 |
2002 PRAMS Surveillance Report: Multistate Exhibits
Tobacco Use |
|
Data Highlights | References | Tables
Background
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy contributes to a number of adverse birth outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, fetal death, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).1–8 An estimated 5% of all infant deaths in the United States are attributable to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Moreover, the impact of smoking on infant deaths varies considerably by race. Among American Indians, 13% of infant deaths are attributable to smoking during pregnancy, followed by 7% for whites, 3.8% for blacks, and less than 0.8% for Hispanics.5
Smoking is the most important known preventable risk factor for low birthweight and small size for gestational age, both of which are leading contributors to fetal and neonatal deaths.5,9–12 The incidence of low birthweight among mothers who smoke is estimated to be about double that for non-smokers.9 Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is also associated with premature rupture of membranes, abruption placentae, placenta previa, and preterm delivery.13–15 Smoking during pregnancy accounts for a 150% increase in overall perinatal mortality.15 Several studies indicate a dose-response effect in which mothers who smoke greater amounts during pregnancy have progressively higher rates of low birthweight and preterm deliveries.8,13,15,16 Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is also associated with an increased risk for various birth defects, including orofacial clefts, clubfoot, hydrocephaly, and microcephaly.17–19
The effects of cigarette smoke in utero extend into infancy and childhood. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, for example, are at an increased risk for SIDS.20–23 SIDS is the most common cause of postneonatal infant death in the United States.24 Further, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are at increased risk for asthma, and postpartum exposure to environmental tobacco smoke puts infants at increased risk for SIDS, lower respiratory infection, ear infection, and asthma.25–30 Prenatal exposure to tobacco may also predispose children to tobacco experimentation and tobacco dependence later in life.31,32
An analysis of birth certificate data from 1990 through 2002 indicates that the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy declined from 18.4% in 1990 to 11.4% in 2002. All 49 states included in the analysis, as well as the District of Columbia and New York City, reported declines in smoking prevalence. The range of this decline varied substantially across states, from 5.8% in West Virginia to 68.0% in Massachusetts.33 Among pregnant adolescents, the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy declined in the early 1990s, but since 1994, there has been a reversal of that trend in 10 states.33 Social and demographic characteristics associated with smoking during pregnancy include being less than 25 years old, having less than or equal to a high school education, and American Indian, non-Hispanic white, and Hawaiian ethnicity.34,35
Smoking during pregnancy places an economic burden on the nation in the form of costs associated with additional neonatal intensive care unit admissions and longer lengths of hospital stay. Smoking-attributable neonatal expenditures were estimated to be $366 million in 1996 dollars, or $704 per maternal smoker.36
PRAMS provides data on smoking prevalence during the 3 months prior to pregnancy, during the last 3 months of pregnancy, and after pregnancy. States can use these data to monitor prevalence and trends in smoking around the time of pregnancy and to guide development of informational campaigns to heighten awareness of the risks of smoking for women, children, and families. In addition, states can use PRAMS data to assess progress towards achieving the Healthy People 2010 objective (Objective 16–17c) of increasing reported abstinence from cigarette smoking by pregnant women from 87% (1998) to 99%.37
Data Highlights
- In 2002, the prevalence of smoking in the 3 months before pregnancy ranged from 13.6% (Utah) to 37.0% (West Virginia).
- In 2002, the prevalence of smoking in the last 3 months of pregnancy ranged from 6.8% (Utah) to 25.3% (West Virginia).
- In 2002, the prevalence of smoking after pregnancy ranged from 9.0% (Utah) to 33.7% (West Virginia).
References
- Fried PA. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana: effects during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;36(2):319–337.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 2001.
- Mathews TJ, Menacker F, MacDorman MF. Infant mortality statistics from the 2001 period: linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Reports 2003;52(2):1–28.
- Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Munson ML. Births: final data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports 2003;52(10):1–113.
- Salihu HM, Aliyu MH, Pierre-Louis BJ, Alexander GR. Levels of excess infant deaths attributable to maternal smoking during pregnancy in the United States. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2003;7(4):219–227.
- Salihu HM, Shumpert MN, Aliyu MH, Alexander MR, Kirby RS, Alexander GR. Stillbirths and infant deaths associated with maternal smoking among mothers aged ≥ 40 years: a population study. American Journal of Perinatology 2004;21(3):121–129.
- Chang SC, O'Brien KO, Nathanson MS, Mancini J, Witter FR. Characteristics and risk factors for adverse birth outcomes in pregnant black adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics 2003;143(2):250–257.
- Platt RW, Joseph KS, Ananth CV, Grondines J, Abrahamowicz M, Kramer MS. A proportional hazards model with time-dependent covariates and time-varying effects for analysis of fetal and infant death. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004;160(3):199–206.
- Ventura SJ, Hamilton BE, Mathews TJ, Chandra A. Trends and variations in smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight: evidence from the birth certificate, 1990–2000. Pediatrics 2003;111(5 Pt 2):1176–1180.
- Visscher WA, Feder M, Burns AM, Brady TM, Bray RM. The impact of smoking and other substance use by urban women on the birthweight of their infants. Substance Use and Misuse 2003;38(8):1063–1093.
- Mitchell EA, Thompson JM, Robinson E, Wild CJ, Becroft DM, Clark PM, et al. Smoking, nicotine and tar and risk of small for gestational age babies. Acta Paediatrica 2002;91(3):323–328.
- Chomitz VR, Cheung LW, Lieberman E. The role of lifestyle in preventing low birth weight. Future Child 1995;5(1):121–138.
- Castles A, Adams EK, Melvin CL, Kelsch C, Boulton ML. Effects of smoking during pregnancy. Five meta-analyses. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1999;16(3):208–215.
- Shah NR, Bracken MB. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on the association between maternal cigarette smoking and preterm delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000;182(2):465–472.
- Andres RL, Day MC. Perinatal complications associated with maternal tobacco use. Seminars in Neonatology 2000;5(3):231–241.
- Magee BD, Hattis D, Kivel NM. Role of smoking in low birth weight. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2004;49(1):23–27.
- Lammer EJ, Shaw GM, Iovannisci DM, Van Waes J, Finnell RH. Maternal smoking and the risk of orofacial clefts: susceptibility with NAT1 and NAT2 polymorphisms. Epidemiology 2004;15(2):150–156.
- Skelly AC, Holt VL, Mosca VS, Alderman BW. Talipes equinovarus and maternal smoking: a population-based case-control study in Washington State. Teratology 2002;66(2):91–100.
- Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Watkins ML. Maternal smoking and birth defects: validity of birth certificate data for effect estimation. Public Health Reports 2001;116(4):327–335.
- Chong DS, Yip PS, Karlberg J. Maternal smoking: an increasing unique risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome in Sweden. Acta Paediatrica 2004;93(4):471–478.
- Getahun D, Amre D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K. Maternal and obstetric risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the United States. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;103(4):646–652.
- American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Changing concepts of sudden infant death syndrome: implications for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. Pediatrics 2000;105(3 Pt 1):650–656.
- Hoffman HJ, Damus K, Hillman L, Krongrad E. Risk factors for SIDS. Results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development SIDS Cooperative Epidemiological Study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1988;533:13–30.
- Mathews TJ, Menacker F, MacDorman MF. Infant mortality statistics from the 2002 period: linked birth/infant death data set. National Vital Statistics Reports 2004;53(10):1–29.
- DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M. Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health. Pediatrics 2004;113(4 Supplement):1007–1015.
- Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Li YF, Rappaport EB, Peters JM. Effects of early onset asthma and in utero exposure to maternal smoking on childhood lung function. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003;167(6):917–924.
- Gilliland FD, Li YF, Dubeau L, Berhane K, Avol E, McConnell R, et al. Effects of glutathione S-transferase M1, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;166(4):457–463.
- Cunningham J, Dockery DW, Speizer FE. Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children. American Journal of Epidemiology 1994;139(12):1139–1152.
- Stick SM, Burton PR, Gurrin L, Sly PD, LeSouef PN. Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and a family history of asthma on respiratory function in newborn infants. Lancet 1996;348(9034):1060–1064.
- American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. Environmental tobacco smoke: a hazard to children. Pediatrics 1997;99(4):639–642.
- Cornelius MD, Leech SL, Goldschmidt L, Day NL. Prenatal tobacco exposure: is it a risk factor for early tobacco experimentation? Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2000;2(1):45–52.
- Buka SL, Shenassa ED, Niaura R. Elevated risk of tobacco dependence among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: a 30–year prospective study. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2003;160(11):1978–1984.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking during pregnancy—United States, 1990–2002. MMWR 2004;53(39):911–915.
- Beck LF, Morrow B, Lipscomb LE, Johnson CH, Gaffield ME, Rogers M, et al. Prevalence of selected maternal behaviors and experiences, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 1999. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2002;51(SS-2):1–27.
- Mathews TJ. Smoking during pregnancy in the 1990s. National Vital Statistics Reports 2001;49(7):1–14.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. State estimates of neonatal health-care costs associated with maternal smoking—United States, 1996. MMWR 2004;53(39):915–917.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000.
Prevalence of Smoking During the 3 Months Before Pregnancy, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,509 |
24.3 |
1.3 |
21.8–27.1 |
| Alaska |
1,571 |
31.9 |
1.3 |
29.4–34.6 |
| Arkansas |
1,877 |
29.4 |
1.4 |
26.7–32.3 |
| Colorado |
2,209 |
20.1 |
1.1 |
18.1–22.3 |
| Florida |
1,976 |
19.5 |
1.4 |
17.0–22.4 |
| Hawaii |
1,770 |
19.8 |
1.1 |
17.7–22.0 |
| Illinois |
1,891 |
21.6 |
1.0 |
19.6–23.6 |
| Louisiana |
1,632 |
22.7 |
1.2 |
20.5–25.1 |
| Maine |
1,109 |
28.9 |
1.6 |
26.0–32.1 |
| Maryland |
1,427 |
18.4 |
1.6 |
15.5–21.7 |
| Michigan |
1,511 |
28.9 |
1.3 |
26.4–31.6 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,097 |
27.7 |
1.7 |
24.4–31.2 |
| Montana |
997 |
29.7 |
1.5 |
26.9–32.6 |
| Nebraska |
1,857 |
27.4 |
1.3 |
24.9–30.0 |
| New Jerseyb |
917 |
17.2 |
1.3 |
14.8–19.9 |
| New Mexico |
1,526 |
19.8 |
1.1 |
17.7–22.0 |
| New Yorkc |
1,194 |
23.3 |
1.6 |
20.4–26.6 |
| North Carolina |
1,492 |
22.5 |
1.3 |
20.0–25.2 |
| North Dakota |
874 |
26.4 |
1.4 |
23.7–29.3 |
| Ohio |
1,335 |
26.6 |
1.6 |
23.7–29.9 |
| Oklahoma |
1,803 |
31.2 |
1.7 |
27.9–34.6 |
| Rhode Island |
1,386 |
21.3 |
1.3 |
18.9–24.1 |
| South Carolina |
1,316 |
22.0 |
1.8 |
18.6–25.8 |
| Utah |
1,557 |
13.6 |
1.2 |
11.4–16.1 |
| Vermont |
1,091 |
28.4 |
1.4 |
25.8–31.1 |
| Washington |
1,502 |
22.3 |
1.6 |
19.2–25.6 |
| West Virginia |
1,593 |
37.0 |
1.7 |
33.8–40.4 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,019 |
23.2 |
0.4 |
22.5–23.9 |
† 2002 state range is 13.6–37.0%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Smoking During the 3 Months Before Pregnancy, 2002
Prevalence of Smoking During the 3 Months Before Pregnancy, 2000–2002
| State |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
23.0 |
26.9 |
24.3 |
0.450 |
| Alaska |
30.8 |
27.2 |
31.9 |
0.556 |
| Arkansas |
28.6 |
32.3 |
29.4 |
0.709 |
| Colorado |
19.9 |
21.3 |
20.1 |
0.870 |
| Florida |
17.2 |
19.7 |
19.5 |
0.232 |
| Hawaii |
20.2 |
20.8 |
19.8 |
0.775 |
| Illinois |
20.3 |
21.1 |
21.6 |
0.383 |
| Louisiana |
21.2 |
24.2 |
22.7 |
0.336 |
| Maine |
31.2 |
29.8 |
28.9 |
0.323 |
| Maryland |
— |
18.9d |
18.4 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
29.3e |
28.9 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
27.7a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
29.7 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
24.8 |
26.9 |
27.4 |
0.152 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
17.2b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
21.3 |
24.0 |
19.8 |
0.318 |
| New Yorkc |
27.1 |
24.8 |
23.3 |
0.102 |
| North Carolina |
24.4 |
21.3 |
22.5 |
0.305 |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
26.4 |
# # |
| Ohio |
28.6 |
27.2 |
26.6 |
0.377 |
| Oklahoma |
30.2 |
31.8 |
31.2 |
0.705 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
21.3 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
23.2 |
22.8 |
22.0 |
0.616 |
| Utah |
14.3 |
13.8 |
13.6 |
0.671 |
| Vermont |
—f |
30.4f |
28.4 |
# # |
| Washington |
21.4 |
20.5 |
22.3 |
0.701 |
| West Virginia |
36.2 |
39.1 |
37.0 |
0.722 |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001. |
Prevalence of Smoking During the Last 3 Months of Pregnancy, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,524 |
14.4 |
1.1 |
12.4–16.7 |
| Alaska |
1,587 |
17.7 |
1.0 |
15.8–19.8 |
| Arkansas |
1,907 |
19.2 |
1.2 |
16.9–21.7 |
| Colorado |
2,242 |
10.6 |
0.8 |
9.1–12.2 |
| Florida |
1,996 |
10.0 |
1.0 |
8.1–12.2 |
| Hawaii |
1,787 |
8.1 |
0.7 |
6.8–9.6 |
| Illinois |
1,908 |
11.4 |
0.8 |
10.0–13.0 |
| Louisiana |
1,655 |
11.8 |
0.9 |
10.2–13.7 |
| Maine |
1,123 |
15.9 |
1.3 |
13.5–18.6 |
| Maryland |
1,431 |
8.3 |
1.1 |
6.4–10.7 |
| Michigan |
1,519 |
17.4 |
1.1 |
15.3–19.7 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,106 |
15.4 |
1.4 |
12.8–18.3 |
| Montana |
1,020 |
15.9 |
1.2 |
13.7–18.3 |
| Nebraska |
1,870 |
14.4 |
1.0 |
12.4–16.6 |
| New Jerseyb |
926 |
9.0 |
0.8 |
7.5–10.7 |
| New Mexico |
1,537 |
8.2 |
0.7 |
6.9–9.8 |
| New Yorkc |
1,207 |
14.6 |
1.3 |
12.2–17.4 |
| North Carolina |
1,522 |
11.7 |
1.0 |
9.8–13.8 |
| North Dakota |
891 |
15.6 |
1.2 |
13.5–18.0 |
| Ohio |
1,348 |
17.6 |
1.4 |
15.0–20.4 |
| Oklahoma |
1,841 |
20.0 |
1.5 |
17.2–23.0 |
| Rhode Island |
1,393 |
12.9 |
1.1 |
11.0–15.2 |
| South Carolina |
1,365 |
13.1 |
1.5 |
10.5–16.3 |
| Utah |
1,563 |
6.8 |
0.9 |
5.2–8.7 |
| Vermont |
1,096 |
18.2 |
1.2 |
16.0–20.6 |
| Washington |
1,509 |
11.8 |
1.3 |
9.5–14.7 |
| West Virginia |
1,627 |
25.3 |
1.5 |
22.5–28.3 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,500 |
13.1 |
0.3 |
12.6–13.7 |
† 2002 state range is 6.8–25.3%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Smoking During the Last 3 Months of Pregnancy, 2002
Healthy People 2010 Objective 16–17c
Increase abstinence from tobacco among pregnant women to at least 99%. |
Prevalence of Smoking During the Last 3 Months of Pregnancy, 2000–2002
| State |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
14.0 |
15.6 |
14.4 |
0.758 |
| Alaska |
16.8 |
14.7 |
17.7 |
0.542 |
| Arkansas |
20.3 |
20.1 |
19.2 |
0.573 |
| Colorado |
10.2 |
11.4 |
10.6 |
0.757 |
| Florida |
9.1 |
9.4 |
10.0 |
0.529 |
| Hawaii |
8.4 |
9.5 |
8.1 |
0.722 |
| Illinois |
12.5 |
12.6 |
11.4 |
0.336 |
| Louisiana |
11.9 |
12.8 |
11.8 |
0.940 |
| Maine |
17.5 |
17.3 |
15.9 |
0.393 |
| Maryland |
— |
9.4d |
8.3 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
20.0e |
17.4 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
15.4a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
15.9 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
14.0 |
14.8 |
14.4 |
0.788 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
9.0b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
9.3 |
10.7 |
8.2 |
0.321 |
| New Yorkc |
17.0 |
14.4 |
14.6 |
0.222 |
| North Carolina |
13.9 |
12.2 |
11.7 |
0.127 |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
15.6 |
# # |
| Ohio |
17.1 |
17.5 |
17.6 |
0.819 |
| Oklahoma |
16.9 |
20.3 |
20.0 |
0.143 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
12.9 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
12.4 |
13.0 |
13.1 |
0.723 |
| Utah |
7.3 |
7.7 |
6.8 |
0.661 |
| Vermont |
—f |
17.8f |
18.2 |
# # |
| Washington |
11.1 |
9.9 |
11.8 |
0.696 |
| West Virginia |
24.5 |
26.1 |
25.3 |
0.692 |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001. |
Prevalence of Smoking After Pregnancy, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,542 |
19.7 |
1.2 |
17.5–22.2 |
| Alaska |
1,597 |
24.3 |
1.2 |
22.1–26.6 |
| Arkansas |
1,934 |
25.3 |
1.3 |
22.8–28.0 |
| Colorado |
2,239 |
14.0 |
0.9 |
12.3–15.9 |
| Florida |
2,001 |
14.3 |
1.2 |
12.1–16.8 |
| Hawaii |
1,792 |
13.0 |
0.9 |
11.4–14.9 |
| Illinois |
1,910 |
16.8 |
0.9 |
15.1–18.7 |
| Louisiana |
1,654 |
19.2 |
1.1 |
17.2–21.5 |
| Maine |
1,126 |
21.6 |
1.4 |
18.9–24.6 |
| Maryland |
1,436 |
12.8 |
1.4 |
10.3–15.7 |
| Michigan |
1,521 |
23.4 |
1.3 |
21.1–26.0 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,114 |
19.9 |
1.5 |
17.1–23.0 |
| Montana |
1,022 |
20.8 |
1.3 |
18.4–23.5 |
| Nebraska |
1,875 |
19.8 |
1.2 |
17.6–22.2 |
| New Jerseyb |
929 |
13.1 |
1.1 |
11.1–15.3 |
| New Mexico |
1,541 |
13.6 |
0.9 |
11.9–15.5 |
| New Yorkc |
1,207 |
19.3 |
1.5 |
16.6–22.3 |
| North Carolina |
1,526 |
17.8 |
1.2 |
15.6–20.3 |
| North Dakota |
892 |
21.8 |
1.3 |
19.4–24.5 |
| Ohio |
1,355 |
22.6 |
1.5 |
19.8–25.7 |
| Oklahoma |
1,844 |
27.0 |
1.6 |
23.9–30.3 |
| Rhode Island |
1,398 |
17.0 |
1.2 |
14.7–19.5 |
| South Carolina |
1,377 |
17.8 |
1.7 |
14.8–21.3 |
| Utah |
1,564 |
9.0 |
1.0 |
7.2–11.1 |
| Vermont |
1,097 |
21.5 |
1.2 |
19.2–24.1 |
| Washington |
1,510 |
15.7 |
1.5 |
13.1–18.8 |
| West Virginia |
1,641 |
33.7 |
1.6 |
30.6–37.0 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,644 |
18.2 |
0.3 |
17.6–18.8 |
† 2002 state range is 9.0–33.7%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Smoking After Pregnancy, 2002
Prevalence of Smoking After Pregnancy, 2000–2002
| State |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
19.5 |
22.4 |
19.7 |
0.866 |
| Alaska |
24.4 |
20.4 |
24.3 |
0.953 |
| Arkansas |
25.0 |
25.9 |
25.3 |
0.890 |
| Colorado |
15.0 |
15.9 |
14.0 |
0.449 |
| Florida |
14.8 |
14.7 |
14.3 |
0.766 |
| Hawaii |
13.7 |
15.0 |
13.0 |
0.569 |
| Illinois |
16.6 |
17.2 |
16.8 |
0.833 |
| Louisiana |
18.7 |
20.5 |
19.2 |
0.705 |
| Maine |
23.8 |
22.7 |
21.6 |
0.284 |
| Maryland |
— |
14.6d |
12.8 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
24.3e |
23.4 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
19.9a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
20.8 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
19.4 |
21.4 |
19.8 |
0.833 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
13.1b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
16.0 |
16.2 |
13.6 |
0.070 |
| New Yorkc |
22.4 |
20.6 |
19.3 |
0.145 |
| North Carolina |
20.1 |
17.6 |
17.8 |
0.196 |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
21.8 |
# # |
| Ohio |
24.2 |
23.8 |
22.6 |
0.467 |
| Oklahoma |
25.8 |
27.2 |
27.0 |
0.597 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
17.0 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
18.6 |
20.3 |
17.8 |
0.735 |
| Utah |
9.5 |
10.1 |
9.0 |
0.704 |
| Vermont |
—f |
22.2f |
21.5 |
# # |
| Washington |
16.0 |
14.9 |
15.7 |
0.868 |
| West Virginia |
31.6 |
34.3 |
33.7 |
0.338 |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001. |
Back | Next
Page last reviewed: 5/13/09
Page last modified: 8/23/06
Content source: Division
of Reproductive Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion |
|
|
