white teenagers during the 1980s is the growing proportion of these women who are Hispanic (11). Hispanic women have much higher birth rates at all ages than do non-Hispanic white women, but particularly at ages less than 20 years (1). For example, the birth rate among teenagers for 1990 was 100 per 1,000 for Hispanics, compared with 43 per 1,000 for non-Hispanic whites. Moreover, the Hispanic teenage population increased 12% from 1986 through 1990, while the non-Hispanic white teenage population declined 10%. Thus, the sustained increase in the birth rate among white teenagers since the mid-1980s partly reflects the combined impact of the higher fertility of Hispanic white teenagers and the growing proportion of the white teenage population that is Hispanic. Data Limitations We could not calculate pregnancy rates among teenagers for 1990 in 10 states because those states did not collect data on the age of women obtaining abortions. These 10 states accounted for approximately 39% of all U.S. abortions in 1990. Because so many pregnancies among teenagers -- more than a third -- end in abortion and because the rates vary widely by state, complete abortion reporting from each state by age and race/ethnicity is essential for monitoring national and state-specific pregnancy trends among teenagers. Consequences The personal and social impact of pregnancy among teenagers in the United States is enormous; an estimated 95% of such pregnancies are unintended (i.e., they occur sooner than desired or are not wanted at any time) (2,12). From 1985 through 1990, the public costs (e.g., through Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Medicaid, and food stamps) related to teenage childbearing totaled $120.3 billion (13). Of this amount, an estimated $48.1 billion could have been saved if each birth had been postponed until the mother was at least 20 years old. Although the cost- benefits of family planning services have not been estimated specifically for teenagers, it is estimated that for every public dollar spent on family planning services for all women, an average of $4.40 is saved by averting expenditures for medical services, welfare, and nutritional services (14). These expenses are likely even greater for teenagers, who are at increased risk for pregnancy complications and whose financial resources are usually more limited than those of older women. Public Health Implications More than 70 national health and social welfare organizations support age-appropriate, comprehensive school health education programs to reduce pregnancy among teenagers (15). These programs counsel abstinence as well as provide teenagers with the knowledge and skills they need to avoid unplanned pregnancy. In addition to health education efforts, family planning services for sexually active teenagers are important for reducing pregnancy among teenagers (4). References
(1) Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2) Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics * For states with <15% unknown information on age or race, unknowns were redistributed based on known distributions. Thus, many numbers and rates that resulted from these redistributions differ slightly from those published in recent reports (5,9). ** When rates are not reported, the reason for their exclusion is listed in the table according to the following hierarchy: a) abortion data not available; b) less than or equal to 20 births or abortions or less than or equal to 1,000 women; and c) greater than or equal to 15% unknown race/ethnicity in abortion data. *** Ninety-seven percent of Hispanic women who had a live birth in 1990 were white (1). **** DC is not included in these comparisons. Its pregnancy and abortion rates were higher than those of any state, in part because large numbers of nonresidents had abortions there in 1980 and 1990. ***** The National Center for Health Statistics used abortion estimates reported by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) to calculate national teenage pregnancy rates through 1988 (2). For that report, because age-specific data were not available from AGI, abortion estimates by age were derived from abortion data compiled by CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion on the characteristics of women obtaining abortions. APPENDIX Information presented in this report is based on abortion and birth data compiled by state health departments and reported to CDC. Pregnancies are computed as the sum of abortions and live births in a specified group. Pregnancy rates could not be calculated for all states because of missing abortion data. Table_1A An additional statistical limitation on the data shown in Tables 1-10 in the text is based on the available numbers of events and the numbers of women in a specified group. That is, rates were not computed if there were less than or equal to 20 abortions or births, if there were less than or equal to 1,000 women in the specified group, or if greater than or equal to 15% of abortions were obtained by women of unknown race/ethnicity. These statistical limitations are indicated in the tables. Table_1 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 1. Number of pregnancies * and pregnancy rates + for 15- to 19-year-olds, by age
group and state -- United States, 1990
===============================================================================================
Number of pregnancies Pregnancy rates
------------------------ ---------------------
Age group (yrs) Age group (yrs)
------------------------ ---------------------
State 15-19 15-17 18-19 15-19 15-17 15-19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama & & & & & &
Alaska & & & & & &
Arizona 12,961 4,583 8,378 101.8 63.7 151.4
Arkansas 8,614 3,057 5,557 98.4 60.4 150.3
California & & & & & &
Colorado 9,010 3,351 5,659 82.3 53.8 119.8
Connecticut & & & & & &
Delaware & & & & & &
District of Columbia 5,566 & & 255.2 & &
Florida & & & & & &
Georgia 26,963 10,275 16,688 110.8 74.8 157.5
Hawaii 3,059 1,085 1,974 88.2 53.3 137.8
Idaho 2,334 737 1,597 58.8 31.8 96.8
Illinois & & & & & &
Indiana 15,648 5,144 10,504 74.3 43.9 112.4
Iowa & & & & & &
Kansas 6,825 2,379 4,446 81.1 49.8 122.1
Kentucky 12,583 4,573 8,010 91.0 58.2 134.3
Louisiana 15,214 5,551 9,663 92.1 59.1 135.6
Maine 2,953 1,016 1,937 68.4 41.5 103.5
Maryland 12,953 4,728 8,225 84.7 55.2 122.2
Massachusetts 14,705 4,766 9,939 71.1 45.2 98.0
Michigan 29,313 10,523 18,790 85.2 54.1 125.4
Minnesota 9,127 2,974 6,153 62.0 35.8 96.0
Mississippi 10,758 4,346 6,412 97.8 70.5 132.7
Missouri 14,755 5,054 9,701 82.6 50.3 123.8
Montana 2,245 770 1,475 81.7 46.3 135.8
Nebraska 4,124 1,395 2,729 74.2 44.0 114.3
Nevada 3,906 1,366 2,540 107.5 65.3 164.8
New Hampshire & & & & & &
New Jersey 18,704 6,715 11,989 75.3 46.9 113.8
New Mexico 5,612 2,062 3,550 100.4 62.0 157.1
New York 56,677 20,698 35,979 92.9 61.5 131.5
North Carolina 25,979 9,665 16,314 106.4 73.0 145.9
North Dakota 1,265 320 945 56.4 24.8 99.5
Ohio 29,182 9,643 19,539 74.5 43.8 113.7
Oklahoma & & & & & &
Oregon 8,301 2,952 5,349 89.2 54.6 137.3
Pennsylvania 30,268 10,787 19,481 74.6 48.6 106.1
Rhode Island 3,124 982 2,142 87.7 56.2 118.0
South Carolina 12,943 4,723 8,220 95.0 62.7 134.9
South Dakota 1,425 460 965 56.9 31.6 92.1
Tennessee 18,199 6,583 11,616 101.8 65.5 148.2
Texas 65,882 23,765 42,117 102.8 64.5 154.4
Utah 4,816 1,534 3,282 63.0 34.8 101.4
Vermont 1,487 509 978 72.1 47.6 98.4
Virginia 18,567 6,424 12,143 86.5 55.0 124.0
Washington 15,073 5,267 9,806 95.4 58.3 144.8
West Virginia 4,673 1,561 3,112 67.4 39.3 105.0
Wisconsin 11,389 3,832 7,557 66.6 39.9 100.8
Wyoming 1,042 335 707 62.2 32.7 108.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The sum of live births and legal induced abortions. Abortions obtained by women of unknown
age in each state were distributed according to distribution of known age in that state (for
states reporting age).
+ Pregnancies per 1,000 women.
& Because abortion data were not available, numbers and rates of pregnancies could not be
calculated.
================================================================================================
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TABLE 2. Number of abortions and abortion rates * for 15- to 19-year-olds, by age group
and state -- United States, 1990
================================================================================================
Number of abortions Abortion rates
------------------------ ---------------------
Age group (yrs) Age group (yrs)
------------------------ ---------------------
State 15-19 15-17 18-19 15-19 15-17 18-19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama + + + + + +
Alaska + + + + + +
Arizona 3,349 1,147 2,202 26.3 15.9 39.8
Arkansas 1,603 508 1,095 18.3 10.0 29.6
California + + + + + +
Colorado 3,035 1,290 1,745 27.7 20.7 37.0
Connecticut + + + + + +
Delaware + + + + + +
District of Columbia 3,536 + + 162.1 + +
Florida + + + + + +
Georgia 8,594 3,397 5,197 35.3 24.7 49.1
Hawaii 937 424 513 27.0 20.8 35.8
Idaho 325 126 199 8.2 5.4 12.1
Illinois + + + + + +
Indiana 3,313 1,014 2,299 15.7 8.7 24.6
Iowa + + + + + +
Kansas 2,103 930 1,173 25.0 19.5 32.2
Kentucky 3,234 1,369 1,865 23.4 17.4 31.3
Louisiana 2,944 898 2,046 17.8 9.6 28.7
Maine 1,096 446 650 25.4 18.2 34.7
Maryland 4,810 1,862 2,948 31.4 21.7 43.8
Massachusetts 7,439 2,264 5,175 36.0 21.5 51.0
Michigan 9,001 3,516 5,485 26.1 18.1 36.6
Minnesota 3,785 1,324 2,461 25.7 15.9 38.4
Mississippi 1,849 802 1,047 16.8 13.0 21.7
Missouri 3,528 1,113 2,415 19.7 11.1 30.8
Montana 914 371 543 33.3 22.3 50.0
Nebraska 1,772 667 1,105 31.9 21.0 46.3
Nevada 1,243 477 766 34.2 22.8 49.7
New Hampshire + + + + + +
New Jersey 8,636 3,221 5,415 34.8 22.5 51.4
New Mexico 1,245 502 743 22.3 15.1 32.9
New York 30,069 11,438 18,631 49.3 34.0 68.1
North Carolina 9,473 3,719 5,754 38.8 28.1 51.4
North Dakota 472 119 353 21.0 9.2 37.2
Ohio 6,492 2,088 4,404 16.6 9.5 25.6
Oklahoma + + + + + +
Oregon 3,217 1,293 1,924 34.6 23.9 49.4
Pennsylvania 12,052 4,490 7,562 29.7 20.2 41.2
Rhode Island 1,560 430 1,130 43.8 24.6 62.2
South Carolina 3,222 1,183 2,039 23.6 15.7 33.5
South Dakota 253 112 141 10.1 7.7 13.5
Tennessee 5,271 2,068 3,203 29.5 20.6 40.9
Texas 17,580 6,072 11,508 27.4 16.5 42.2
Utah 1,109 373 736 14.5 8.5 22.7
Vermont 785 300 485 38.0 28.0 48.8
Virginia 7,214 2,678 4,536 33.6 22.9 46.3
Washington 6,676 2,590 4,086 42.2 28.7 60.3
West Virginia 697 248 449 10.0 6.2 15.2
Wisconsin 4,108 1,503 2,605 24.0 15.6 34.8
Wyoming 99 31 68 5.9 3.0 10.4
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* Legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. Abortions obtained by women of unknown age in
each state were distributed according to distribution of known age in that state (for states
reporting age).
+ Because abortion data were not available, rates could not be calculated.
================================================================================================
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TABLE 3. Number of births and birth rates * for 15- to 19-year-olds, by age group and
state -- United States, 1990
=======================================================================================
Number of births Birth rates
------------------------ ---------------------
Age group (yrs) Age group (yrs)
------------------------ ---------------------
State 15-19 15-17 18-19 15-19 15-17 18-19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama 11,252 4,222 7,030 71.0 47.4 101.4
Alaska 1,142 335 807 65.3 31.2 120.0
Arizona 9,612 3,436 6,176 75.5 47.7 111.6
Arkansas 7,011 2,549 4,462 80.1 50.4 120.7
California 69,712 24,880 44,832 70.6 44.6 104.3
Colorado 5,975 2,061 3,914 54.5 33.1 82.9
Connecticut 4,038 1,519 2,519 38.8 26.4 53.9
Delaware 1,277 462 815 54.5 38.4 71.4
District of Columbia 2,030 841 1,189 93.1 88.4 96.7
Florida 27,017 9,918 17,099 69.1 44.9 100.6
Georgia 18,369 6,878 11,491 75.5 50.1 108.5
Hawaii 2,122 661 1,461 61.2 32.5 102.0
Idaho 2,009 611 1,398 50.6 26.3 84.8
Illinois 24,967 9,067 15,900 62.9 40.1 93.3
Indiana 12,335 4,130 8,205 58.6 35.3 87.8
Iowa 3,989 1,120 2,869 40.5 20.4 65.7
Kansas 4,722 1,449 3,273 56.1 30.4 89.9
Kentucky 9,349 3,204 6,145 67.6 40.8 103.0
Louisiana 12,270 4,653 7,617 74.2 49.5 106.9
Maine 1,857 570 1,287 43.0 23.3 68.8
Maryland 8,143 2,866 5,277 53.2 33.5 78.4
Massachusetts 7,266 2,502 4,764 35.1 23.7 47.0
Michigan 20,312 7,007 13,305 59.0 36.0 88.8
Minnesota 5,342 1,650 3,692 36.3 19.9 57.6
Mississippi 8,909 3,544 5,365 81.0 57.5 111.0
Missouri 11,227 3,941 7,286 62.8 39.3 93.0
Montana 1,331 399 932 48.4 24.0 85.8
Nebraska 2,352 728 1,624 42.3 23.0 68.0
Nevada 2,663 889 1,774 73.3 42.5 115.1
New Hampshire 1,258 348 910 33.0 17.1 51.3
New Jersey 10,068 3,494 6,574 40.5 24.4 62.4
New Mexico 4,367 1,560 2,807 78.2 46.9 124.2
New York 26,608 9,260 17,348 43.6 27.5 63.4
North Carolina 16,506 5,946 10,560 67.6 44.9 94.4
North Dakota 793 201 592 35.4 15.6 62.3
Ohio 22,690 7,555 15,135 57.9 34.3 88.1
Oklahoma 7,590 2,528 5,062 66.8 38.8 104.3
Oregon 5,084 1,659 3,425 54.6 30.7 87.9
Pennsylvania 18,216 6,297 11,919 44.9 28.4 64.9
Rhode Island 1,564 552 1,012 43.9 31.6 55.7
South Carolina 9,721 3,540 6,181 71.3 47.0 101.4
South Dakota 1,172 348 824 46.8 23.9 78.7
Tennessee 12,928 4,515 8,413 72.3 45.0 107.3
Texas 48,302 17,693 30,609 75.3 48.0 112.2
Utah 3,707 1,161 2,546 48.5 26.3 78.7
Vermont 702 209 493 34.0 19.5 49.6
Virginia 11,353 3,746 7,607 52.9 32.1 77.7
Washington 8,397 2,677 5,720 53.1 29.6 84.4
West Virginia 3,976 1,313 2,663 57.3 33.0 89.9
Wisconsin 7,281 2,329 4,952 42.6 24.2 66.1
Wyoming 943 304 639 56.3 29.7 98.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Live births per 1,000 women.
=======================================================================================
Return to top. Figure_1  Return to top. Table_4 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 4. Pregnancy rates * for 15- to 19-year-olds, by age group, race/ethnicity, + and state -- United States, 1990
===========================================================================================================================================
Age group (yrs)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15-19 15-17 18-19
--------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------
State White + Black Hispanic + White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama & & & & & & & & &
Alaska & & & & & & & & &
Arizona 99.9 153.5 145.0 62.5 105.3 97.7 147.8 220.9 213.9
Arkansas 82.7 157.2 @ 45.6 114.1 @ 132.6 219.7 @
California & & & & & & & & &
Colorado ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Connecticut & & & & & & & & &
Delaware & & & & & & & & &
District of Columbia & & & & & & & & &
Florida & & & & & & & & &
Georgia 86.2 162.5 87.5 54.0 117.8 56.0 127.2 222.6 124.7
Hawaii ** @ ** ** @ ** ** @ **
Idaho 58.6 @ 126.0 31.4 @ 79.0 96.7 @ @
Illinois & & & & & & & & &
Indiana 65.5 158.0 76.4 36.3 112.1 ** 101.7 222.0 **
Iowa & & & & & & & & &
Kansas 74.5 181.1 99.3 44.5 127.2 60.4 113.8 252.2 149.1
Kentucky 84.3 164.1 + 52.3 122.6 + 126.6 218.0 +
Louisiana 68.7 128.8 ++ + 37.6 92.3 ++ + 109.2 178.1 ++ +
Maine 67.6 @ + 41.2 @ + 102.2 @ +
Maryland 61.5 141.8 + 36.8 100.8 + 92.9 192.6 +
Massachusetts & & & & & & & & &
Michigan & & & & & & & & &
Minnesota 55.3 219.4 89.9 30.7 151.9 48.4 86.9 303.0 143.9
Mississippi 71.6 130.5 @ 46.6 99.2 @ 102.2 172.7 @
Missouri 64.8 197.5 57.0 35.2 145.0 34.3 102.3 267.8 86.0
Montana ** @ @ ** @ @ ** @ @
Nebraska & & & & & & & & &
Nevada 105.8 156.8 112.8 62.5 109.4 71.1 163.7 227.2 169.7
New Hampshire & & & & & & & & &
New Jersey 52.7 181.6 115.1 30.4 127.5 72.1 83.2 251.5 171.7
New Mexico 99.6 115.5 122.2 61.5 @ 79.3 154.9 @ 186.6
New York 76.3 166.4 136.8 47.6 119.5 91.2 110.9 228.1 195.5
North Carolina 86.3 157.3 + 56.6 113.5 + 120.5 212.4 +
North Dakota 50.4 @ @ 21.0 @ @ 90.3 @ @
Ohio 60.5 170.1 83.2 32.9 117.8 55.2 95.8 238.2 122.5
Oklahoma & & & & & & & & &
Oregon 88.7 178.0 134.3 53.5 127.2 89.5 137.8 @ 195.2
Pennsylvania & & & & & & & & &
Rhode Island 80.4 198.9 134.9 50.4 144.3 95.3 109.2 @ 180.5
South Carolina 76.6 127.0 84.5 46.6 89.3 @ 112.1 177.4 @
South Dakota 46.0 @ + 24.8 @ + 74.9 @ +
Tennessee 86.3 165.6 56.2 51.5 123.1 @ 130.8 220.5 @
Texas 96.1 153.6 124.5 58.6 107.5 79.6 146.6 215.7 190.7
Utah 62.2 @ 128.7 34.2 @ 90.4 100.3 @ 181.9
Vermont 72.7 @ @ 47.9 @ @ 99.5 @ @
Virginia 70.4 149.1 74.4 41.7 105.5 46.1 104.6 200.4 107.0
Washington ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
West Virginia 66.4 103.9 @ 38.4 68.8 @ 104.2 146.7 @
Wisconsin & & & & & & & & &
Wyoming & & & & & & & & &
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The sum of live births and legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. Abortions obtained by women of unknown age or race/ethnicity
in each state were distributed according to distribution of known age or race/ethnicity in that state (for states reporting age or
race/ethnicity).
+ Women of Hispanic origin may be of any race. For calculation of pregnancy rates, abortions for white race included women of Hispanic
origin. Six states (Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, and South Dakota) did not report abortion data by Hispanic
origin.
& Because abortion data were not available, pregnancy rates could not be calculated.
@ Rates not calculated for states with <=20 births to women in a given age and racial/ethnic group or if there were <=1,000 women in the
age and racial/ethnic group.
** Rates not calculated because >=15% of abortions were obtained by women of unknown age or race/ethnicity.
++ Rates for all races other than white.
===========================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_5 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 5. Birth rates * for 15- to 19-year-olds, by age group, race/ethnicity, + and state -- United States, 1990
===========================================================================================================================================
Age group (yrs)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15-19 15-17 18-19
--------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------
State White Black Hispanic + White Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama 55.3 105.3 33.8 33.3 76.8 & 82.9 143.8 &
Alaska 53.8 & & 24.3 & & 100.6 & &
Arizona 72.3 115.1 123.3 45.3 86.3 84.0 106.9 155.4 180.4
Arkansas 66.2 131.9 & 36.8 99.3 & 105.6 179.3 &
Califomia 73.9 101.0 112.3 46.1 69.9 73.3 109.7 142.5 165.7
Colorado 52.1 105.9 110.6 31.1 74.2 77.8 79.8 148.0 157.6
Connecticut 30.5 102.5 121.9 19.8 78.7 93.7 43.7 131.3 158.7
Delaware 37.4 120.4 & 24.1 91.0 & 50.9 154.4 &
District of Columbia 11.8 121.4 88.7 18.0 100.1 & 9.6 143.9 &
Florida 52.9 135.0 60.2 30.4 101.2 37.7 81.7 181.7 91.2
Georgia 56.6 116.2 73.0 33.3 85.2 45.6 86.2 157.9 105.4
Hawaii 42.0 & 132.9 15.5 & 76.0 76.7 & 223.8
Idaho 50.3 & 118.6 26.0 & 74.3 84.5 & &
Illinois 44.3 144.2 94.8 24.3 105.7 57.4 70.5 197.3 146.2
Indiana 51.9 122.4 64.5 29.1 90.2 37.3 80.1 167.4 101.9
Iowa 38.5 119.1 79.9 18.8 85.6 & 63.4 158.1 &
Kansas 50.8 131.9 86.1 25.8 91.4 48.8 83.7 185.3 133.8
Kentucky 63.5 115.8 & 36.8 86.2 & 98.7 154.4 &
Louisiana 52.1 109.1 @ 20.9 28.7 81.7 @ 13.5 82.5 146.2 @ 30.4
Maine 42.7 & & 23.1 & & 68.3 & &
Maryland 36.0 95.5 46.0 18.9 69.1 24.1 58.0 128.3 72.6
Massachusetts 30.9 89.5 121.1 20.3 65.3 95.7 41.9 116.7 150.2
Michigan 43.1 131.1 94.4 22.7 94.5 60.0 69.1 181.4 141.5
Minnesota 30.6 151.7 79.4 15.3 111.6 40.8 50.2 201.4 129.5
Mississippi 55.5 112.7 & 34.0 85.6 & 81.8 149.2 &
Missouri 50.3 143.9 46.4 27.9 110.6 28.4 78.8 188.5 69.5
Montana 39.7 & & 19.3 & & 70.5 & &
Nebraska 36.9 135.1 81.7 18.4 101.4 45.6 61.4 182.1 &
Nevada 68.9 129.3 107.5 37.8 92.4 66.8 110.5 184.1 162.9
New Hampshire 33.1 & ** 17.1 & ** 51.7 & **
New Jersey 28.1 99.6 79.9 15.1 69.6 51.8 46.0 138.3 116.9
New Mexico 75.6 94.6 96.9 45.3 & 63.2 119.6 & 147.4
New York 36.7 75.6 81.6 21.3 53.8 53.8 55.1 104.4 117.2
North Carolina 52.0 106.6 106.1 31.8 76.6 72.4 75.3 144.3 140.9
North Dakota 29.2 & & 12.1 & & 52.5 & &
Ohio 47.7 129.4 73.9 25.9 92.3 50.2 75.5 177.8 107.2
Oklahoma 60.2 116.0 ** 33.4 81.5 ** 95.9 160.2 **
Oregon 54.0 108.0 113.9 29.6 80.2 77.3 88.2 & 163.7
Pennsylvania 35.1 124.8 126.1 20.1 94.1 97.6 53.2 162.9 162.2
Rhode Island 38.7 114.3 129.8 27.0 92.5 94.5 49.9 & 170.5
South Carolina 54.3 101.1 66.8 32.4 71.1 & 80.2 141.2 &
South Dakota 35.0 & & 16.5 & & 60.3 & &
Tennessee 60.3 121.3 40.9 33.8 90.3 & 94.3 161.2 &
Texas 70.6 114.0 103.8 43.4 82.1 67.8 107.2 156.9 156.9
Utah 47.8 & 115.0 25.8 & 81.8 77.9 & 161.1
Vermont 34.3 & & 19.6 & & 50.2 & &
Virginia 41.1 98.5 55.5 21.6 71.3 33.2 64.3 130.5 81.1
Washington 52.2 94.3 113.4 28.2 63.4 71.5 84.0 134.5 171.2
West Virginia 57.1 74.4 & 32.7 47.3 & 89.9 107.4 &
Wisconsin 31.2 174.7 90.4 15.1 123.2 54.8 51.6 248.0 143.4
Wyoming 54.5 & 94.2 28.2 & & 95.6 & &
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Live births per 1,000 women.
+ Women of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
& Rates not calculated for states with <=20 births to women in a given age and racial/ethnic group or if there were <=1,000 women in the
age and racial/ethnic group.
@ Rates for all races other than white.
** Hispanic origin not reported on birth certificate.
===========================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_6 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 6. Percent change * in pregnancy rates, + abortion rates, & and birth rates @ for 15- to 19-year-olds, by state -- United
States, 1990 compared with 1980
============================================================================================================================================
Pregnancy rates Abortion rates Birth rates
---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
Percent Percent Percent
State 1980 1990 change (NB1) 1980 1990 change (NB2) 1980 1990 change (NB3)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama 97.8 ** NA 29.6 ** NA 68.3 71.0 4
Alaska 98.5 ** NA 34.0 ** NA 64.4 65.3 1
Arizona 89.0 101.8 14 23.5 26.3 12 65.5 75.5 15
Arkansas 94.1 98.4 5 19.5 18.3 -6 74.5 80.1 7
California 109.6 ** NA 56.3 ** NA 53.3 70.6 32
Colorado 89.4 82.3 -8 39.5 27.7 -30 49.9 54.5 9
Connecticut 60.3 ** NA 29.8 ** NA 30.5 38.8 27
Delaware 87.4 ** NA 36.2 ** NA 51.2 54.5 6
District of Columbia 266.5 255.2 -4 204.0 162.1 -21 62.4 93.1 49
Florida 106.0 ** NA 47.5 ** NA 58.5 69.1 18
Georgia 108.7 110.8 2 36.8 35.3 -4 71.9 75.5 5
Hawaii 83.9 88.2 5 33.2 27.0 -19 50.7 61.2 21
Idaho 76.6 58.8 -23 17.2 8.2 -52 59.5 50.6 -15
Illinois 84.5 ** NA 28.7 ** NA 55.8 62.9 13
Indiana 77.0 74.3 -3 19.5 15.7 -19 57.5 58.6 2
Iowa 59.1 ** NA 16.2 ** NA 43.0 40.5 -6
Kansas 95.5 81.1 -15 38.7 25.0 -35 56.8 56.1 -1
Kentucky 85.9 91.0 6 13.5 23.4 73 72.3 67.6 -7
Louisiana 96.7 92.1 -5 20.7 17.8 -14 76.0 74.2 -2
Maine 70.6 68.4 -3 23.1 25.4 10 47.4 43.0 -9
Maryland 88.8 84.7 -5 45.4 31.4 -31 43.4 53.2 23
Massachusetts 74.8 71.1 -5 46.7 36.0 -23 28.1 35.1 25
Michigan 76.1 85.2 12 31.1 26.1 -16 45.0 59.0 31
Minnesota 68.5 62.0 -9 33.1 25.7 -22 35.4 36.3 2
Mississippi 97.1 97.8 1 13.4 16.8 25 83.7 81.0 -3
Missouri 83.1 82.6 -1 25.3 19.7 -22 57.8 62.8 9
Montana 78.0 81.7 5 29.6 33.3 13 48.5 48.4 0
Nebraska 73.4 74.2 1 28.3 31.9 13 45.1 42.3 -6
Nevada 118.1 107.5 -9 59.5 34.2 -43 58.5 73.3 25
New Hampshire 56.4 ** NA 22.8 ** NA 33.6 33.0 -2
New Jersey 58.8 75.3 28 23.6 34.8 47 35.2 40.5 15
New Mexico 95.9 100.4 5 24.1 22.3 -8 71.8 78.2 9
New York 80.0 92.9 16 45.1 49.3 9 34.8 43.6 25
North Carolina 95.0 106.4 12 37.5 38.8 3 57.5 67.6 18
North Dakota 73.7 56.4 -23 32.1 21.0 -34 41.7 35.4 -15
Ohio 74.7 74.5 0 22.2 16.6 -25 52.5 57.9 10
Oklahoma 100.9 ** NA 26.3 ** NA 74.6 66.8 -10
Oregon 96.2 89.2 -7 45.2 34.6 -24 50.9 54.6 7
Pennsylvania 77.1 74.6 -3 36.6 29.7 -19 40.5 44.9 11
Rhode Island 74.9 87.7 17 42.0 43.8 4 33.0 43.9 33
South Carolina 91.3 95.0 4 26.5 23.6 -11 64.8 71.3 10
South Dakota 67.0 56.9 -15 14.4 10.1 -30 52.6 46.8 -11
Tennessee 97.8 101.8 4 33.7 29.5 -13 64.1 72.3 13
Texas 111.8 102.8 -8 37.5 27.4 -27 74.3 75.3 1
Utah 79.9 63.0 -21 14.7 14.5 -1 65.2 48.5 -26
Vermont 77.3 72.1 -7 37.8 38.0 1 39.5 34.0 -14
Virginia 88.8 86.5 -3 40.5 33.6 -17 48.3 52.9 9
Washington 98.9 95.4 -4 52.2 42.2 -19 46.7 53.1 14
West Virginia 78.2 67.4 -14 10.4 10.0 -4 67.8 57.3 -15
Wisconsin 65.1 66.6 2 25.5 24.0 -6 39.5 42.6 8
Wyoming 89.2 62.2 -30 10.4 5.9 -43 78.7 56.3 -29
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Percent change is rounded to whole numbers.
+ The sum of live births and legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. 1980 Rates include estimates for states not reporting abortions
by age (5).
& Legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. Abortions obtained by women of unknown age in each state were distributed according
to distribution of known age in that state (for states reporting age). 1980 Rates include estimates for states not reporting abortions
by age (5).
@ Live births per 1,000 women.
** Because abortion data were not available, rates could not be calculated.
NA = Not available.
(NB1): The percent change in pregnancy rates was not statistically significant in Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio,
and Wisconsin.
(NB2): The percent change in abortion rates was not statistically significant in Arkansas, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, and West Virginia.
(NB3): The percent change in birth rates was not statistically significant in Alaska, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota,
Montana, and New Hampshire.
============================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_7 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 7. Percent change * in pregnancy rates, + abortion rates, & and birth rates @ for 15- to 17-year-olds, by state -- United
States, 1990 compared with 1980
==============================================================================================================================================
Pregnancy rates Abortion rates Birth rates
---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
Percent Percent Percent
State 1980 1990 change (NB1) 1980 1990 change (NB2) 1980 1990 change (NB3)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama 68.0 ** NA 20.9 ** NA 47.1 47.4 1
Alaska 53.0 ** NA 23.4 ** NA 29.7 31.2 5
Arizona 55.7 63.7 14 15.2 15.9 5 40.4 47.7 18
Arkansas 63.3 60.4 -5 15.0 10.0 -33 48.3 50.4 4
California 73.6 ** NA 42.8 ** NA 30.9 44.6 45
Colorado 56.0 53.8 -4 27.5 20.7 -25 28.5 33.1 16
Connecticut 35.5 ** NA 18.1 ** NA 17.4 26.4 52
Delaware 63.6 ** NA 27.5 ** NA 36.1 38.4 6
District of Columbia 273.3 ** NA 224.2 ** NA 49.1 88.4 80
Florida 71.1 ** NA 33.4 ** NA 37.7 44.9 19
Georgia 73.8 74.8 1 24.8 24.7 0 48.9 50.1 2
Hawaii 45.0 53.3 19 22.0 20.8 -5 23.0 32.5 41
Idaho 43.2 31.8 -26 11.8 5.4 -54 31.4 26.3 -16
Illinois 59.1 ** NA 24.5 ** NA 34.7 40.1 16
Indiana 49.6 43.9 -11 14.5 8.7 -40 35.1 35.3 1
Iowa 34.4 ** NA 12.1 ** NA 22.3 20.4 -8
Kansas 60.4 49.8 -17 29.9 19.5 -35 30.4 30.4 0
Kentucky 57.8 58.2 1 9.5 17.4 83 48.3 40.8 -16
Louisiana 63.4 59.1 -7 13.8 9.6 -31 49.6 49.5 0
Maine 41.1 41.5 1 16.4 18.2 11 24.8 23.3 -6
Maryland 55.4 55.2 0 29.1 21.7 -25 26.4 33.5 27
Massachusetts 46.8 45.2 -3 31.4 21.5 -32 15.5 23.7 54
Michigan 45.9 54.1 18 19.3 18.1 -6 26.5 36.0 36
Minnesota 40.2 35.8 -11 22.8 15.9 -30 17.4 19.9 14
Mississippi 69.7 70.5 1 9.4 13.0 38 60.3 57.5 -5
Missouri 54.5 50.3 -8 18.9 11.1 -41 35.7 39.3 10
Montana 41.7 46.3 11 15.9 22.3 41 25.9 24.0 -7
Nebraska 44.9 44.0 -2 20.3 21.0 4 24.6 23.0 -7
Nevada 76.0 65.3 -14 43.8 22.8 -48 32.2 42.5 32
New Hampshire 32.4 ** NA 14.9 ** NA 17.5 17.1 -2
New Jersey 35.7 46.9 32 14.2 22.5 59 21.5 24.4 14
New Mexico 58.8 62.0 5 14.6 15.1 3 44.2 46.9 6
New York 51.5 61.5 19 30.5 34.0 12 21.1 27.5 31
North Carolina 66.7 73.0 9 28.0 28.1 0 38.7 44.9 16
North Dakota 44.4 24.8 -44 22.7 9.2 -59 21.8 15.6 -29
Ohio 43.9 43.8 0 13.4 9.5 -29 30.5 34.3 12
Oklahoma 63.3 ** NA 17.1 ** NA 46.1 38.8 -16
Oregon 61.2 54.6 -11 33.8 23.9 -29 27.4 30.7 12
Pennsylvania 49.8 48.6 -2 25.7 20.2 -21 24.1 28.4 18
Rhode Island 40.1 56.2 40 23.1 24.6 7 17.0 31.6 85
South Carolina 65.2 62.7 -4 20.2 15.7 -22 45.0 47.0 4
South Dakota 37.1 31.6 -15 9.8 7.7 -22 27.3 23.9 -12
Tennessee 66.1 65.5 -1 22.6 20.6 -9 43.5 45.0 3
Texas 73.6 64.5 -12 25.4 16.5 -35 48.2 48.0 0
Utah 49.3 34.8 -30 12.6 8.5 -33 36.7 26.3 -28
Vermont 43.5 47.6 9 22.7 28.0 24 20.8 19.5 -6
Virginia 59.6 55.0 -8 29.5 22.9 -22 30.0 32.1 7
Washington 62.4 58.3 -7 37.6 28.7 -24 24.9 29.6 19
West Virginia 49.7 39.3 -21 7.6 6.2 -18 42.1 33.0 -21
Wisconsin 38.6 39.9 3 18.2 15.6 -14 20.5 24.2 18
Wyoming 51.7 32.7 -37 7.4 3.0 -59 44.3 29.7 -33
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Percent change is rounded to whole numbers.
+ The sum of live births and legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. 1980 Rates include estimates for states not reporting abortions
by age (5).
& Legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. Abortions obtained by women of unknown age in each state were distributed according
to distribution of known age in that state (for states reporting age). 1980 Rates include estimates for states not reporting abortions
by age (5).
@ Live births per 1,000 women.
** Because abortion data were not available, rates could not be calculated.
NA = Not available.
(NB1): The percent change in pregnancy rates was not statistically significant in Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, Vermont, and Wisconsin.
(NB2): The percent change in abortion rates was not statistically significant in Arizona, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Nebraska, New Mexico,
North Carolina, and Rhode Island.
(NB3): The percent change in birth rates was not statistically significant in Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas,
Louisiana, Maine, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Vermont.
==============================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_8 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 8. Percent change * in pregnancy rates, + abortion rates, & and birth rates @ for 18- to 19-year-olds, by state -- United
States, 1990 compared with 1980
=============================================================================================================================================
Pregnancy rates Abortion rates Birth rates
---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
Percent Percent Percent
State 1980 1990 change (NB1) 1980 1990 change (NB2) 1980 1990 change (NB3)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama 140.2 ** NA 41.9 ** NA 98.4 101.4 3
Alaska 170.9 ** NA 50.9 ** NA 119.9 120.0 0
Arizona 135.6 151.4 12 35.1 39.8 13 100.5 111.6 11
Arkansas 140.7 150.3 7 26.4 29.6 12 114.3 120.7 6
California 159.6 ** NA 75.2 ** NA 84.5 104.3 23
Colorado 133.9 119.8 -10 55.6 37.0 -33 78.3 82.9 6
Connecticut 98.7 ** NA 47.9 ** NA 50.8 53.9 6
Delaware 121.2 ** NA 50.4 ** NA 70.8 71.4 1
District of Columbia 411.0 ** NA 334.4 ** NA 76.6 96.7 26
Florida 156.6 ** NA 67.9 ** NA 88.7 100.6 13
Georgia 159.7 157.5 -1 54.3 49.1 -10 105.4 108.5 3
Hawaii 141.4 137.8 -3 49.7 35.8 -28 91.7 102.0 11
Idaho 121.2 96.8 -20 24.3 12.1 -50 96.9 84.8 -13
Illinois 143.0 ** NA 56.8 ** NA 86.2 93.3 8
Indiana 115.1 112.4 -2 26.4 24.6 -7 88.6 87.8 -1
Iowa 92.5 ** NA 21.6 ** NA 71.0 65.7 -7
Kansas 142.1 122.1 -14 50.3 32.2 -36 91.8 89.9 -2
Kentucky 126.1 134.3 6 19.2 31.3 62 106.9 103.0 -4
Louisiana 143.6 135.6 -6 30.5 28.7 -6 113.1 106.9 -6
Maine 114.1 103.5 -9 33.1 34.7 5 81.0 68.8 -15
Maryland 131.3 122.2 -7 62.0 43.8 -29 69.3 78.4 13
Massachusetts 111.6 98.0 -12 66.8 51.0 -24 44.8 47.0 5
Michigan 116.4 125.4 8 44.8 36.6 -18 71.6 88.8 24
Minnesota 107.6 96.0 -11 47.3 38.4 -19 60.3 57.6 -4
Mississippi 136.2 132.7 -3 19.1 21.7 13 117.1 111.0 -5
Missouri 122.8 123.8 1 34.2 30.8 -10 88.6 93.0 5
Montana 131.3 135.8 3 49.7 50.0 1 81.6 85.8 5
Nebraska 111.6 114.3 2 39.0 46.3 19 72.5 68.0 -6
Nevada 181.1 164.8 -9 83.2 49.7 -40 97.9 115.1 18
New Hampshire 88.6 ** NA 33.5 ** NA 55.1 51.3 -7
New Jersey 90.9 113.8 25 33.8 51.4 52 57.1 62.4 9
New Mexico 151.2 157.1 4 38.2 32.9 -14 113.0 124.2 10
New York 121.7 131.5 8 66.7 68.1 2 55.1 63.4 15
North Carolina 133.6 145.9 9 50.5 51.4 2 83.2 94.4 14
North Dakota 112.8 99.5 -12 44.6 37.2 -17 68.2 62.3 -9
Ohio 118.3 113.7 -4 34.8 25.6 -26 83.6 88.1 5
Oklahoma 152.4 ** NA 38.8 ** NA 113.6 104.3 -8
Oregon 145.0 137.3 -5 61.2 49.4 -19 83.8 87.9 5
Pennsylvania 115.2 106.1 -8 51.7 41.2 -20 63.5 64.9 2
Rhode Island 118.1 118.0 0 65.4 62.2 -5 52.7 55.7 6
South Carolina 127.6 134.9 6 35.2 33.5 -5 92.4 101.4 10
South Dakota 107.6 92.1 -14 20.5 13.5 -34 87.1 78.7 -10
Tennessee 142.5 148.2 4 49.4 40.9 -17 93.2 107.3 15
Texas 165.2 154.4 -6 54.5 42.2 -23 110.7 112.2 1
Utah 124.5 101.4 -19 24.4 22.7 -7 100.1 78.7 -21
Vermont 117.8 98.4 -16 56.0 48.8 -13 61.9 49.6 -20
Virginia 130.2 124.0 -5 56.1 46.3 -17 74.2 77.7 5
Washington 150.2 144.8 -4 72.8 60.3 -17 77.3 84.4 9
West Virginia 119.9 105.0 -12 15.3 15.2 -1 104.6 89.9 -14
Wisconsin 106.3 100.8 -5 40.4 34.8 -14 65.9 66.1 0
Wyoming 139.3 108.5 -22 14.5 10.4 -28 124.9 98.1 -21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Percent change is rounded to whole numbers.
+ The sum of live births and legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. 1980 Rates include estimates for states not reporting abortions
by age (5).
& Legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. Abortions obtained by women of unknown age in each state were distributed according
to distribution of known age in that state (for states reporting age). 1980 Rates include estimates for states not reporting abortions
by age (5).
@ Live births per 1,000 women.
** Because abortion data were not available, rates could not be calculated.
NA = Not available.
(NB1): The percent change in pregnancy rates was not statistically significant in Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana,
Nebraska, New Mexico, and Rhode Island.
(NB2): The percent change in abortion rates was not statistically significant in Maine, Montana, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South
Carolina, Utah, and West Virginia.
(NB3): The percent change in birth rates was not statistically significant in Alabama, Alaska, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Montana, New
Hampshire, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, and Wisconsin.
=============================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Figure_2  Return to top. Figure_3  Return to top. Table_9 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 9. Percent change * in pregnancy rates, + abortion rates, & and birth rates @ for white 15- to 19-year-olds, by state --
United States, 1990 compared with 1980
=================================================================================================================================================
Whites
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pregnancy rates ** Abortion rates ** Birth rates
---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------
Percent Percent Percent
State 1980 1990 change (NB1) 1980 1990 change (NB2) 1980 1990 change (NB3)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 52.6 55.3 5
Alaska ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 52.9 53.8 2
Arizona 84.6 99.9 18 23.8 27.6 16 60.8 72.3 19
Arkansas 83.3 82.7 -1 20.1 16.6 -17 63.2 66.2 5
California 103.5 ++ NA 51.0 ++ NA 52.5 73.9 41
Colorado && && NA && && NA 48.2 52.1 8
Connecticut ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 24.9 30.5 22
Delaware ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 37.1 37.4 1
District of Columbia ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 16.7 11.8 -30
Florida ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 43.0 52.9 23
Georgia 92.5 86.2 -7 38.5 29.6 -23 54.0 56.6 5
Hawaii 75.5 && NA 33.9 && NA 41.6 42.0 1
Idaho 76.7 58.6 -24 17.1 8.2 -52 59.5 50.3 -15
Illinois 67.7 ++ NA 25.7 ++ NA 41.9 44.3 6
Indiana 70.4 65.5 -7 17.9 13.6 -24 52.5 51.9 -1
Iowa ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 41.6 38.5 -7
Kansas 90.0 74.5 -17 37.9 23.7 -38 52.1 50.8 -3
Kentucky ++ 84.3 NA ++ 20.8 NA 69.4 63.5 -8
Louisiana && 68.7 NA && 16.7 NA 58.1 52.1 -10
Maine 70.4 67.6 -4 23.2 24.9 7 47.1 42.7 -9
Maryland 74.5 61.5 -18 42.6 25.4 -40 31.9 36.0 13
Massachusetts ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 26.0 30.9 19
Michigan ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 37.6 43.1 14
Minnesota 65.4 55.3 -15 32.3 24.7 -23 33.1 30.6 -8
Mississippi 72.3 71.6 -1 16.0 16.1 1 56.3 55.5 -1
Missouri 72.2 64.8 -10 22.3 14.5 -35 49.9 50.3 1
Montana 73.5 && NA 30.2 && NA 43.4 39.7 -9
Nebraska ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 41.7 36.9 -11
Nevada 113.3 105.8 -7 61.1 36.9 -40 52.2 68.9 32
New Hampshire ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 33.6 33.1 -1
New Jersey 42.6 52.7 24 18.7 24.6 32 23.9 28.1 18
New Mexico 91.9 99.6 8 24.9 24.0 -4 67.0 75.6 13
New York 62.7 76.3 22 36.0 39.7 10 26.7 36.7 37
North Carolina 80.5 86.3 7 35.3 34.3 -3 45.3 52.0 15
North Dakota 70.1 50.4 -28 33.1 21.2 -36 36.9 29.2 -21
Ohio 66.0 60.5 -8 19.4 12.9 -34 46.6 47.7 2
Oklahoma 94.2 ++ NA 26.5 ++ NA 67.6 60.2 - 11
Oregon 95.4 88.7 -7 45.6 34.7 -24 49.9 54.0 8
Pennsylvania ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 35.0 35.1 0
Rhode Island ++ 80.4 NA ++ 41.7 NA 29.9 38.7 29
South Carolina 77.9 76.6 -2 28.9 22.3 -23 49.0 54.3 11
South Dakota 57.9 46.0 -21 13.8 11.0 -20 44.1 35.0 -21
Tennessee 88.9 86.3 -3 33.7 26.0 -23 55.2 60.3 9
Texas ++ 96.1 NA ++ 25.5 NA 68.7 70.6 3
Utah 79.2 62.2 -22 13.5 14.4 6 65.7 47.8 -27
Vermont 77.6 72.7 -6 37.9 38.4 1 39.7 34.3 -14
Virginia 78.7 70.4 -11 40.2 29.3 -27 38.6 41.1 7
Washington ++ && NA ++ && NA 45.3 52.2 15
West Virginia ++ 66.4 NA ++ 9.4 NA 67.7 57.1 -16
Wisconsin ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 34.8 31.2 -10
Wyoming ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 77.9 54.5 -30
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Percent change is rounded to whole numbers.
+ The sum of live births and legal induced abortions per 1,000 women.
& Legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. Abortions obtained by women of unknown age or race/ethnicity in each state were
distributed according to distribution of known age or race/ethnicity in that state (for states reporting age or race/ethnicity).
@ Live births per 1,000 women.
** For calculation of 1990 pregnancy and abortion rates, abortions for white race included women of known Hispanic origin. For 1980,
there was no separate designation for women of Hispanic ethnicity.
++ Because abortion data were not available, rates could not be calculated.
&& Rates not calculated because >=15% of abortions were obtained by women of unknown age or race/ethnicity.
NA = Not available
(NB1): The percent change in pregnancy rates was not statistically significant in Arkansas, Maine, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Vermont.
(NB2): The percent change in abortion rates was not statistically significant in Maine, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Utah, and
Vermont.
(NB3): The percent change in birth rates was not statistically significant in Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri,
New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania.
=================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_10 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 10. Percent change * in pregnancy rates, + abortion rates, & and birth rates @ for black 15- to 19-year-olds, by state --
United States, 1990 compared with 1980
===========================================================================================================================================
Blacks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pregnancy rates Abortion rates Birth rates
---------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------
Percent Percent Percent
State 1980 1990 change (NB1) 1980 1990 change (NB2) 1980 1990 change (NB3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alabama ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 52.6 55.3 5
Alaska ++ ++ NA ++ ++ NA 52.9 53.8 2
Arizona 84.6 99.9 18 23.8 27.6 16 60.8 72.3 19
Alabama ** ** NA ** ** NA 102.9 105.3 2
Alaska ** ** NA ** ** NA ++ ++ NA
Arizona 128.0 153.5 20 25.8 38.4 49 102.2 115.1 13
Arkansas 135.8 157.2 16 17.9 25.2 41 117.9 131.9 12
California 204.2 ** NA 122.3 ** NA 82.0 101.0 23
Colorado && && NA && && NA 84.2 105.9 26
Connecticut ** ** NA ** ** NA 85.1 102.5 20
Delaware ** ** NA ** ** NA 109.7 120.4 10
District of Columbia ** ** NA ** ** NA 73.5 121.4 65
Florida ** ** NA ** ** NA 124.3 135.0 9
Georgia 142.9 162.5 14 33.5 46.3 38 109.4 116.2 6
Hawaii ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Idaho ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Illinois 160.5 ** NA 40.2 ** NA 120.3 144.2 20
Indiana 144.7 158.0 9 35.5 35.6 0 109.3 122.4 12
Iowa ** ** NA ** ** NA 117.8 119.1 1
Kansas 175.2 181.1 3 56.2 49.2 -13 119.0 131.9 11
Kentucky ** 164.1 NA ** 48.3 NA 106.1 115.8 9
Louisiana && 128.8 *** NA && 19.6 *** NA 108.3 *** 109.1 *** 1
Maine ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Maryland 129.1 141.8 10 54.3 46.3 -15 74.8 95.5 28
Massachusetts ** ** NA ** ** NA 69.5 89.5 29
Michigan ** ** NA ** ** NA 90.8 131.1 44
Minnesota 199.6 219.4 10 89.1 67.7 -24 110.5 151.7 37
Mississippi 130.3 130.5 0 10.1 17.8 76 120.2 112.7 -6
Missouri 159.3 197.5 24 46.0 53.6 16 113.4 143.9 27
Montana ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Nebraska ** ** NA ** ** NA 112.3 135.1 20
Nevada 178.7 156.8 -12 56.6 27.5 -51 122.1 129.3 6
New Hampshire ** ** NA ** ** NA ++ ++ NA
New Jersey 135.3 181.6 34 40.9 82.0 101 94.4 99.6 5
New Mexico 131.4 115.5 -12 36.6 20.9 -43 94.8 94.6 0
New York 161.1 166.4 3 88.6 90.8 2 72.6 75.6 4
North Carolina 131.3 157.3 20 44.1 50.7 15 87.2 106.6 22
North Dakota ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Ohio 139.6 170.1 22 41.8 40.6 -3 97.8 129.4 32
Oklahoma 152.9 ** NA 29.5 ** NA 123.4 116.0 -6
Oregon 165.1 178.0 8 64.5 70.0 9 100.6 108.0 7
Pennsylvania ** ** NA ** ** NA 86.8 124.8 44
Rhode Island ** 198.9 NA ** 84.6 NA 92.8 114.3 23
South Carolina 114.2 127.0 11 22.5 25.9 15 91.7 101.1 10
South Dakota ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Tennessee 134.1 165.6 24 34.0 44.4 30 100.0 121.3 21
Texas ** 153.6 NA ** 39.6 NA 110.4 114.0 3
Utah ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Vermont ++ ++ NA @@ @@ NA ++ ++ NA
Virginia 125.1 149.1 19 43.7 50.6 16 81.4 98.5 21
Washington ** && NA ** && NA 81.7 94.3 15
West Virginia ** 103.9 NA ** 29.5 NA 74.9 74.4 -1
Wisconsin ** ** NA ** ** NA 126.2 174.7 39
Wyoming ** ** NA ** ** NA ++ ++ NA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Percent change is rounded to whole numbers.
+ The sum of live births and legal induced abortions per 1,000 women.
& Legal induced abortions per 1,000 women. Abortions obtained by women of unknown age or race/ethnicity in each state were
distributed according to distribution of known age or race/ethnicity in that state (for states reporting age or race/ethnicity).
@ Live births per 1,000 women.
** Because abortion data were not available, rates could not be calculated.
++ Rates not calculated for states with <=20 births to black women ages 15-19 years or if there were <=1,000 black women ages 15-19
years.
&& Rates not calculated because >=15% of abortions were obtained by women of unknown age or race/ethnicity.
@@ Rates not calculated for states with <=20 abortions obtained by black women ages 15-19 years or if there were <=1,000 black women
ages 15-19 years.
*** Rates for all races other than white.
NA = Not available.
(NB1): The percent change in pregnancy rates was not statistically significant in Kansas, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Mexico, and Oregon.
(NB2): The percent change in abortion rates was not statistically significant in Indiana, Kansas, New York, Ohio, and Oregon.
(NB3): The percent change in birth rates was not statistically significant in Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Iowa, Louisiana, Nevada, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, and West Virginia.
===========================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_1A Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 1A. Number of states with available pregnancy, abortion, and birth data -- 1990
================================================================================================
Age and
race/ethnicity group Pregnancy Abortion Birth
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
15-19 yrs
All races 40+DC * 40+DC * 50+DC
White 34 + 34 + 50+DC
Black 34 + 34 + 50+DC
Hispanic 28 & 28 & 48+DC @
15-17,18-19 yrs
All races 40 ** 40 ** 50+DC
White 34 + 34 + 50+DC
Black 34 + 34 + 50+DC
Hispanic 28 & 28 & 48+DC @
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Except for Alabama, Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, New
Hampshire, and Oklahoma.
+ Except for states in * and the District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska,
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
& Except for areas in * and + and Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, and
South Dakota.
@ Except for New Hampshire and Oklahoma.
** Except for states in * and the District of Columbia.
DC=District of Columbia.
================================================================================================
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