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Notes for students, coaches, and event supervisors:
This event included 6 stations with multiple questions per station. A 7-minute time limit was allowed for each station with a 1 minute warning. Each station was represented by a tri-fold project backboard that held several illustrations referred to in this written test. Because not all illustrations we used this year can be posted, each will be described in bold print when referred in the questions. The bold print in this version did not appear on the written test. As per the rules, students were permitted to bring calculators, and an unlimited number of reference materials.
"Read My Labels!!!"
Two different breakfast cereal food labels are depicted for this station, labeled Foods A and B. Food A had 120 calories per serving, or 160 calories per serving with ½ cup of fat free milk. One serving equals 1 cup of cereal. Each serving has 0 grams (g) of fat, 28 g of carbohydrates, and 3 grams of protein. One-half cup of fat free milk contributes 40 calories, 6 g of carbohydrates, and 4 g of protein. Other information on the label is not relevant here.
Food B had 120 calories per serving and 160 calories per serving with ½ cup of fat free milk. However, one serving equals 3/4 cup. It contained 1 g of fat per serving, 26 g of carbohydrates per serving, and 1 gram of protein.
| 1.1 | Who of these 3 family members consumes the most grams of fat per meal? |
| 1.2 | What percentage of the calories per meal consumed by Linda are from protein, including milk? |
| 1.3 | How many calories does Jeremy consume, including milk? |
| 1.4 | How many calories does Kaly consume? |
| 1.5 | How many pounds would Linda gain if the calories she consumed in this meal were in excess of the calories she burned every day for 100 days? |
| 1.6 | Kaly ate one serving of Food C (not shown) that contained 5 grams of fat, 10 grams of carbohydrates, and 5 grams of protein. How many calories of Food C did she eat? |
"Find your inspiration here!!!"
Figures A and B depict a simplified drawings of the trachea, lungs, and diaphragm in the chest during inspiration and expiration. Figures A shows the diaphragm ascending (with an upward arrow), while Fig. B demonstrates the diaphragm descending (with a downward arrow). There are no labeled parts in these two figures, nor is the phase of respiration indicated.
Refer to illustrations A and B. Choose one best answer from numbers 1 through 4 in this box that corresponds to each of following statements (numbered 2.1 to 2.5.)
- Illustration A only
- Illustration B only
- Both illustrations A and B
- Neither illustration A nor B
| 2.1 | The diaphragm is contracting, and air is exhaled. |
| 2.2 | Forced expiratory reserve can be measured. |
| 2.3 | All components or phases of vital capacity are demonstrated. |
| 2.4 | Pressure in the lungs is negative relative to air external to the body. |
| 2.5 | Oxygen diffusion occurs in the physiologic dead space. |
Illustration C is another simplified drawing of the lungs and heart. The left lungs and the heart are cut in cross-section. There is also a cross-section and a close-up of alveoli.
| 2.6 | What number corresponds to the artery that carried deoxygenated blood? |
| 2.7 | What number corresponds to CO2 diffusion? |
| 2.8 | What number corresponds to the vessel from which the coronary arteries branch? |
Refer to
illustration D for the following question: Illustration D is a greatly
enlarged photo of healthy alveolar lung tissue.
| 2.9 | Chronic
smoking adversely affects lung tissue (seen in illustration D) as
well as many other organs. The second leading cause of death
attributed to smoking (after lung cancer) is
|
"Physical Activity in the United States: Data from the 1996 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System"
You are the Surgeon General of the United States, the doctor who is most responsible for the health of the American public. You must write a report to let Americans know that there is a problem affecting the health of many because of physical inactivity. Review the data in Charts A-D from surveys asking Americans about their physical activity.
Chart A.
Chart B.
Chart C.
Chart D.
Do you agree with the following descriptions of this data? Write true or false in the space on the answer sheet.
| 3.1 | A majority of Americans report that they are either physically inactive or not regularly active. |
| 3.2 | The majority of Americans aged 65 to 74 years report that they are physically active as recommended. |
| 3.3 | About half of Americans who have never graduated from high school education are not regularly physically active. |
| 3.4 | Five percent more American women report physical inactivity than do men, and that is because women live longer than men. |
Tiebreaker questions:
| *3.5 | What substance impairs muscular performance after maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is reached and exceeded during vigorous exercise? |
| *3.6 | After about 50% of VO2 max is reached during upright exercise, by what mechanism does cardiac output continue to increase? |
"Have a heart!!!"
Refer to illustration A. Illustration A depicts a cartoon character with arrows pointing to the following locations and labeled:
A. Neck
B. Wrist
C. Groin
D. Knee
E. Top of foot
F. Middle of forehead
On the answer sheet, write the letter that matches the correct site where these pulses can be found. Write "no match" if there is no corresponding site for the artery.
4.1 Femoral artery
4.2 Temporal artery
4.3 Radial artery
4.4 Carotid artery
4.5 Popliteal artery
4.6 Dorsalis pedis artery
Judy is runner in the Olympics. At the end of a 100-meter race, her systolic blood pressure is 170, diastolic pressure is 85, heart rate is 150/minute, and her heart’s stroke volume is 150 milliliters/beat.
4.7 What is her cardiac output in liters/minute?
4.8 What is her mean arterial pressure?
Refer to Illustration C-1 for answers to the next 2 questions. Illustration C-1 depicts a standard EKG tracing with arrows labeled, A, B, and C. A points to the P wave, B points to the QRS complex, and C points to the T wave.
| 4.9 | Which wave form, labeled A, B, or C, represents ventricular depolarization? |
| 4.10 | Which represents ventricular repolarization? |
Refer to Illustration C-2 for the final question in Station 4. The electrocardiogram (ECG) paper moves at 1500 millimeters per minute through the ECG machine, and each smallest box on the paper is 1 millimeter square. Illustration C-2 depicts a standard EKG tracing. There are 12 small squares between the peak of each QRS complex (representing one heart beat.)
4.11 Referring to illustration C-2, what is the heart rate?
The following questions refer to tables A and B.
| 5.1 | The gas percentages of which table, A or B, represents alveolar air? |
TABLE A.
|
TABLE B.
|
| 5.2 | What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air in mm Hg? |
The following questions refer to Graph C. Graph C depicts 3 S-shaped curves labeled A, B, and C on graph paper: the Y-axis is labeled % saturation of hemoglobin, and the X-axis is labeled PO2 (mm Hg). The curve A is to the left of the curve B, while the curve C is to the right of the curve B. At PO2 of 40 mm Hg, the % saturation of hemoglobin in 90 on curve A.
| 5.3 | Which curve is most likely to apply to a person who is vigorously exercising–—A, B, or C? |
| 5.4 | What
is the hemoglobin saturation percentage for venous blood on curve A?
Select the best answer from the letter choices below.
|
| 5.5 | The Bohr effect causes curve A to shift toward curve B. When this occurs, less oxygen is available to exercising muscles. True or false? |
The cigarette ad in illustration D (depicts a young woman smoking) promotes smoking as glamorous, but it also includes a warning from the Surgeon General that "Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide." How does inhaling carbon monoxide in cigarettes affect you? Indicate True or False for each of the following statements:
| 5.6 | In the presence of carbon monoxide, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left. |
| 5.7 | Hemoglobin has a substantially higher affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen, so oxygen transport to the tissues is reduced in the presence of carbon monoxide. |
| 5.8 | After smoking one cigarette, the half life of carboxyhemoglobin in a person's body is greater than 12 hours. |
| 5.9 | Athletes who are physically fit have plenty of reserve capacity and their performance is not affected by smoking cigarettes. |
Refer to Illustration D (depicts red blood cells) for the following two questions about the path of this cell. Use the following list of structures:
- inferior or superior vena cava
- aortic valve
- right ventricle
- aorta
- tricuspid valve
- mitral valve
- pulmonic valve
- left atrium
- right atrium
- left ventricle
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary veins
| 5.10 | Using
only structures from this list, trace the path of this cell from
the peripheral capillary bed to the pulmonary capillary bed. List
each structure by number in the order that this cell passes
through it, and use arrows to show the direction of flow. For
example, write "1 23"
if the cell passes first through 1, then 2, then 3. |
| 5.11 | Using only structures from this list, trace the path of the cell from the pulmonary capillary bed to the peripheral capillary bed. As in the example above, list each structure by number in the order that this cell passes through it, and use arrows to show the direction of flow. |
In illustration A are raw vegetables, which are notable as a source of indigestible, complex carbohydrates. Indicate whether the following are true or false statements about this component of the raw vegetables you eat.
| 6.1 | Decreases risk of colon cancer |
| 6.2 | Causes obesity |
| 6.3 | Prevents osteoporosis |
| 6.4 | Decreases blood cholesterol |
| 6.5 | Reduces bleeding tendency |
The next 3 questions refer to illustration B, the USDA Food Guide Pyramid. Write the letter or letters of the food group(s) in illustration B that are described by each of the following:
Illustration
B depicts a Food Guide pyramid similar to one at this URL (http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/food/
pyramid.html) with 7 sections labeled A through G, each with pictures of
food. Foods were easily recognizable (A=sweets; B=dairy; C=fruits;
D=grains; E=vegetables; F=meats, nuts; G=fats)
| 6.6 | Good source of a vitamin that helps prevents rickets and osteomalacia |
| 6.7 | Should be eaten sparingly |
| 6.8 | Good source of a vitamin that helps the body absorb iron |
The last 2 questions refer to Chart C.
Chart C depicts 5 boxes with these labels: Grains, Legumes, Dairy and Meat Products, Nuts, and Seeds. There were 2-way arrows between Grains and Legumes, Legumes and Seeds, Seeds and Nuts, Nuts and Grains, and Dairy and Meat Products and all 4 of the other boxes. Each box also listed common examples of foods in each of the 5 categories.
| 6.9 | These foods in chart C are high in a macronutrient which is a building block for tissues, particularly muscles. Name the macronutrient. |
| 6.10 | Arrows between boxes in the chart indicate two groups that can be combined to create a full complement of essential amino acids. How many essential amino acids are there? |
Answer Key
| 1.1 | B. Jeremy |
| 1.2 | 18.47% (19% rounded) |
| 1.3 | 240 cal |
| 1.4 | 180 cal |
| 1.5 | 6.2 # |
| 1.6 | 105 cal |
| 2.1 | 4 |
| 2.2 | 1 |
| 2.3 | 3 |
| 2.4 | 2 |
| 2.5 | 4 |
| 2.6 | 2 |
| 2.7 | 12 |
| 2.8 | 4 |
| 2.9 | D |
| 3.1 | True |
| 3.2 | False |
| 3.3 | False |
| 3.4 | False |
| 3.5 | Lactic Acid |
| 3.6 | through increased heart rate |
| 4.1 | C |
| 4.2 | No match |
| 4.3 | B |
| 4.4 | A |
| 4.5 | D |
| 4.6 | E |
| 4.7 | 22.5 L/min |
| 4.8 | 113.3 (round to 113) |
| 4.9 | B |
| 4.10 | C |
| 4.11 | 125 beats/min |
| 5.1 | B |
| 5.2 | 103 |
| 5.3 | C |
| 5.4 | D |
| 5.5 | False |
| 5.6 | True |
| 5.7 | True |
| 5.8 | False |
| 5.9 | False |
| 5.10 | 1953711 |
| 5.11 | 12861024 |
| 6.1 | True |
| 6.2 | False |
| 6.3 | False |
| 6.4 | True |
| 6.5 | False |
| 6.6 | B |
| 6.7 | A and G |
| 6.8 | E and C |
| 6.9 | Protein |
| 6.10 | 8 |
Total = 51 + 2(*)
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