Movements of Birds and Avian Influenza from Asia into Alaska
Kevin Winker,* Kevin G. McCracken,*† Daniel D. Gibson,*
Christin L. Pruett,*† Rose Meier,* Falk Huettmann,† Michael Wege,‡ Irina V.
Kulikova,§ Yuri N. Zhuravlev,§ Michael L. Perdue,¶# Erica Spackman,# David L.
Suarez,# and David E. Swayne#
*University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA;
†Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA; ‡Yukon Delta National
Wildlife Refuge, Bethel, Alaska, USA; §Russian Academy of Sciences,
Vladivostok, Russia; ¶World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; and
#United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
Vol. 13, No. 4 • April 2007
| Appendix Table. Species of waterfowl (Anatidae) and shorebirds (Charadriidae, Recurvirostridae, and Scolopacidae) in Alaska with an Old World connection or from which cloacal swabs or fecal samples were obtained, Alaska, 1998–2004* | |||||
| Common name | Taxonomic name |
No. swabs |
OW min |
OW max |
Source(s) |
| Bean goose | Anser fabalis |
0 |
100 |
100 |
Authors |
| Greater white-fronted goose | Anser albifrons |
0 |
3,000† |
30,000 |
(1,2) |
| Lesser white-fronted goose | Anser erythropus |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Emperor goose | Chen canagica |
17 |
8,625 |
11,500 |
(3) |
| Snow goose | Chen caerulescens |
0 |
80,000 |
80,000 |
(3) |
| Brant | Branta bernicla |
6 |
510‡ |
2,550‡ |
(4) |
| Cackling goose | Branta hutchinsii |
443 |
|||
| Tundra swan | Cygnus columbianus |
0 |
1,420† |
14,200 |
(3) |
| Whooper swan | Cygnus cygnus |
0 |
500 |
500 |
Authors |
| Gadwall | Anas strepera |
1 |
50† |
500 |
Authors |
| Falcated duck | Anas falcata |
2 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Eurasian wigeon | Anas penelope |
8 |
800 |
800 |
Authors |
| American wigeon | Anas americana |
7 |
|||
| Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos |
131 |
7,000§ |
35,000§ |
(5) |
| Spot-billed duck | Anas poecilorhyncha |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Northern shoveler | Anas clypeata |
17 |
6,660† |
66,600 |
(5) |
| Northern pintail | Anas acuta |
3,703 |
45,250† |
135,750 |
(5) |
| Garganey | Anas querquedula |
1 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Baikal teal | Anas formosa |
1 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Green-winged teal | Anas crecca |
1,477 |
7,130§ |
35,650§ |
(5) |
| Anas sp. | Anas acuta, crecca, or platyrhynchos |
610 |
|||
| Canvasback | Aythya valisineria |
1 |
|||
| Redhead | Aythya americana |
2 |
|||
| Common pochard | Aythya ferina |
0 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Ring-necked duck | Aythya collaris |
5 |
|||
| Tufted duck | Aythya fuligula |
2 |
450 |
500 |
Authors |
| Greater scaup | Aythya marila |
53 |
9,000† |
90,000 |
(5) |
| Lesser scaup | Aythya affinis |
29 |
|||
| Steller's eider | Polysticta stelleri |
615 |
410† |
4,100 |
(3,5) |
| Spectacled eider | Somateria fischeri |
0 |
12,000 |
12,000 |
(3) |
| King eider | Somateria spectabilis |
1 |
500† |
3,500 |
(3) |
| Common eider | Somateria mollissima |
18 |
255‡ |
1,275‡ |
(3) |
| Harlequin duck | Histrionicus histrionicus |
9 |
1,700‡ |
8,500‡ |
(3), Authors |
| Surf scoter | Melanitta perspicillata |
1 |
|||
| White-winged scoter | Melanitta fusca |
0 |
875‡ |
4,375‡ |
(5), Authors |
| Black scoter | Melanitta nigra |
0 |
1,400‡ |
7,000‡ |
(5), Authors |
| Long-tailed duck | Clangula hyemalis |
2 |
660‡ |
3,300‡ |
(5), Authors |
| Bufflehead | Bucephala albeola |
3 |
|||
| Common goldeneye | Bucephala clangula |
1 |
1,500† |
15,000 |
(5), Authors |
| Smew | Mergellus albellus |
0 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Common merganser | Mergus merganser |
3 |
100† |
500 |
Authors |
| Red-breasted merganser | Mergus serrator |
10 |
360‡ |
1,800‡ |
(5) |
| Black-bellied plover | Pluvialis squatarola |
11 |
1,000 |
5,000 |
(6), Authors |
| European golden plover | Pluvialis apricaria |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| American golden plover | Pluvialis dominica |
26 |
|||
| Pacific golden plover | Pluvialis fulva |
39 |
500† |
4,000 |
(6), Authors |
| Lesser sand plover | Charadrius mongolus |
4 |
500 |
500 |
Authors |
| Snowy plover | Charadrius alexandrinus |
0 |
10 |
0 |
Authors |
| Common ringed plover | Charadrius hiaticula |
1 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Semipalmated plover | Charadrius semipalmatus |
19 |
|||
| Little ringed plover | Charadrius dubius |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Eurasian dotterel | Charadrius morinellus |
0 |
100 |
100 |
Authors |
| Black-winged stilt | Himantopus himantopus |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Common greenshank | Tringa nebularia |
6 |
250 |
250 |
Authors |
| Greater yellowlegs | Tringa melanoleuca |
16 |
|||
| Lesser yellowlegs | Tringa flavipes |
4 |
|||
| Marsh sandpiper | Tringa stagnatilis |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Spotted redshank | Tringa erythropus |
0 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Wood sandpiper | Tringa glareola |
35 |
500 |
500 |
Authors |
| Green sandpiper | Tringa ochropus |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Solitary sandpiper | Tringa solitaria |
1 |
|||
| Wandering tattler | Heteroscelus incanus |
24 |
200† |
2,000 |
(7) |
| Gray-tailed tattler | Heteroscelus brevipes |
20 |
500 |
500 |
Authors |
| Common sandpiper | Actitis hypoleucos |
5 |
100 |
100 |
Authors |
| Spotted sandpiper | Actitis macularius |
3 |
|||
| Terek sandpiper | Xenus cinereus |
2 |
50 |
50 |
Authors |
| Little curlew | Numenius minutus |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Whimbrel | Numenius phaeopus |
21 |
1,050 |
1,050 |
(6), Authors |
| Bristle-thighed curlew | Numenius tahitiensis |
1 |
|||
| Far Eastern curlew | Numenius madagascariensis |
0 |
25 |
25 |
Authors |
| Black-tailed godwit | Limosa limosa |
2 |
25 |
25 |
Authors |
| Hudsonian godwit | Limosa haemastica |
6 |
|||
| Bar-tailed godwit | Limosa lapponica |
49 |
120,000 |
120,000 |
(6) |
| Marbled godwit | Limosa fedoa |
14 |
|||
| Ruddy turnstone | Arenaria interpres |
50 |
2,500 |
3,750 |
(6) |
| Black turnstone | Arenaria melanocephala |
19 |
|||
| Surfbird | Aphriza virgata |
10 |
|||
| Great knot | Calidris tenuirostris |
0 |
25 |
25 |
Authors |
| Red knot | Calidris canutus |
13 |
47,500 |
47,500 |
(6) |
| Sanderling | Calidris alba |
3 |
30† |
450 |
(6), Authors |
| Semipalmated sandpiper | Calidris pusilla |
37 |
|||
| Western sandpiper | Calidris mauri |
79 |
36,750† |
351,750 |
(6) |
| Red-necked stint | Calidris ruficollis |
12 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
Authors |
| Little stint | Calidris minuta |
1 |
25 |
25 |
Authors |
| Temminck's stint | Calidris temminckii |
2 |
100 |
100 |
Authors |
| Long-toed stint | Calidris subminuta |
9 |
100 |
100 |
Authors |
| Least sandpiper | Calidris minutilla |
10 |
|||
| Baird's sandpiper | Calidris bairdii |
11 |
750 |
750 |
(6), Authors |
| Pectoral sandpiper | Calidris melanotos |
34 |
20,000 |
20,000 |
(6), Authors |
| Sharp-tailed sandpiper | Calidris acuminata |
11 |
7,500 |
10,000 |
(6) |
| Rock sandpiper | Calidris ptilocnemis |
237 |
7,500† |
30,000 |
(6) |
| Dunlin | Calidris alpina |
37 |
648,000 |
648,000 |
(6) |
| Stilt sandpiper | Calidris himantopus |
13 |
|||
| Curlew sandpiper | Calidris ferruginea |
0 |
25 |
25 |
Authors |
| Spoon-billed sandpiper | Eurynorhynchus pygmeus |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Broad-billed sandpiper | Limicola falcinellus |
0 |
25 |
25 |
Authors |
| Buff-breasted sandpiper | Tryngites subruficollis |
20 |
|||
| Ruff | Philomachus pugnax |
0 |
250 |
250 |
Authors |
| Short-billed dowitcher | Limnodromus griseus |
2 |
|||
| Long-billed dowitcher | Limnodromus scolopaceus |
26 |
17,500† |
52,500 |
(3) |
| Jack snipe | Lymnocryptes minimus |
0 |
10 |
10 |
Authors |
| Wilson's snipe | Gallinago delicata |
13 |
|||
| Common snipe | G. gallinago |
11 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
Authors |
| Pin-tailed snipe | G. stenura |
1 |
25 |
25 |
Authors |
| Red-necked phalarope | Phalaropus lobatus |
26 |
5,000† |
50,000 |
(3,6) |
| Red phalarope | Phalaropus fulicarius |
26 |
375,000 |
375,000 |
(3,6) |
| Feces of ducks and shorebirds | 53 |
||||
| Total swabs and fecal samples | 8,254 |
||||
| Total minimums and maximums | 1,486,120 |
2,291,825 |
|||
| Anatidae | 190,525 |
565,270 |
|||
| Charadriidae | 2,180 |
9,670 |
|||
| Scolopacidae | 1,293,415 |
1,716,885 |
|||
| *For those species with an Old World connection, we provide estimates of the numbers of individuals that come to Alaska annually from the Old World. OW min, minimum from Old World; OW max, maximum from Old World. Species in boldface (43 total) are Asian; others (37 additional species, those for which intercontinental population estimates are given) are shared between the New World and Old World. | |||||
| †Lower limits estimated. | |||||
| ‡Extrapolated assuming that population genetic estimates from 2 anatid species are representative. | |||||
| §Estimated from population genetics using 1%–5% of Alaska population moving between continents as sufficient to cause the moderate levels of gene flow observed. | |||||
Appendix Table References
- Eldridge W, Hodges J, Bollinger K. Report to the Pacific Flyway Committee on the 1985–2005 Coastal Zone Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta goose survey of geese, swans, and sandhill cranes. Anchorage (AK); US Fish and Wildlife Service; 2005.
- Nieman D, Warner WK, Smith J, Solberg J, Roetker F, Lobpries D, et al. Fall inventory of mid-continent white-fronted geese, 2004 [report]. Saskatoon (Saskatchewan): Canadian Wildlife Service; 2004.
- Poole A, Gill F, eds. The birds of North America online. [cited 2006 Apr 12]. Available from http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA
- Conant B, King RJ. Winter waterfowl survey: Mexico west coast and Baja California. Juneau (AK): US Fish and Wildlife Service; 2006.
- Conant B, Groves DJ. Alaska-Yukon waterfowl breeding population survey [report]. Juneau (AK): US Fish and Wildlife Service; 2005.
- Alaska Shorebird Working Group. A conservation plan for Alaska shorebirds. Anchorage (AK): US Fish & Wildlife Service and US Geological Survey; 2006.
- Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y. Influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature. 2006;440:435–6.
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This page last reviewed March 6, 2007
