 |
2002 PRAMS Surveillance Report: Multistate Exhibits
Prenatal Care Timing and Adequacy |
|
Data Highlights | References | Tables
Background
Early prenatal care allows for early detection, treatment, and management of medical and obstetric conditions, including pregnancy-induced hypertension and diabetes. It also provides the opportunity for encouraging healthy behaviors and preventing disease by educating women early in their pregnancies about proper nutrition, safe sexual practices, the dangers of smoking and use of alcohol and drugs, and other factors that might affect pregnancy outcomes.1 More than 97% of women in the United States who had a live birth in 2002 received prenatal care,2 putting prenatal care providers in a unique position to screen and counsel pregnant women for risky behaviors and to promote healthy ones.
Because early initiation of prenatal care is important to the health of the mother and to try to optimize pregnancy outcomes, a goal of increasing the proportion of pregnant women who initiate prenatal care in the first trimester to 90% was established as one of the Healthy People 20003 objectives and retained as a Healthy People 2010 objective (Objective 16–6a).4 Between 1980 and 1991, three of every four (76%) pregnant women in the United States who had a live birth began prenatal care in the first trimester.5 Though this proportion increased to 84% in 2002,2 it remains below the Healthy People 2010 goal of 90%.4
Initiation of prenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy is limited as an indicator of prenatal care adequacy because it does not measure consistent or continuous care. The total number of prenatal care visits provides more information about the extent of provider contact, but provides no information regarding the timing or content of the visits. To address these shortcomings, researchers have developed composite measures or indices of prenatal care adequacy, including the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization (APNCU) Index, which combines the month of the first prenatal visit with the number of visits recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), adjusted for the length of the pregnancy. ACOG and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend that for a term birth, women make 13–15 prenatal visits during pregnancy, beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy.6 A Healthy People 2010 objective (Objective 16–6b) is to increase the proportion of pregnant women who receive early and adequate care from 74% to 90%.4 In 2002, only 75% of pregnant women who had live births received early and adequate prenatal care, using the APNCU index.2
Despite improvements in the timing of prenatal care initiation, disparities in the timing and frequency of prenatal care visits persist among certain social and demographic groups in the United States. Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women are less likely than non-Hispanic white women to receive early prenatal care.5,7–12 Teenaged women are less likely to initiate care in the first trimester than are older women.5,13,14 Multiparous women are less likely than women with no previous births to receive early prenatal care.12,15 Also, women whose pregnancies are unintended are less likely to receive early prenatal care than are women whose pregnancies are intended.15–17 Low levels of education and low income are both associated with late entry into prenatal care.5,12,17,18
Continued high rates of delayed prenatal care among certain population subgroups have led to concerns about barriers to care. Many barriers have been cited in the literature, including lack of insurance coverage, problems with child care or transportation, conflicts with work or school schedules, and lack of understanding of the importance of early prenatal care.19
PRAMS includes indicators that allow researchers to study use of and barriers to early prenatal care. Questions include whether the woman initiated prenatal care after the first trimester or not at all, whether she received prenatal care as soon as desired, and whether the pregnancy was confirmed after the first trimester. States can use PRAMS data to develop policies and programs that encourage early and adequate prenatal care at the state and local levels. States also can use PRAMS data to monitor their progress toward reaching the Healthy People 2010 objective (Objective 16–6a) of increasing the proportion of pregnant women who begin prenatal care in their first trimester of pregnancy from 83% (1998) to 90%.4
Data Highlights
- In 2002, the prevalence of late (after the first trimester) or no entry into prenatal care ranged from 8.3% (Vermont) to 28.9% (Arkansas).
- During 1993–2002, the prevalence of late or no entry into prenatal care decreased in 8 states (Alabama, Alaska, Florida, Maine, New York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and West Virginia).
- During 2000–2002, the prevalence of late or no entry into prenatal care decreased in 1 state (Nebraska).
- Among women who began prenatal care late or not at all, the proportion that did not get prenatal care as soon as they desired ranged from 36.3% (Minnesota) to 62.3% (West Virginia) in 2002.
- During 1993–2002, the proportion of women who began prenatal care late or not at all increased in 3 states (Alabama, Maine, and West Virginia).
- In 2002, the proportion of women whose pregnancy was confirmed after the first trimester ranged from 2.0% (Maine) to 6.8% (Alabama).
- During 1993–2002, the proportion of women whose pregnancy was confirmed after the first trimester decreased in 4 states (Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma, and West Virginia).
- During 2000–2002, the proportion of women whose pregnancy was confirmed after the first trimester decreased in 1 state (Nebraska).
References
- Expert Panel on the Content of Prenatal Care. Caring for Our Future: The Content of Prenatal Care. Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health (NIH); 1989. NIH publication number 90–3182.
- Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Munson ML. Births: final data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports 2003;52(10):1–113.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS). Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Washington, DC: HHS; 1991. Publication number PHS 91-50212.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000.
- Lewis CT, Matthews TJ, Heuser RL. Prenatal care in the United States, 1980–94. Vital and Health Statistics 1996;21(54):117.
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. Elk Grove Village, IL and Washington, DC: AAP and ACOG; 1997.
- Gavin NI, Adams EK, Hartmann KE, Benedict MB, Chireau M. Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of pregnancy-related health care among Medicaid pregnant women. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2004;8(3):113–126.
- Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Sutton PD. Births: preliminary data for 2003. National Vital Statistics Reports 2004;53(9):1–17.
- Alexander GR, Kogan MD, Nabukera S. Racial differences in prenatal care use in the United States: are disparities decreasing? American Journal of Public Health 2002;92(12):1970–1975.
- Echevarria S, Parker W. Race/ethnicity-specific variation in adequacy of prenatal care utilization. Social Forces 2001;80(2):633–655.
- Frisbie WP, Echevarria S, Hummer RA. Prenatal care utilization among non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2001;5(1):21–33.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Entry into prenatal care—United States, 1989–1997. MMWR 2000;49(18):393–398.
- Menacker F, Martin JA, MacDorman MF, Ventura SJ. Births to 10–14-year-old mothers, 1990–2002: trends and health outcomes. National Vital Statistics Reports 2004;53(7):1–18.
- Kogan MD, Martin JA, Alexander GR, Kotelchuck M, Ventura SJ, Frigoletto FD. The changing pattern of prenatal care utilization in the United States, 1981–1995, using different prenatal care indices. JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) 1998;279(20):1623–1628.
- Nothnagle M, Marchi K, Egerter S, Braveman P. Risk factors for late or no prenatal care following Medicaid expansions in California. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2000;4(4):251–259.
- Pagnini DL, Reichman NE. Psychosocial factors and the timing of prenatal care among women in New Jersey's HealthStart program. Family Planning Perspectives 2000;32(2):56–64.
- Institute of Medicine. Prenatal Care: Reaching Mothers, Reaching Infants. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1988.
- Beck LF, Morrow B, Lipscomb LE, Johnson CH, Gaffield ME, Rogers M, et al. Prevalence of selected maternal behaviors and experiences, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1999. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2002;51(SS-2):1–27.
- Braveman P, Marchi K, Egerter S, Pearl M, Neuhaus J. Barriers to timely prenatal care among women with insurance: the importance of prepregnancy factors. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;95(6 Pt 1):874–880.
Prevalence of Late (After First Trimester) or No Entry Into Prenatal Care, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,539 |
23.5 |
1.3 |
21.1–26.1 |
| Alaska |
1,584 |
27.0 |
1.3 |
24.5–29.5 |
| Arkansas |
1,939 |
28.9 |
1.4 |
26.2–31.7 |
| Colorado |
2,263 |
21.6 |
1.1 |
19.4–23.9 |
| Florida |
1,986 |
22.7 |
1.3 |
20.2–25.4 |
| Hawaii |
1,789 |
20.3 |
1.2 |
18.1–22.6 |
| Illinois |
1,898 |
20.1 |
1.0 |
18.2–22.1 |
| Louisiana |
1,658 |
25.8 |
1.2 |
23.4–28.3 |
| Maine |
1,126 |
15.1 |
1.2 |
12.8–17.7 |
| Maryland |
1,439 |
24.3 |
1.8 |
21.0–28.0 |
| Michigan |
1,528 |
22.6 |
1.3 |
20.3–25.2 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,112 |
18.5 |
1.4 |
15.9–21.6 |
| Montana |
1,035 |
24.3 |
1.4 |
21.7–27.1 |
| Nebraska |
1,853 |
17.3 |
1.0 |
15.4–19.4 |
| New Jerseyb |
936 |
18.3 |
1.4 |
15.8–21.2 |
| New Mexico |
1,533 |
27.0 |
1.2 |
24.7–29.4 |
| New Yorkc |
1,207 |
14.4 |
1.3 |
12.0–17.3 |
| North Carolina |
1,523 |
21.2 |
1.3 |
18.7–23.9 |
| North Dakota |
896 |
21.1 |
1.3 |
18.6–23.9 |
| Ohio |
1,364 |
18.3 |
1.3 |
15.9–21.1 |
| Oklahoma |
1,845 |
27.7 |
1.7 |
24.6–31.1 |
| Rhode Island |
1,391 |
19.9 |
1.3 |
17.6–22.5 |
| South Carolina |
1,354 |
18.4 |
1.7 |
15.2–22.1 |
| Utah |
1,550 |
22.8 |
1.4 |
20.2–25.7 |
| Vermont |
1,097 |
8.3 |
0.8 |
6.8–10.1 |
| Washington |
1,502 |
21.4 |
1.5 |
18.6–24.6 |
| West Virginia |
1,664 |
16.7 |
1.2 |
14.4–19.3 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,611 |
21.1 |
0.3 |
20.5–21.8 |
† 2002 state range is 8.3–28.9%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Late (After First Trimester) or No Entry Into Prenatal Care, 2002
Healthy People 2010 Objective 16–16a
Increase the proportion of pregnant women who receive prenatal care beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy to at least 90%. |
Prevalence of Late (After First Trimester) or No Entry Into Prenatal Care, 1993–2002
| State |
1993
(%) |
1994
(%) |
1995
(%) |
1996
(%) |
1997
(%) |
1998
(%) |
1999
(%) |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
26.1 |
26.0 |
25.7 |
21.9 |
21.8 |
24.2 |
22.2 |
21.5 |
20.3 |
23.5 |
0.000** |
| Alaska |
31.0 |
30.2 |
30.8 |
28.4 |
27.0 |
24.7 |
25.5 |
25.0 |
25.6 |
27.0 |
0.000** |
| Arkansas |
— |
— |
— |
— |
27.7 |
29.7 |
27.4 |
28.6 |
32.8 |
28.9 |
0.213 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
24.3 |
22.3 |
21.2 |
22.9 |
21.6 |
0.232 |
| Florida |
30.4 |
28.9 |
26.5 |
26.9 |
24.5 |
23.7 |
24.1 |
26.1 |
25.9 |
22.7 |
0.000** |
| Hawaii |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
21.1 |
19.8 |
20.3 |
0.589 |
| Illinois |
— |
— |
— |
— |
21.9g |
22.5 |
22.3 |
23.1 |
22.7 |
20.1 |
0.323 |
| Louisiana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
28.1 |
27.5 |
28.0 |
25.4 |
25.8 |
0.085 |
| Maine |
27.1 |
20.6 |
20.2 |
18.1 |
16.6 |
17.4 |
16.1 |
14.8 |
16.5 |
15.1 |
0.000** |
| Maryland |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
22.0d |
24.3 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18.4e |
22.6 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18.5a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
24.3 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
20.8 |
16.7 |
17.3 |
0.018* |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18.3b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—h |
29.8h |
29.1 |
30.9 |
28.2 |
27.0 |
0.157 |
| New Yorkc |
20.0 |
23.0 |
17.0 |
15.7 |
18.4 |
15.5 |
17.0 |
16.5 |
17.9 |
14.4 |
0.002* |
| North Carolina |
— |
— |
— |
— |
25.2i |
23.1 |
21.9 |
21.4 |
19.2 |
21.2 |
0.025* |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
21.1 |
# # |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
19.7 |
18.8 |
21.2 |
18.3 |
0.777 |
| Oklahoma |
31.2 |
30.6 |
31.7 |
31.8 |
30.7 |
28.1 |
29.9 |
25.0 |
24.0 |
27.7 |
0.000** |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
19.9 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
29.6 |
27.5 |
26 |
25.1 |
22.7 |
22.4 |
21.9 |
21.1 |
20.3 |
18.4 |
0.000** |
| Utah |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
18.8 |
21.4 |
19.6 |
22.8 |
0.095 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—f |
13.0f |
8.3 |
# # |
| Washington |
— |
22.4 |
24.6 |
21.8 |
22.3 |
22.7 |
22.7 |
19.4 |
20.5 |
21.4 |
0.077 |
| West Virginia |
31.8 |
29.8 |
26.9 |
25.0 |
20.4 |
20.9 |
19.0 |
15.3 |
17.5 |
16.7 |
0.000** |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
** p value is less than 0.001.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001.
g Data represent Illinois births from June–December 1997.
h Data represent New Mexico births from July 1997–December 1998.
i Data represent North Carolina births from July–December 1997. |
Prevalence of Not Getting Prenatal Care As Soon As Desired Among Women Who Began Care Late or Not At All, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
358 |
56.4 |
3.3 |
49.9–62.7 |
| Alaska |
436 |
46.3 |
2.8 |
40.9–51.8 |
| Arkansas |
579 |
60.1 |
2.9 |
54.4–65.5 |
| Colorado |
477 |
46.8 |
3.0 |
40.9–52.7 |
| Florida |
580 |
52.7 |
3.3 |
46.2–59.2 |
| Hawaii |
369 |
52.1 |
3.3 |
45.7–58.4 |
| Illinois |
367 |
46.3†† |
2.8 |
40.8–51.8 |
| Louisiana |
390 |
60.1†† |
2.8 |
54.5–65.4 |
| Maine |
158 |
46.4 |
4.5 |
37.7–55.3 |
| Maryland |
258 |
48.4 |
4.4 |
39.9–57.0 |
| Michigan |
317 |
53.0 |
3.2 |
46.6–59.2 |
| Minnesotaa |
260 |
36.3†† |
4.1 |
28.6–44.8 |
| Montana |
257 |
43.5 |
3.3 |
37.2–50.1 |
| Nebraska |
390 |
41.9 |
3.2 |
35.8–48.2 |
| New Jerseyb |
192 |
51.8 |
4.3 |
43.4–60.1 |
| New Mexico |
399 |
53.7 |
2.6 |
48.6–58.7 |
| New Yorkc |
170 |
50.1†† |
5.1 |
40.2–59.9 |
| North Carolina |
305 |
51.2 |
3.6 |
44.2–58.1 |
| North Dakota |
186 |
44.6 |
3.6 |
37.6–51.8 |
| Ohio |
295 |
46.7 |
4.0 |
39.0–54.6 |
| Oklahoma |
509 |
57.3 |
3.5 |
50.3–64.0 |
| Rhode Island |
250 |
42.1 |
3.6 |
35.3–49.3 |
| South Carolina |
256 |
49.1†† |
5.4 |
38.8–59.5 |
| Utah |
362 |
38.4 |
3.5 |
31.9–45.4 |
| Vermont |
86 |
51.6 |
5.4 |
41.1–61.9 |
| Washington |
336 |
45.6 |
4.1 |
37.7–53.6 |
| West Virginia |
328 |
62.3†† |
3.9 |
54.4–69.7 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
8,870 |
50.2 |
0.9 |
48.4–51.9 |
† 2002 state range is 36.3–62.3%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
†† Missing ≥ 10% data.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Not Getting Prenatal Care As Soon As Desired Among Women Who Began Care Late or Not At All, 2002
Prevalence of Not Getting Prenatal Care As Soon As Desired Among Women Who Began Care Late or Not At All, 1993–2002
| State |
1993
(%) |
1994
(%) |
1995
(%) |
1996
(%) |
1997
(%) |
1998
(%) |
1999
(%) |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
51.6 |
44.8 |
49.1 |
55.1 |
51.0 |
52.3 |
53.6 |
62.2 |
50.9 |
56.4 |
0.010* |
| Alaska |
45.1 |
48.0 |
46.3 |
44.7 |
49.5 |
48.0 |
46.9 |
43.3 |
50.8 |
46.3 |
0.650 |
| Arkansas |
— |
— |
— |
— |
60.1 |
54.6 |
56.9 |
59.4 |
62.7 |
60.1 |
0.275 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
50.0 |
46.8†† |
48.6†† |
48.7 |
46.8 |
0.632 |
| Florida |
49.3 |
50.4 |
53.7 |
50.4 |
56.2†† |
55.0†† |
57.8 |
53.5†† |
52.0†† |
52.7 |
0.278 |
| Hawaii |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
51.9 |
56.5 |
52.1 |
0.939 |
| Illinois |
— |
— |
— |
— |
51.8g |
47.0 |
48.0†† |
50.4 |
45.5 |
46.3†† |
0.335 |
| Louisiana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
61.3†† |
53.6†† |
55.4†† |
54.8†† |
60.1†† |
0.850 |
| Maine |
32.5 |
34.5 |
28.3†† |
44.2 |
44.6 |
44.8 |
46.1†† |
42.8 |
47.1 |
46.4 |
0.000** |
| Maryland |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
51.7d |
48.4 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
48.4e |
53.0 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
36.3††a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
43.5 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
43.3 |
43.2 |
41.9 |
0.734 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
51.8b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—h |
52.7h |
58.0 |
51.3 |
51.8 |
53.7 |
0.760 |
| New Yorkc |
28.9 |
43.5 |
45.0†† |
38.1†† |
50.8 |
47.3†† |
45.2†† |
45.2 |
39.9 |
50.1†† |
0.054 |
| North Carolina |
— |
— |
— |
— |
64.3i |
53.0 |
52.2 |
49.0 |
47.5†† |
51.2 |
0.039* |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
44.6 |
# # |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
63.5 |
59.3 |
46.8 |
46.7 |
0.000** |
| Oklahoma |
56.1†† |
48.0 |
51.6 |
55.6 |
56.1 |
52.6 |
54.1 |
52.5 |
57.8 |
57.3 |
0.247 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
42.1 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
53.3†† |
49.8 |
54.1 |
57.6 |
65.0 |
59.2 |
57.6 |
55.0†† |
46.8†† |
49.1†† |
0.657 |
| Utah |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
46.8†† |
41.4 |
46.3 |
38.4 |
0.210 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—f |
37.1f |
51.6 |
# # |
| Washington |
— |
43.8†† |
46.9 |
47.0 |
54.7 |
48.0 |
49.8 |
52.1 |
42.4 |
45.6 |
0.938 |
| West Virginia |
50.2 |
45.4 |
43.8 |
54.9 |
52.3†† |
52.6 |
51.3 |
51.3†† |
47.9 |
62.3†† |
0.019* |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
** p value is less than 0.001.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
†† Missing ≥ 10% data.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001.
g Data represent Illinois births from June–December 1997.
h Data represent New Mexico births from July 1997–December 1998.
i Data represent North Carolina births from July–December 1997. |
Prevalence of Pregnancy Confirmation After the First Trimester, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,487 |
6.8 |
0.8 |
5.4–8.6 |
| Alaska |
1,501 |
3.6 |
0.5 |
2.7–4.8 |
| Arkansas |
1,846 |
4.9 |
0.7 |
3.7–6.5 |
| Colorado |
2,204 |
3.1 |
0.5 |
2.3–4.3 |
| Florida |
1,958 |
5.1 |
0.7 |
4.0–6.6 |
| Hawaii |
1,736 |
4.9 |
0.6 |
3.9–6.1 |
| Illinois |
1,863 |
4.3 |
0.5 |
3.4–5.4 |
| Louisiana |
1,609 |
5.9 |
0.7 |
4.7–7.4 |
| Maine |
1,102 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
1.2–3.2 |
| Maryland |
1,412 |
4.0 |
0.8 |
2.6–5.9 |
| Michigan |
1,488 |
4.2 |
0.6 |
3.1–5.6 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,062 |
2.6 |
0.6 |
1.7–4.0 |
| Montana |
998 |
3.0 |
0.5 |
2.1–4.2 |
| Nebraska |
1,787 |
2.4 |
0.4 |
1.8–3.3 |
| New Jerseyb |
910 |
4.2 |
0.8 |
2.9–6.0 |
| New Mexico |
1,495 |
5.9 |
0.6 |
4.8–7.3 |
| New Yorkc |
1,172 |
2.4 |
0.6 |
1.4–3.8 |
| North Carolina |
1,471 |
4.3 |
0.7 |
3.2–5.8 |
| North Dakota |
863 |
2.8 |
0.5 |
1.9–4.1 |
| Ohio |
1,314 |
4.0 |
0.7 |
2.9–5.5 |
| Oklahoma |
1,785 |
3.7 |
0.7 |
2.5–5.3 |
| Rhode Island |
1,357 |
2.7 |
0.5 |
1.9–3.9 |
| South Carolina |
1,313 |
4.7 |
1.0 |
3.1–7.0 |
| Utah |
1,505 |
2.7 |
0.6 |
1.8–4.0 |
| Vermont |
1,068 |
2.3 |
0.5 |
1.6–3.4 |
| Washington |
1,434 |
3.0 |
0.6 |
2.0–4.5 |
| West Virginia |
1,586 |
4.2 |
0.7 |
3.1–5.8 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
39,326 |
4.1 |
0.2 |
3.8–4.4 |
† 2002 state range is 2.0–6.8%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Pregnancy Confirmation After the First Trimester, 2002
Prevalence of Pregnancy Confirmation After the First Trimester, 1993–2002
| State |
1993
(%) |
1994
(%) |
1995
(%) |
1996
(%) |
1997
(%) |
1998
(%) |
1999
(%) |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
6.7 |
7.4 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
7.6 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
5.9 |
5.5 |
6.8 |
0.302 |
| Alaska |
5.2 |
4.0 |
4.6 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
0.012* |
| Arkansas |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.2 |
5.1 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
5.9 |
4.9 |
0.490 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
4.1 |
3.3 |
2.6 |
4.2 |
3.1 |
0.578 |
| Florida |
5.6 |
6.0 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
5.5 |
7.0 |
5.2 |
6.4 |
5.2 |
5.1 |
0.261 |
| Hawaii |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
5.6 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
0.337 |
| Illinois |
— |
— |
— |
— |
3.1g |
4.8 |
4.4 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
0.465 |
| Louisiana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.8 |
6.7 |
7.8 |
6.6 |
5.9 |
0.391 |
| Maine |
5.2 |
5.3 |
4.8 |
3.0 |
4.5 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
0.000** |
| Maryland |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.1d |
4.0 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
3.4e |
4.2 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
2.6a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
3.0 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
3.8 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
0.030* |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
4.2b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—h |
6.2h |
7.0 |
6.0 |
6.4 |
5.9 |
0.661 |
| New Yorkc |
2.7 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
2.6 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
2.3†† |
3.5 |
2.4 |
0.209 |
| North Carolina |
— |
— |
— |
— |
5.0i |
5.6 |
6.0 |
4.6 |
3.9 |
4.3 |
0.074 |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
2.8 |
# # |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
4.8 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
0.387 |
| Oklahoma |
5.5 |
5.4 |
6.8 |
7.2 |
5.6 |
4.7 |
6.2 |
2.7 |
3.2 |
3.7 |
0.000** |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
2.7 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
6.5 |
5.7 |
6.4 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
5.9 |
5.5 |
4.6 |
4.7 |
0.069 |
| Utah |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
0.871 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—f |
2.3f |
2.3 |
# # |
| Washington |
— |
4.2 |
4.5 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
5.6 |
3.0 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
0.007* |
| West Virginia |
7.5 |
5.2 |
4.3 |
5.9 |
5.4 |
3.7 |
4.7 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
4.2 |
0.000** |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
** p value is less than 0.001.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
†† Missing ≥ 10% data.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001.
g Data represent Illinois births from June–December 1997.
h Data represent New Mexico births from July 1997–December 1998.
i Data represent North Carolina births from July–December 1997. |
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Page last reviewed: 8/23/06
Page last modified: 8/23/06
Content source: Division
of Reproductive Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion |
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