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References and Resources

Related Links Outside CDC

Note: These sites are not CDC sites. CDC is not responsible for the content of Web pages found at these links. Links to nonfederal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not indicate an endorsement of these organizations by CDC or the federal government.

Federal and State Government

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
- The Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs)
  A research program administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), in consultation with the Food and Drug Administration, agencies within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The mission of the CERTs is to conduct research and provide education that will advance the optimal use of drugs, medical devices, and biological products.
- Children's Health - parental pressure
  Parental pressure for antibiotics can influence pediatricians' treatment decisions
- Children's Health - educational materials
  Educational materials do not substantially increase parents' knowledge and attitudes about the use of antibiotics
- Pharmaceutical Research
  Asthma patients with uncontrolled symptoms receive more antibiotics than those whose asthma is better controlled
- Clinical Evidence
  Shows Limited Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on Children With Acute Otitis Media.
- Clinical Decision making
  Researchers examine the use of antibiotics to treat acute respiratory infections in otherwise healthy adults
- Evidence-Based Medicine
  Using a simple set of clinical criteria is a cost-effective approach to treating suspected acute bacterial sinusitis
- Computerized Guidelines
  reduce prescribing by hospital doctors of an expensive and over prescribed antibiotic.
- Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, No. 43
  Making Health Care Safer, A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices
  - Impact of Changes in Antibiotic Use Practices on Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance
    Clostridium difficile and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
US Agency for International Development
- Infectious Disease Initiative
  Strategies and Interventions to Understand, Contain, and Respond To the Development and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- Antimicrobial Resistance-The USDA Perspective
  Remarks prepared for delivery by Dr. Catherine Woteki, Under Secretary for Food Safety, before the conference on Antimicrobial Resistance sponsored by the Royal Society of Medicine Foundation, the Royal Society of Medicine, and the Tufts University School of Medicine, May 4, 2000, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
- HHS Fact Sheet: Antimicrobial Resistance: The Public Health Response
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER): Antimicrobial Resistance
  - Proposed FDA rule on additional labeling for antibacterial drug products regarding resistance
  - Drug Shortages (including How to Report a Drug Shortage). See also American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Drug Product Shortages Management Resource Center
- The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections
  FDA Consumer magazine, September 1995
- Inside FDA: When a Drug Is in Short Supply (from the FDA Consumer Magazine)
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM): Antimicrobial Resistance
  - FDA announces Public Meeting on Antimicrobial ResistanceOctober 2, 2002 - "Discussion of the 'Draft Guidance for Industry: Evaluating the Safety of Antimicrobial New Animal Drugs with Regards to Their Microbiological Effects on Bacteria of Human Health Concern'"
  - Draft Guidance for Industry: Evaluating the Safety of Antimicrobial New Animal Drugs With Regard to Their Microbiological Effects on Bacteria of Human Health Concern
    Word Version (664 KB, 36 pages)
    PDF Version (131 KB, 36 pages)
- Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
  - Office of Pharmacy Affairs (OPA, formerly Office of Drug Pricing)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
  - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
    - Antimicrobial Resistance
    - Global Health Research
  - National Cancer Institute (NCI)
    - HIV Drug Resistance Program (HIV DRP)
    - Fogarty International Center

Congressional Testimony

Antimicrobial Resistance
Hearing before the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, September 20, 2000.
Antimicrobial Resistance as a Public Health Issue
Statement of Jeffrey P. Koplan, M.D., M.P.H., Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, September 20, 2000.
Antimicrobial Resistance
Statement of James M. Hughes, M.D., Director, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety, February 25, 1999.
Antimicrobial Resistance: The NIH Response to a Growing Problem
Statement of Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, before the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety, February 25, 1999.

Professional Associations

Nongovernmental Organizations

Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA)
Conducts educational, research and international networking activities to promote more appropriate use of antibiotics.
CDC Foundation
Nonprofit enterprise that fights threats to health by creating programs with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (CIRAR)
Aims to plan, implement, and evaluate outcomes of a core program and curriculum to prepare biomedical researchers to conduct interdisciplinary research.
National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID)
Supports research that will lead to a better understanding of the causes, cures, and prevention of infectious diseases.