Skip Navigation Links
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 CDC Home Search Health Topics A-Z

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Diabetes Public Health Resource
Home | About the Program | Site Map | Contact Us




Data & Trends

Diabetes Surveillance System

1999 Surveillance Report

Chapter 1: The Public Health Burden of Diabetes Mellitus in the United States

References

  1. Carter Center of Emory University. Closing the gap: the problem of diabetes mellitus in the United States. Diabetes Care 1985;8:391-406.
  2. American Diabetes Association. Direct and indirect costs of diabetes in the United States in 1992. Alexandria, Virginia: American Diabetes Association, 1993.
  3. Javitt JC, Chiang YP. Economic impact of diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  4. Harris MI. Summary. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for diabetes mellitus--United States, 1980-1989. In: CDC Surveillance Summaries, June 4, 1993. MMWR 1993;42:(No. SS-2):1-20.
  6. Stern MP, Haffner SM. Type II diabetes and its complications in Mexican Americans. Diabetes Metab Rev 1990;6:29-46.
  7. Harris MI. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in black and white Americans. Diabetes Metab Rev 1990;6:71-90.
  8. Tull ES, Roseman JM. Diabetes in African Americans. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  9. Stern MP, Mitchell BD. Diabetes in Hispanic Americans. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  10. Fujimoto WY. Diabetes in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  11. Gohdes D. Diabetes in North American Indians and Alaska Natives. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  12. Harris MI. Epidemiological correlates of NIDDM in Hispanics, whites, and blacks in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care 1991;14(Suppl 3):639-648.
  13. Flegal KM, Ezzati TM, Harris MI, Haynes SG, Juarez RZ, Knowler WC, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984. Diabetes Care 1991;14(Suppl 3):628-638.
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among American Indians/Alaska Natives—United States, 1996. MMWR 1998;47:901–4.
  15. Knowler WC, Saad MF, Pettitt DJ, Nelson RG, Bennett PH. Determinants of diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 1993;16(Suppl. 1):216-27.
  16. Kochanek KD, Hudson BL. Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1992. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, National Center of Health Statistics. Monthly vital statistics report, Vol. 43, No. 6 (suppl.), 1995.
  17. Janes GR. Ambulatory care for diabetes. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  18. Aubert RE, Geiss LS, Ballard DJ, Cocanougher B, Herman WH. Diabetes-related hospitalization and hospital utilization. In: Harris MI, Cowie CC, Stern MP, Boyko EJ, Reiber GE, Bennett PH, eds. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  19. Geiss LS, Herman WH, Smith PJ. Mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  20. Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Heart disease and diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  21. Palumbo PJ, Melton III LJ. Peripheral vascular disease and diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  22. Eastman RC. Neuropathy in diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  23. Reiber GE, Boyko EJ, Smith DG. Lower extremity foot ulcers and amputations in diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  24. Fishbein H, Palumbo PJ. Acute metabolic complications in diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  25. Nelson RG, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH. Kidney diseases in diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.        
  26. U.S. Renal Data System. USRDS 1999 Annual Data Report. Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1999.
  27. Songer TJ. Disability in diabetes. In: Diabetes In America, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1995; DHHS publication no. (NIH)95-1468.
  28. Allen TB, DeLong ER, Feussner JR. Impact of glucose self-monitoring on non-insulin treated patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1990;13:1044-50.
  29. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long–term complications in insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977–86.
  30. Litzelman DK, Slemenda CW, Langefeld CD, Hays LM, Welch MA, Bild DE, Ford ES, Vinicor F. Reduction of lower extremity clinical abnormalities in patients with non–insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:36–41.
  31. Ferris FL III: How effective are treatments for diabetic retinopathy? JAMA 1993; 269:1290–1.
  32. Nichol KL, Lind A, Margolis KL, Murdoch M, McFadden R, Hauge M, Magnan S, Drake M. The effectiveness of vaccination against influenza in healthy, working adults. N Engl J Med 1995;333:889-93.
  33. Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma J, Von Sternberg T. The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1994;331:778-84.
  34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010 (Conference edition, in two volumes). Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000.
  35. Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Faergeman O, Olsson AG, Thorgeirsson G, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Group. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. Diabetes Care 1997;20:614-20.
  36. Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Howard WJ, Davis BR, Cole TG, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels. Subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. The Care Investigators. Circulation 1998;98:2513-9.
  37. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastain in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.
  38. Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA, et al, for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 1996;276:1886-1892
  39. Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Birkenhager WH, et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. N Engl J Med 1999;340:677-684.
  40. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al for the HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial.  Lancet 1998;351:1755-1762.
  41. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-13.

Return to Chapter 1 Contents

 


Privacy Policy | Accessibility

Home | About the Program | Site Map | Contact Us

CDC Home | Search | Health Topics A-Z

This page last reviewed January 18, 2005.

United States Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Division of Diabetes Translation