Cancer
Publications and Materials
Below are selected publications and materials related to cancer. Please note the year of publication may be later than the year(s) the data represent.
2009 Publications and Materials
Breast Cancer
Screening: The Right to Know (11/12/09)
Breast cancer is the most common
cancer in women. And living with a disability does not make you immune.
Know the facts about breast cancer and why you need to make screening a
regular part of your health care.
Easy Read Breast
Cancer and You: What You Need to Know 
(7/7/09)
This two-page fact sheet provides basic information about breast cancer and mammograms.
It answers the questions: what is breast cancer, who gets breast cancer, what
raises a woman’s chance of getting breast cancer, what are the symptoms,
how can I prevent it, is there a test that can find breast cancer early, when
should I get a mammogram, what should I expect during a mammogram, and what happens
if my mammogram is abnormal.
Assessing
the Burden of HPV-Associated Cancers in the United States (1/27/09)
Cancer registry data is used to estimate how many HPV-associated cancers
occurred in the United States before the release of the HPV vaccine and
to examine current patterns in the distribution of these cancers. Six
articles are in this journal supplement.
Biomarker Test
Not Ready for Routine Clinical Use (1/27/09)
Experts respond to a new study on diagnostic markers for the early detection
of ovarian cancer. CDC states that although this study makes an important
contribution, more research is needed before the OvaSure test is accepted
into clinical practice for screening women in the general population
or for women at ‘‘high risk’’ of ovarian cancer.
2008 Publications and Materials
Women- Be
Aware: Podcast (11/20/08)
This podcast discusses the five main types of gynecologic cancer: cervical, ovarian,
uterine, vaginal, and vulvar.
Good News
about Breast Cancer: Podcast (11/20/08)
Dr. Sherri Stewart talks about a study she and her CDC colleagues recently
completed. In this study, Dr. Stewart examines rates of breast cancer
diagnoses among women in the United States from 1999 to 2003. Both in
situ and invasive female breast cancer rates have been decreasing in
recent years, with a sharper decline occurring from 2002 to 2003.
What
Works to Promote Cancer Screening (11/20/08)
The Community Guide conducted systematic reviews of interventions designed
to improve early detection and control of cancer by increasing screenings
for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer.
African-American
Women and Mass Media Campaign (11/20/08)
The African-American Women and Mass Media pilot campaign uses radio and
print media to make more women aware of the importance of getting mammograms
to find breast cancer early. The campaign is being piloted in Savannah
and Macon, Georgia.
Ovarian Cancer (6/23/08)
Ovarian cancer often causes signs and symptoms. Learn more about these
signs and symptoms. See your doctor, nurse, or other health care professional
if you have any of them every day for two weeks or longer.
Statistics:
Cancer among Women (6/23/08)
This web page summarizes the latest statistics on cancer diagnosis and
mortality among women of various racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Breast Cancer (6/23/08)
Except for skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed
cancer among American women. Learn about breast cancer and find out
if you qualify for a low-cost mammogram.
Breast
Cancer Screening (Mammogram) (6/23/08)
A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. Mammograms are the best method
to detect breast cancer early when it is easier to treat and before it
is big enough to feel or cause symptoms.
Cervical Cancer
and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (6/23/08)
Almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV),
a common virus that can be passed from one person to another during sex.
Learn more about HPV and the vaccine against it.
Cervical
Cancer Screening (Pap Test) (6/23/08)
Cervical cancer is the easiest female cancer to prevent, with regular
screening tests and follow-up. Learn about the two tests that can help
prevent cervical cancer or find it early: the Pap test and the HPV test.
Colorectal (Colon)
Cancer (6/23/08)
Colorectal cancer affects both men and women of all racial and ethnic
groups, and is most often found in people aged 50 years or older. When
colorectal cancer is found early and treated, the 5-year relative survival
rate is 90%.
Gynecologic Cancer (6/23/08)
CDC provides information and educational materials to raise awareness
about the five major gynecologic (women's) cancers: cervical, ovarian,
uterine, vaginal, and vulvar.
Economics of
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening (5/11/08)
CDC is coordinating a cost effectiveness analysis of 68 programs that
offer breast and cervical cancer screenings for uninsured and underinsured
women. Results of this study will help identify which approaches to delivery
of screening services can yield the most efficient use of resources.
Easy Read Don't Pass
on this Test Podcast (4/30/08)
In the United States, adults over age 50 years are at greatest risk for
colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths.
Dr. Djenaba Joseph discusses the importance of regular screening tests,
early detection, and knowing warning signs, including a change in bowel
habits, blood in the stool, and abdominal pain.
Easy Read Gynecologic Cancer
Awareness: Inside Knowledge Campaign (3/26/08)
This campaign will raise awareness of the five main types of gynecologic
cancer: cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar. When gynecologic
cancers are found early, treatment is most effective. It is important
for women to pay attention to their bodies and know what is normal for
them so that they can recognize the warning signs of gynecologic cancers.
Easy Read Cervical Cancer
Awareness (2/14/08)
Six out of ten cervical cancers occur in women who have never had a Pap
test or have not been screened in the past five years. Regular Pap tests
lower a woman's risk of cervical cancer because they can find problems
early, before cancer ever develops.
2007 Publications and Materials
Good News
about Breast Cancer Podcast (12/20/07)
Both in situ and invasive female breast cancer rates have been decreasing in
recent years, with a sharper decline occurring from 2002 to 2003. Decreases in
2003 occurred primarily among women aged greater than or equal to 50 years. Future
studies should focus on determining potential causes for these decreases.
Easy Read Regular Screening
Prevents Colorectal Cancer Podcast (10/9/07)
This four-minute podcast focuses on the prevention of colorectal cancer
and screening. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer
death in the United States. It affects men and women from all racial
and ethnic groups but is most common in people 50 and older. Colorectal
cancer is preventable.
Common Questions
about HPV and Cervical Cancer: For Women Who Have HPV (8/31/07)
This sheet answers 15 questions about HPV and cervical cancer, including
how to prevent infection, testing, talking to a partner about HPV, and
the HPV vaccine.
Decline
in Breast Cancer Incidence- United States, 1999-2003 (7/27/07)
Incidence rates for invasive breast cancer decreased each year during
1999-2003, with the greatest decrease (6.1%) occurring from 2002 to 2003;
women older than 50 years experienced a significant decrease during this
period. Future studies should focus on determining potential causes for
these decreases.
Breast Cancer Continuing
Medical Education Program (7/27/07)
CDC has teamed with Medscape™ from WebMD™ to develop an online
continuing medical education (CME) program called Follow Up of Abnormal
Clinical and Imaging Findings of the Breast: Five Self-Study Modules
for Primary Care Clinicians. The five self-directed, interactive training
modules are designed to educate clinicians on providing appropriate and
timely care to women with early signs of breast cancer, and to train
physicians on the latest evidence, protocols, and guidelines around detecting
breast cancer.
Easy Read Understanding
Breast Health (2/1/07)
This basic two-page fact sheet describes the parts of the breast and
answers common questions about breast cancer, including: what causes
breast lumps, how can I tell if I have breast cancer, is breast cancer
the most common cause of death for women, what increases my chance of
getting breast cancer, is there a test to look for breast cancer, why
should I have a mammogram, when should I get a mammogram, where can I
get a mammogram, and who can I talk to if I have questions.
Easy Read Understanding
Mammograms (2/1/07)
This basic two-page fact sheet shows what a mammogram looks like and
explains when you should get one. It also answers the following questions:
what is a mammogram, why should I get a mammogram, when should I get
a mammogram, how is a mammogram done, what does having a mammogram feel
like, what does a mammogram look like, when will I get results, what
happens if my mammogram is normal, what happens if my mammogram is abnormal,
where can I get a mammogram, and who can I talk to if I have questions.
Easy Read Mammograms
and Breast Health (2/1/07)
This 20-page brochure provides detailed information about breast health,
breast cancer, and mammograms, and includes a list of resources for further
information.
Use
of Mammograms among Women Aged 40 Years and Older- United States, 2000-2005 (2/1/07)
Although mammogram use increased substantially during the 1990s, results
from a recent cohort study of health maintenance organization members
revealed declining screening rates during 1999-2002. This report describes
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System findings that indicate a similar
decreasing trend in self-reported use of mammograms among women aged
40 years and older during 2000-2005. Continued declines in mammography
use might result in increased breast cancer mortality.
2006 Publications and Materials
Assessing
Awareness and Knowledge of Breast and Cervical Cancer among Appalachian
Women (12/1/06)
Understanding why low-income Appalachian women do not get screened for breast
and cervical cancer and determining motivational factors that encourage screening
are important to increase screening rates among this population. Results from
this study indicated that women were concerned about health care costs and lack
of health insurance. Cost, fear, and embarrassment were identified as the top
barriers to breast and cervical cancer screening. Participants believed that
community-based educational campaigns would increase screening and promote use
of the West Virginia Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program.
Easy Read Breast Cancer (11/29/06)
Find out where you can get a free or low-cost mammogram, facts about
breast cancer, risk factors, symptoms, how to reduce risk, and more.
Genomic
Tests for Ovarian Cancer Detection and Management (11/29/06)
A CDC-sponsored evidence report on Genomic Tests for Ovarian Cancer Detection
and Management has been released by the Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality. Current strategies for the detection of ovarian cancer have
not proven to be effective; consequently there is tremendous interest
in investigating genomic, proteomic, and other tests to aid in early
detection and management.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Teens Aged 14-17 Years Who Used Indoor Tanning Devices
during the Preceding 12 Months, by Sex and Age- United States, 2005 (11/29/06)
In 2005, 8.7 percent of teens aged 14-17 years used indoor tanning devices.
Girls aged 14-17 years were seven times more likely to use these devices
than boys in the same age group. The use of indoor tanning devices increased
with age from 14 to 17 years.
Screen
for Life Campaign: New TV PSAs Feature Diane Keaton (10/31/06)
In new Screen for Life: National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign television
public service announcements, Academy Award-winning actress Diane Keaton
urges viewers to get screened for colorectal cancer, the nation's second
leading cancer killer. Ms. Keaton talks about her "Grammy Keaton," who
died of colon cancer. She speaks poignantly about her grandmother, as
well as her own commitment to do everything in her power to remain healthy.
Flashing her trademark smile, she says, "Just get screened... If
I can do it, you can do it. How's that for a deal?"
Annual
Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2003 (10/31/06)
A new report from the nation’s leading cancer organizations finds
that Americans’ risk of dying from cancer continues to drop. However,
the rate of new cancers remains stable. Among women, incidence rates
decreased for colon and rectum cancers and cancers of the uterus, ovarian
cancer, oral cancers, and stomach and cervical cancers.
Program
Contacts for Free or Low-Cost Mammograms (9/19/06)
Mammography is the best way to detect breast cancer in its earliest,
most treatable stage- an average of 1–3 years before a woman can
feel the lump. Mammography also locates cancers too small to be felt
during a clinical breast examination. Find out where you can get a free
or low-cost mammogram and Pap test. Age and income requirements vary.
Easy Read Sun
Safety at Schools: What You Can Do (9/19/06)
School is a place where young people can learn important sun safety
lessons that can make a lifelong difference. This brochure
explains how school administrators and staff, parents, and community
healthcare service providers can promote sun safety.
Easy Read Skin Cancer
Prevention (6/19/06)
Protection from sun exposure is important all year round, not just during
the summer or at the beach. Any time the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays
are able to reach the earth, you need to protect yourself from excessive
sun exposure. Find out how the suns rays affect your health and how to
protect your self.
2005 Publications and Materials
U.S. Cancer
Statistics: 2002 Incidence and Mortality Report (11/30/05)
This report provides state–specific and regional data for cancer cases
diagnosed and cancer deaths that occurred in 2002. This report is jointly produced
annually by the CDC and the National Cancer Institute, in collaboration with
the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries.
Investing
Wisely in Health: Screening to Prevent Cancer Deaths (11/30/05)
This fact sheet presents the economic cost of cancer including colorectal,
breast, and cervical cancers. The fact sheet discusses the cost effectiveness
of cancer screening and what CDC's National Breast and Cervical Cancer
Early Detection Program and Screen for Life: National Colorectal Cancer
Action Campaign are doing to help increase cancer screening.
Breast
Cancer Screening and Socioeconomic Status- 35 Metropolitan Areas, 2000
and 2002 (10/30/05)
To examine associations between breast cancer screening and both individual
and area-based measures of socioeconomic status among women in metropolitan
areas, CDC analyzed the percentage of women who had a mammogram by using
individual data (i.e., household income and education level) from the
2000 and 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys and
area-based data (i.e., percentages classified as living in poverty* or
at a low education level†) from the 2000 U.S. Census. This report
summarizes the results of those analyses, which suggested that, among
women in 35 metropolitan statistical areas, those with annual household
incomes of <$15,000 were less likely to have had a mammogram than
more affluent women (especially in areas where a greater proportion of
women were affluent) and those without a high school education were less
likely to have had a mammogram than women with more education.
The Effect
of Two Church-Based Interventions on Breast Cancer Screening Rates
among Medicaid-Insured Latinas (9/30/05)
The Tepeyac Project aims to reduce these disparities by using a church-based
approach to increase breast cancer screening among Latinas in Colorado.
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two Tepeyac
Project interventions on the mammogram rates of Latinas and non-Latina
whites enrolled in the Medicaid fee-for-service program. The promotora
intervention had a marginally greater impact than the printed statewide
intervention in increasing mammogram use among Latinas.
Cancer Health Disparities (9/30/05)
This page provides information on the reality and costs of cancer as
well as effective strategies and promising approaches for eliminating
health disparities.
Breast and Cervical
Cancer Program Highlights (8/30/05)
Learn how 12 CDC programs in nine states (Alabama, California, Kansas,
Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico and Virginia) are taking
action against cancer.
Comprehensive Cancer Control (7/30/05)
CancerPlan.org is an interactive web site that provides comprehensive
cancer control resources, tools, state practices, and links to assist
state, tribes, territories and community cancer planners to develop,
implement, and evaluate comprehensive cancer plans. CancerPlan.org is
the product of a collaboration among the American Cancer Society, CDC,
and the National Cancer Institute.
A
Multigene Assay to Predict Recurrence of Tamoxifen-Treated, Node-Negative
Breast Cancer (6/30/05)
Using gene expression analysis of breast tumors from women who were treated
with chemotherapy and tamoxifen and who had no lymph node involvement,
this study set out to design a valid and reliable tool for predicting
high, medium, and low likelihood of recurrence. The authors of this study
showed that a recurrence score based on expression of 16 genes in tumor
tissue can be an accurate tool to quantify the likelihood of distant
site recurrence in tamoxifen-treated female patients whose breast cancer
was estrogen-receptor positive and had not spread to the lymph nodes.
Are Older
Adults Up-to-Date With Cancer Screening and Vaccinations? (6/30/05)
Investigators analyzed state data from the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System, which included 105,860 respondents aged 50 and older.
A composite measure was created that included colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy
within 10 years or a fecal occult blood test in the past year, an influenza
vaccination in the past year, a Papanicolaou test within 3 years for
women with an intact cervix, a mammogram, and for adults aged 65 and
older, a pneumonia vaccination during their lifetime. The percentage
of each age and sex group that was up-to-date according to the composite
measure ranged from 21.1% of women aged 50 to 64 (four tests) to 39.6%
of men aged 65 and older (three tests). For each group, results varied
by income, education, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and whether the
respondent had a personal physician.
Increased Physician
Recommendations Could Help to Significantly Increase Pap Screenings
in the United States (Press Release) (5/30/05)
The CDC analyzed data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey
to determine if women in the United States had received a physician recommendation
to get a Pap test. Study findings show that among women who had visited
a doctor in the last year, but who had not had a recent Pap test, about
87 percent reported that their doctor had not recommended a Pap test
in the last year. They cited this lack of a physician recommendation
as a leading reason for not having the test in the last year. Other reported
reasons for not receiving a Pap test included "no reason/never thought
about it," "didn't know I needed this type of test," "put
it off," "too expensive/no insurance," and "don't
have doctor."
Services
and Resources for Cancer Survivors (5/30/05)
CDC has prepared a selected list of national organizations that provide
services and resources to cancer survivors.
Minority
Cancer Research Activities (4/30/05)
CDC works to eliminate disparities in cancer through surveillance and
monitoring of disease and health behaviors, building new partnerships,
determining the best strategies to address the cancer burden in populations,
working with communities, and evaluating and improving programs. Find
out more about the research that supports the elimination of disparities
in health.
Insulin-like
Growth Factor-I Gene Polymorphism and Breast Cancer Risk in Chinese
Women (4/30/05)
Wen et al reported an association of IGFI gene polymorphisms with breast
cancer risk and plasma IGF-I level in Chinese women based on a population-based
case-control study. The study included 1,041 incident breast cancer cases
diagnosed from August 1996 through March 1998 in Shanghai and 1,086 randomly
selected age-matched controls from the general population. Although no
relation between plasma IGF-I levels and IGFI genotypes was found, the
genotypes containing the (CA)17 or (CA)19 allele were associated with
a significantly decreased or increased risk of breast cancer, respectively,
and the genotypes containing any of the 4 rare alleles, (CA)11, (CA)13,
(CA)16 and (CA)23, were associated with a nonsignificantly increased
risk of breast cancer compared with those that did not carry the specific
alleles. These findings could help us to further understand the relationship
between breast cancer and IGF polymorphism in the biology of breast cancer.
HPV
Testing and Cervical Cancer Screening: Dear Colleague Letter (3/30/05)
In light of the recent launch of a national consumer marketing campaign
for an HPV DNA test, questions may be directed to STD and family planning
clinics, as well as cervical cancer prevention programs. It is important
to reassure patients and providers that there have been no changes from
any professional organization in the recommendations regarding the importance,
timing or use of Pap tests. Additionally, this may be an opportune time
to answer questions from patients about HPV transmission and prevention.
Using
Evidence-Based Community and Behavioral Interventions to Prevent Skin
Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges for Public Health Practice (3/30/05)
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States and is increasing
in incidence. Fortunately, skin cancer is one of the most preventable
cancers. This paper summarizes the state of knowledge about the effectiveness
of interventions to reduce UVR exposure among various groups to prevent
skin cancer and suggests strategies and resources for translating the
evidence into action to improve population health.
1991–2002
National Report: Summarizing the First 12 Years of Partnerships and
Progress against Breast and Cervical Cancer (2/28/05)
This report summarizes the first 12 years of the program, from 1991 through
2002. Information on the program’s framework and history are given
in addition to data on breast and cervical cancer screening results and
outcomes for women served through the program.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Women Who Reported Ever Having a Mammogram (1/30/05)
Approximately 70% of U. S. women have ever had a mammogram. The likelihood
that a woman has had a mammogram at some time in her life varies by race/ethnicity.
Hispanic women were the least likely to have ever had a mammogram, whereas
non-Hispanic white women were the most likely.
Easy Read Cervical
Cancer Screening (1/30/05)
On this page, the following topics are discussed: why get a pap test,
basic facts and risk factors, screening interval recommendations, strategies
for reaching underserved populations, and additional resources.
2004 Publications and Materials
New Mexico’s
Capacity for Increasing the Prevalence of Colorectal Cancer Screening with
Screening Colonoscopies (12/30/04)
Colorectal cancer screening rates are low throughout the United States. Colonoscopy
has been recommended as a cost-effective strategy for colorectal cancer screening
and prevention. New Mexico’s capacity to increase the prevalence of colorectal
cancer screening using colonoscopy is evaluated.
2004-2005
National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: Saving Lives
through Screening Fact Sheet (11/30/04)
This new 2004-2005 fact sheet provides information on the national breast and
cervical cancer program, CDC research and programs, and future directions.
Spotlight on Ovarian
Cancer Awareness (9/30/04)
This page includes information on ovarian cancer facts, resources, and CDC
funded projects.
Inadequate Functional
Health Literacy in Spanish as a Barrier to Cervical Cancer Screening Among
Immigrant Latinas in New York City (9/30/04)
The objective of this study was to examine the association between inadequate
functional health literacy in Spanish among low-income Latinas aged 40 and
older and cervical cancer screening knowledge and behavior. Compared to those
with adequate and marginal health literacy, women with inadequate functional
health literacy in Spanish were significantly less likely to have ever had
a Papanicolaou (Pap) test or in the last three years and were significantly
more likely to have had their last Pap test at a local public hospital.
Breast and
Cervical Cancer Screening Among Korean Women- Santa Clara County, California,
1994 and 2002 (8/30/04)
This report summarizes the findings of several surveys, which indicated that
Korean women received less frequent breast- and cervical-cancer screening compared
with all California women. However, from 1994 to 2002, mammography screening
for women aged >50 years increased among Korean women. In addition, during
this period, routine checkups increased for Korean women, and those aged >50
years were more likely to have received clinical breast examinations.
Easy Read "Best of
the Best" Choose Your Cover CD-ROM (8/30/04)
The Choose Your Cover Campaign (CYC) was a 5-year skin cancer prevention and
education campaign sponsored by CDC. Although CYC concluded in 2003, all of
the materials—skin cancer facts, information for parents, campaign materials,
and ready to use graphics—are still available. The CD-ROM contains campaign
brochures, posters, print public service announcements and icons.
Genetic Testing
for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility: Evaluating Direct-to-Consumer
Marketing- Atlanta, Denver, Raleigh-Durham, and Seattle, 2003 (7/30/04)
This report summarizes results of consumer and provider surveys, which indicated
that consumer and provider awareness of BRCA1/2 testing increased in the pilot
cities and that providers in these cities perceived an impact on their practice
(e.g., more questions asked about testing, more BRCA1/2 tests requested, and
more tests ordered). However, in all four cities, providers often lacked knowledge
to advise patients about inherited breast or ovarian cancer and testing.
Cancer Survivorship-
United States, 1971-2001 (6/30/04)
This report summarizes the results of a study of cancer data collected during
1971-2001, which determined that the number of persons living with cancer increased
from 3.0 million (1.5% of the U.S. population) in 1971 to 9.8 million (3.5%)
in 2001. Among all cancer survivors in 2001, an estimated 14% had received
a cancer diagnosis >20 years ago. More females than males were survivors,
although more males than females received cancer diagnoses. Among cancer survivors
in 2001, the most common primary cancer type was female breast cancer (22%),
followed by prostate cancer (17%), colorectal cancer (11%), and gynecologic
cancer (10%).
Georgia’s
Cancer Awareness and Education Campaign: Combining Public Health Models and
Private Sector Communications Strategies (6/30/04)
A strategic and integrated communications campaign, using tactics such as paid
advertising, public service announcements, local community relations, media
releases, a documentary film, special events, and other components, is described
in detail with links to multimedia samples. With an estimated budget of $3.1
million, the first year of the campaign focused on breast and cervical cancer
screening and early detection.
Breast Cancer-Screening
Data for Assessing Quality of Services-New York, 2000-2003 (6/30/04)
In 1998, the New York State Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program (NYSBCCSP)
began reviewing the clinical outcomes of clients screened through the program
to identify facilities that might need more intensive assessment of quality
assurance and corrections of deficiencies. This report describes the quality
assurance process of NYSBCCSP, which provides methods for monitoring and assessing
the quality of clinical care by program providers. These outcome-based methods
can be useful to other programs and providers of breast cancer screening.
Cancer Mortality
Surveillance, United States, 1990-2000 (6/30/04)
Mortality data from CDC were used to calculate death rates and trends, categorized
by state, sex, and race/ethnicity. Trend analyses for 1990-2000 are presented
for all cancer sites combined and for the four leading cancers causing death
(lung/bronchus, colorectal, prostate, and breast) categorized by state, sex,
and race/ethnicity. Death rates per 100,000 population for the 10 primary cancer
sites with the highest age-adjusted rates are also presented for each state
and the District of Columbia by sex. For females, the 10 primary sites include
lung/bronchus, breast, colon/rectum, pancreas, ovary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
leukemia, brain/other nervous system, uterine corpus, and myeloma. For 1990-2000,
cancer mortality decreased among the majority of racial/ethnic populations
and geographic locations in the United States.
Annual Report to
the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2001 (Press Release) (6/30/04)
Americans' risks of getting cancer and dying from this disease continue to
decline, and survival rates from many cancers continue to improve. Overall,
observed cancer incidence rates dropped 0.5 percent per year from 1991 to 2001,
while death rates from all cancers combined dropped 1.1 percent per year from
1993–2001. The report also highlights improvements in survival from cancer.
The report is a collaboration of the CDC, the National Cancer Institute, the
American Cancer Society, and the North American Association of Central Cancer
Registries.
CYP19, CYP1A1
Polymorphisms and ER-Positive Breast Cancer (4/30/04)
In an effort to accurately identify candidates for whom tamoxifen would be
beneficial, the authors attempt to identify genetic risk factors for the estrogen
receptor-positive form of breast cancer. Though this information may not be
relevant to the general population, it does appear that these findings may
be a significant source of information for women debating the use of tamoxifen.
A
National Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies (4/30/04)
CDC and the Lance Armstrong Foundation are leading a public health effort to
address the issues faced by the growing number of cancer survivors living with,
through, and beyond cancer. Through their collaboration A National Action Plan
for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies was developed.
The National Action Plan represents the combined effort of almost 100 experts
in cancer survivorship and public health. The National Action Plan identifies
and prioritizes cancer survivorship needs and proposes strategies for addressing
those needs within four core public health components: surveillance and applied
research, communication, education, and training; programs, policies, and infrastructure;
access to quality care and services.
Tea Intake,
COMT Genotype, and Breast Cancer in Asian-American Women (4/30/04)
While there is much biological evidence to support the plausibility of interactions
between COMT genotype and environmental exposures, there have been few studies
to evaluate these associations. This study provides evidence of positive interaction
between COMT genotype and tea drinking among Asian-American women. The authors
offer their finding as a possible reason for conflicting results in the risks
associated to COMT genotype in previous studies.
CDC's Human
Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer Prevention Activities (3/30/04)
This page provides the March 11 testimony of Ed Thompson, M.D., Deputy Director,
CDC, before the Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice,
U.S. House of Representatives. Dr. Thompson discusses what we know about HPV,
CDC activities, and individual and public health strategies.
A Model Community
Skin Cancer Prevention Project in Maine (3/30/04)
This article describes the creation and testing of a community skin cancer
prevention project in the state of Maine. Target audiences for the program
were newborns and their parents, children between 5 and 14 years old and their
caregivers, and all people living in the Portland area. Their specific objectives
were to: increase the proportion of new parents who are aware of the dangers
of sun exposure to newborns and the proper ways to protect their babies from
sun exposure; improve sun protection policies for the 700 youths participating
in Portland's Parks and Recreation summer camp program; and increase community
awareness of the dangers of unprotected sun exposure.
Ovarian
Cancer and Polymorphisms in the Androgen and Progesterone Receptor Genes:
A HuGE Review (2/27/04)
The mounting evidence for a role of both progestins and androgens in ovarian
cancer supports the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the PGR and AR genes may
act as risk factors for ovarian cancer and/or as modifiers of risk associated
with exposure to hormonal factors. However, the data thus far have been inconclusive.
Only two studies have examined the association of the AR CAG repeat with ovarian
cancer, with contradictory findings. Differences in the study designs may explain
these disparate findings. This suggests a need for large, well-designed studies
specifically aimed at addressing the association of the polymorphism with ovarian
cancer.
Genetic
Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility: A Public Health Perspective (2/27/04)
This page provides facts and resources to public health professionals to help
women and their families understand hereditary breast/ovarian cancer and the
implications of genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Easy Read Cervical
Cancer Fact Sheet: Basic Facts on Screening and the Pap Test (1/20/04)
This two page fact sheet answers the questions what is cervical cancer, what
is the pap test, who should have a pap test, who does not need to be tested,
how to prepare for the pap test, when results will be obtained, and how to
get a free or low-cost pap test. It also contains important facts about cervical
cancer and the role of screening to prevent cervical cancer and save lives.
2003 Publications and Materials
Nonadherence
to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: What Are the Linkages to Chronic
Disease Risk? (12/18/03)
The results of this study suggest that underscreened women who are at risk
for breast and cervical cancer are likely to benefit from programs that identify
and address coexisting prevention needs. The identification of coexisting prevention
needs might assist in developing interventions that address multiple risks
for chronic disease among women and might subsequently help improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of prevention programs.
Risk
of Cervical Cancer and Extending the Interval between Cervical-Cancer Screenings (11/18/03)
The study, funded by the CDC, found that many women can safely extend their
cervical cancer screening interval from once a year to once every three years.
Using data on outcomes from a large, national, publicly funded program of cervical-cancer
screening, the authors conducted a study to estimate the excess risk of cancer
associated with extended intervals between screenings among women with documentation
of negative results on consecutive conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) tests.
Comparison
of Screening Mammography in the United States and the United Kingdom (11/18/03)
This report compares screening mammography practices and performance in the
United States and in the United Kingdom, with a concentration on two areas:
recall rates and cancer detection rates. Recall rates refer to recommendations
for further evaluation, including diagnostic imaging, ultrasound, clinical
exam, or biopsy. Cancer detection rates were calculated for the first and subsequent
mammogram and within 5-year age groups. The authors report that recall rates
were about twice as high in the United States as in the United Kingdom for
all age groups; however cancer rates were similar.
United States Cancer
Statistics, 2000 Incidence Report (11/18/03)
Press Release
Cancer incidence data are reported for 66 selected primary cancer sites and
subsites for males, 70 selected primary cancer sites and subsites for females,
and for all cancer sites combined. These data have been assembled into tables
and figures that provide specific information with regard to geographic area,
race, sex, and age.
Preventing
Skin Cancer
The Task Force on Community Preventive Services conducted systematic reviews
of community interventions to reduce exposure to ultraviolet light and increase
protective behaviors. The Task Force found sufficient evidence to recommend
two interventions that are based on improvements in sun protective or "covering-up" behavior
(wearing protective clothing including long-sleeved clothing or hats): educational
and policy approaches in two settings-primary schools and recreational or tourism
sites. The Task Force also conducted a systematic review of counseling by primary
care clinicians to prevent skin cancer. Rates of skin cancer, the most common
cancer in the United States, are increasing. The most preventable risk factor
for skin cancer is unprotected ultraviolet exposure. Only one third of adults
reported that they use sunscreen, seek shade, or wear protective clothing when
out in the sun.
Cancer Mortality
Among American Indians and Alaska Natives - United States, 1994-1998
To understand cancer mortality among AI/ANs, the Indian Health Service (IHS)
and CDC analyzed death certificate data provided by CDC's National Center for
Health Statistics for deaths among AI/ANs in five U.S. geographic regions during
1994-1998. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate
that cancer mortality rates among AI/ANs nationally were lower than cancer
mortality rates for all U.S. racial/ethnic populations combined. The cancer
mortality rate was 193.8 for males and 139.2 for females. Cervical cancer mortality
rates were higher among AI/ANs than among all racial/ethnic populations (3.7
and 2.6, respectively), particularly in the East and Northern Plains regions,
and breast cancer mortality rates were lower among AI/ANs than among all racial/ethnic
populations (17.0 and 29.4, respectively), particularly in the East, Pacific
Coast, and Southwest regions.
Easy Read DES & Breast
Cancer
The first teleconference [held on January 29, 2003] transcript on diethylstilbestrol
highlights current breast cancer research information for DES daughters and
women prescribed DES while pregnant.
2003 Science in Brief Cancer Fact Sheets
Breast
Cancer
Cervical
Cancer
Ovarian
Cancer
The fact sheets provide an overview of selected research projects for CDC's
cancer activities. They give background on the projects and highlight the scope,
project objectives and estimated completion dates.
Colorectal Cancer
Test Use Among Persons Aged >50 Years - United States, 2001 (Press
Release)
Fact Sheet
Telebriefing
Screen
for Life: National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign
This report summarizes the results of an analysis, which indicate that despite
small increases in the self-reported use of colorectal cancer tests, screening
rates remain low. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related
death in the United States. The lifetime risk for having colorectal cancer
diagnosed is 6 percent. Screening measures decrease the incidence and mortality
of colorectal cancer by detecting early disease and removing precancerous lesions.
Efforts to increase awareness and encourage regular colorectal cancer screening
should continue.
Hispanic Women in
Border States Less Likely to Receive Screening for Breast and Cervical Cancers (Press
Release)
Hispanic women, particularly those who live in counties along the U.S.-Mexico
border, are less likely than non-Hispanic women to undergo routine screenings
for breast and cervical cancers. The women least likely to be screened are
Hispanic women aged 65 years or older, yet women in this age group are at greater
risk for both cancers compared to younger women. The full report on cancer
screening in the U.S.-Mexico border counties is available in the April-June
issue of the scientific journal, Family and Community Health.
Invasive
Cervical Cancer Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Women - United States, 1992-1999
This report summarizes incidence data for Hispanic and non-Hispanic women during
1992-1999 in 11 geographic areas with population-based registries. The data
indicate that the incidence of invasive cervical cancer decreased for Hispanic
and non-Hispanic women. However, among women aged >30 years, cervical cancer
incidence for Hispanic women was approximately twice that for non-Hispanic
women. The incidence for invasive cervical cancer was 16.9 per 100,000 women
for Hispanic women and 8.9 for non-Hispanic women. Regardless of the stage
of disease at diagnosis, incidences for Hispanic women were approximately twice
those for non-Hispanic women in each year during 1992-1999. For both Hispanic
and non-Hispanic women, approximately 30% of all new invasive cervical cancers
diagnosed among women aged <50 years were at an advanced stage; among women
who were aged >50 years, advanced-stage cervical cancer represented 52%
of new diagnoses.
2002 Publications and Materials
Ovarian Cancer Awareness
Get facts on ovarian cancer, information about CDC funded projects, and legislation
related to ovarian cancer prevention.
Oral Contraceptives
and the Risk of Breast Cancer (Press Release)
Women who took oral contraceptives at some point in their lives are no more
likely to develop breast cancer between the ages of 35 and 64 than are other
women the same age, according to findings from the National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development (NICHD) Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive
Experiences (Women's CARE) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
study. The study appears in the June 27, 2002 issue of the New England Journal
of Medicine (NEJM). The analysis was conducted by CDC, colleagues at NICHD,
and other research institutions around the country in order to determine whether
current or former contraceptive use during the reproductive years increases
breast cancer risk. The women studied are members of the first generation of
American women to use oral contraceptives.
Annual
Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1973-1999, Featuring Implications
of Age and Aging on the U.S. Cancer Burden (NCI Press Release)
NCI
Questions and Answers
New data for 1999 show that death rates for all cancers combined continued
to decline in the United States. However, the number of cancer cases can be
expected to increase because of the growth and aging of the population in coming
decades, according to a report released today. The "Annual Report to the
Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1973-1999, Featuring Implications of Age and
Aging on the U.S. Cancer Burden" is published in the May 15, 2002 (Vol.
94, No. 10, pages 2766-2792), issue of Cancer. The report is by the National
Cancer Institute (NCI); the American Cancer Society; the North American Association
of Central Cancer Registries; the National Institute on Aging; and CDC.
Glutathione
S-Transferase Polymorphisms and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
An increasing number of epidemiologic studies have examined associations between
GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 and epithelial ovarian cancer. This Human Genome Epidemiology
Network (HUGE Net) review critically evaluates published studies of these associations
and offers suggestions for future research. This paper will be published with
modifications in Genetics in Medicine July/August 2002.
Easy Read Breast and
Cervical Cancer Information in Spanish
Information, in Spanish, is provided on breast cancer and mammography, cervical
cancer and pap test, and where to get a free or low-cost mammogram and Pap
test. See box on right side of page for links.
Combined
COMT and GST Genotypes and Hormone Replacement Therapy Associated Breast
Cancer Risk
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the Mitrunen et al. article. Includes a detailed abstraction of the article.
Skin Cancer Module: Practice
Exercises
This module was developed for students to learn more about skin cancer and
epidemiology for the 2002 National Science Olympiad, Disease Detective Section.
In addition to the Science Olympiad, these materials have multiple potential
applications for biology, other science, and health education purposes in the
classrooms of high schools and possibly some middle schools.
Mammography
Screening (Press Release)
Spanish Version
USPSTF Web Site
This Web site provides links to the statement from the Department of Health
and Human Services on screening, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF) recommendations on screening for breast cancer.
Association
of the C677T Polymorphisms in the MTHFR Gene with Breast and/or Ovarian Cancer
Risk in Jewish Women
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the Gershoni-Baruch R, et al article published in Eur J Cancer 2000;36:2313-2316.
Includes a detailed abstraction of the article.
Recent Trends
in Mortality Rates for Four Major Cancers, by Sex and Race/Ethnicity-United
States, 1990-1998
Except for lung cancer in women and lung, colorectal, and breast cancer in
American Indian/Alaska Natives, trends in death rates from these cancers have
generally declined. But the rates remained high for blacks, have not decreased
equally among all populations, and have increased in certain instances. Continuing
research and prevention efforts are needed to reach high-risk and underserved
populations and to understand the reasons for differences in cancer mortality
among racial/ethnic populations.
Tumor
Necrosis Factor A and MHC Class I Chain Related Gene A (MIC-A) Polymorphisms
in Swedish Patients with Cervical Cancer
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the Ghaderi M, et al article published in Human Immunology. Includes a detailed
abstraction of the article.
2001 Publications and Materials
Tamoxifen
and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Women with Inherited Mutations in BRCA1
and BRCA2
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the King M-C et al article published in JAMA. Includes a detailed abstraction
of the article.
Easy Read Screen
For Life: The National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign - New Materials
Download new patient materials that explain the facts about colorectal cancer
screening, including a brochure for Alaska Natives. New materials include "Basic
Facts on Screening", "Screening Saves Lives" and "A Circle
of Health for Alaskans." Screening guidelines and additional campaign
materials are also available on this page.
Breast
and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000
Get an update on state actions to implement the Medicaid option of the Breast
and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000.
The Ovarian Cancer Control Initiative
The Ovarian Cancer Control Initiative enhances the limited knowledge base around
ovarian cancer by initiating projects with partners, academic and medical colleagues,
and advocacy groups to identify factors related to early disease detection
and treatment.
Transforming
Growth Factor Beta 1 Polymorphism & Breast Cancer in Older Women
The Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Network e-Journal Club abstracts, summarizes,
presents, and discusses via a newly created HuGENet™ listserv new human
genome epidemiologic findings, published in the scientific literature in the
Office of Genetics and Disease Prevention Weekly Update.
Breast and
Cervical Cancer Congressional Testimony
Testimony of James S. Marks, M.D., M.P.H., Director, CDC's National Center
for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Department of Health and
Human Services, on May 9, 2001, before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee,
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education.
A
Call to Action: Prevention/Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer Slide Set
(Updated)
The slide presentation, A Call to Action: Prevention and Early Detection of
Colorectal Cancer, was developed to generate a greater awareness among primary
care providers (i.e., physicians, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners)
of the importance of prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer.
State
Plans to Insure Women with Breast or Cervical Cancer (Guidance, Summary, & FAQ's)
Maryland, New Hampshire and West Virginia are the first three states to take
advantage of the federal Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Act (BCCPT) that was signed into law in October 2000. The law extends the full
Medicaid benefit package to women who are screened and found to need treatment
through the CDC National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program.
To qualify for the new program, women must be under age 65, not otherwise eligible
for Medicaid and without creditable health care coverage. Adoption of coverage
for women under the BCCPT is optional for states. However, states that do offer
the benefit will receive an enhanced matching rate for women who enroll.
Guidance/Summary
of Actions-Breast/Cervical Cancer Prevention & Treatment Act of 2000
On October 24th, 2000, the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-354) was signed into law. This Act gives states
the option to provide medical assistance through Medicaid to eligible women
who were screened for and found to have breast or cervical cancer, including
precancerous conditions, through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early
Detection Program (NBCCEDP). NBCCEDP, which is administered by the CDC, provides
free breast and cervical cancer screening and follow-up diagnostic services
to women in need, such as those who are uninsured or have low incomes. In 2000,
CDC began its 10th year of this landmark program, supporting early detection
programs in all 50 states, 6 U.S. territories, the District of Columbia, and
12 American Indian and Alaska Native organizations.
Cervical Cancer
Detection Rates by Race and Ethnicity (Press Release)
CDC published the first race- and ethnic-specific rates of cervical cancer
detection from its national screening program for low-income, uninsured women.
The data were published in the January 2001 issue of Cancer Causes and Control.
Among women receiving their first National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early
Detection Program (NBCCEDP) -funded Papanicolau (Pap) test between 1991 and
1998, American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) women had the highest proportion
of abnormal tests (4.4%), followed by African-Americans (3.2%), whites (3.0%),
Hispanics (2.7%) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (A/PI) (1.9%). White women had
the highest rate of serious cervical lesions detected by biopsy (9.9 per 1,000
Pap tests), followed by Hispanics (7.6), African-Americans (7.1), AI/ANs (6.7),
and A/PIs (5.4).
This site contains documents in PDF format. You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader
to access the file. If you do not have the Acrobat Reader, you may download a
free copy from the Adobe Web site.
Page last modified: November 18, 2009
Page last reviewed: November 18, 2009