 |
2002 PRAMS Surveillance Report: Multistate Exhibits
Unintended Pregnancy and Contraceptive Use |
|
Data Highlights | References | Tables
Background
Nearly half of all pregnancies and nearly one-third of all live births in the United States are unintended.1 Unintended pregnancies are defined as pregnancies that, at the time of conception, are either mistimed (the woman did not want to be pregnant until later) or unwanted (the woman did not want to be pregnant at any time).1,2 Two-thirds of unintended births are mistimed and one-third are unwanted.1 Unintended pregnancies are common among all population subgroups. However, the risk for unintended pregnancy is higher for certain groups, including teenagers, women aged 20–24 years or aged 40 years or older, black women, women with lower levels of education, unmarried women, and women with low incomes.1,3–6
Unintended pregnancies are associated with a range of behaviors that can adversely affect the health of mothers and their babies. These risky maternal behaviors include delayed entry into prenatal care,7,8 inadequate weight gain,9 cigarette smoking,7,10 and use of alcohol and other drugs.11 Further, women with an unintended pregnancy are also less likely to take prenatal vitamins than women whose pregnancies are intended.2,10,12,13
Unintended pregnancies are also associated with adverse birth outcomes. Mistimed or unwanted births are associated with prematurity, low birthweight, and small for gestational age.2,14–16 However, not all unintended pregnancies have consequences of equal severity. One study found that unwanted pregnancies are associated with riskier maternal behaviors and worse infant outcomes than mistimed pregnancies.17
The consequences of an unintended pregnancy do not end at birth. Unintended births are associated with reduced breastfeeding initiation and shorter duration;14,18 reduced cognitive, behavioral, and emotional development in infants;19 and increased risk for child abuse and neglect.2 Children born as the result of an unwanted pregnancy are also at greater risk for poor mental health in adulthood.20
Unintended pregnancy can result from the failure to use contraception, inconsistent or improper use of effective contraception, use of less effective contraception, or in rare cases, failure of highly effective contraception.21,22 Failure to use contraception is the major cause of unintended pregnancy.1 Currently in the United States, 10.7% of women at risk for an unintended pregnancy (aged 13–44, sexually active, fertile, and not currently pregnant or trying to become pregnant) report using no contraception.23 Women at risk for unintended pregnancy who use no contraception account for more than one-half of all unintended pregnancies.1,22 At-risk women who are less likely to use contraception include teenagers, non-Hispanic black women, women who have had two or fewer births, and women who intend to have more children.23 Factors reducing the likelihood that women will use contraception include perceived infertility, low education levels, and negative attitudes toward contraception.24–26
Although contraceptive use reduces the likelihood of an unintended pregnancy, almost 1 of every 5 women (19%) who uses a reversible contraceptive will experience an accidental pregnancy in the first 2 years of method use, due primarily to inconsistent or incorrect use.21,27 Average failure rates for all reversible methods are higher during the first year of use (12.5%) than in the second (8.0%). Rates of contraceptive failure also vary widely according to type of contraceptive method used. Failure rates are lowest for women using long-acting methods and oral contraceptives and highest for women using periodic abstinence, withdrawal, and spermicide.21,27 Failure rates are also highest for women who are teenagers or young adults, poor, unmarried, black, or Hispanic.21,27,28
A woman's spouse or partner can also be an important determinant of intent to become pregnant, choice of contraceptive method, regularity of contraceptive use, intent to change methods, and intent to continue a pregnancy.29–32 Therefore, in addition to women, men should be included in family planning counseling and education efforts.
PRAMS provides data on the prevalence of mistimed and unwanted pregnancies that result in a live birth and data on the proportion of mothers whose spouses or partners did not want them to become pregnant during the 12 months before the baby was born. PRAMS also provides data on the prevalence of contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy. States can use PRAMS data to understand the characteristics of women at risk for unintended pregnancy, to develop informational strategies that increase awareness of unintended pregnancy and the health and other benefits of contraception, to develop service delivery strategies that minimize access barriers and promote and support effective contraceptive use, and to evaluate these efforts.
States can also use PRAMS data to monitor their progress towards national Healthy People 2010 objectives related to unintended pregnancy (Objective 9–1) and contraceptive use (Objective 9–3). These Healthy People 2010 objectives include increasing the percentage of intended pregnancies from 51% (1995) to 70% and increasing the proportion of females (and their partners) at risk for unintended pregnancy who use contraception from 93% (1995) to 100%.22
Data Highlights
- In 2002, the prevalence of unintended pregnancy among women who gave birth to a live infant ranged from 32.5% (Utah) to 54.3% (Louisiana).
- During 2000–2002, the prevalence of unintended pregnancy increased in 1 state (Nebraska).
- In 2002, the prevalence of mistimed pregnancy among women who had live births ranged from 26.1% (Utah) to 39.5% (Oklahoma).
- During 1993–2002, the prevalence of mistimed pregnancy among women delivering a live birth increased in 3 states (Florida, New York, and Oklahoma).
- In 2002, the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among women delivering a live birth ranged from 6.1% (New York) to 17.1% (Louisiana).
- During 1993–2002, the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among women delivering a live birth decreased in 3 states (Florida, New York, and South Carolina).
- In 2002, the prevalence of women who reported that their husbands or partners did not want the pregnancy ranged from 7.2% (Hawaii) to 13.2% (Oklahoma).
- During 1996–2002, the prevalence of women who reported that their husbands or partners did not want the pregnancy decreased in 5 states (Florida, Maine, New York, South Carolina, and West Virginia).
- In 2002, among women who reported that their pregnancy was unintended, the prevalence of contraceptive (any method) use at the time of pregnancy ranged from 38.7% (Hawaii) to 53.3% (Vermont).
- During 2000–2002, the prevalence of contraceptive (any method) use at the time of pregnancy among women with an unintended pregnancy decreased in 4 states (Florida, New Mexico, New York, and North Carolina).
References
- Henshaw SK. Unintended pregnancy in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives 1998;30(1):24–29, 46.
- Brown SS, Eisenberg L, Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Unintended Pregnancy, Editors. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1995.
- Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and women's health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23 1997;(19):1–114.
- Humphrey AD, Colley Gilbert BJ, Guild PA. Unintended Pregnancy Among Women Having Live Births in Four Southeastern States, 1993–1995. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1998.
- Kost K, Forrest JD. Intention status of U.S. births in 1988: differences by mothers' socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Family Planning Perspectives 1995;27(1):11–17.
- Cubbin C, Braveman PA, Marchi KS, Chavez GF, Santelli JS, Gilbert BJ. Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in unintended pregnancy among postpartum women in California. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2002;6(4):237–246.
- Kost K, Landry DJ, Darroch JE. Predicting maternal behaviors during pregnancy: does intention status matter? Family Planning Perspectives 1998;30(2):79–88.
- Hulsey TM. Association between early prenatal care and mother's intention of and desire for the pregnancy. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2001;30(3):275–282.
- Berenson AB, Wiemann CM, Rowe TF, Rickert VI. Inadequate weight gain among pregnant adolescents: risk factors and relationship to infant birth weight. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(6):1220–1224.
- Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, Lando HA, Curry SJ, McBride CM, Grothaus LC, et al. Differences in preconceptional and prenatal behaviors in women with intended and unintended pregnancies. American Journal of Public Health 1998;88(4):663–666.
- Naimi TS, Lipscomb LE, Brewer RD, Gilbert BC. Binge drinking in the preconception period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: implications for women and their children. Pediatrics 2003;111(5 Part 2):1136–1141.
- Morin P, De Wals P, Noiseux M, Niyonsenga T, St-Cyr-Tribble D, Tremblay C. Pregnancy planning and folic acid supplement use: results from a survey in Quebec. Preventive Medicine 2002;35(2):143–149.
- Rosenberg KD, Gelow JM, Sandoval AP. Pregnancy intendedness and the use of periconceptional folic acid. Pediatrics 2003;111 (5 Part 2):1142–1145.
- Kost K, Landry DJ, Darroch JE. The effects of pregnancy planning status on birth outcomes and infant care. Family Planning Perspectives 1998;30(5):223–230.
- Sable MR, Spencer JC, Stockbauer JW, Schramm WF, Howell V, Herman AA. Pregnancy wantedness and adverse pregnancy outcomes: differences by race and Medicaid status. Family Planning Perspectives 1997;29(2):76–81.
- Sharma R, Synkewecz C, Raggio T, Mattison DR. Intermediate variables as determinants of adverse pregnancy outcome in high-risk inner-city populations. Journal of the National Medical Association 1994;86(11):857–860.
- D'Angelo DV, Gilbert BC, Rochat RW, Santelli JS, Herold JM. Differences between mistimed and unwanted pregnancies among women who have live births. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 2004;36(5):192–197.
- Taylor JS, Cabral HJ. Are women with an unintended pregnancy less likely to breastfeed? The Journal of Family Practice 2002;51(5):431–436.
- Baydar N. Consequences for children of their birth planning status. Family Planning Perspectives 1995;27(6):228–234, 245.
- David HP, Dytrych Z, Matejcek Z. Born unwanted. Observations from the Prague Study. The American Psychologist 2003;58(3):224–229.
- Ranjit N, Bankole A, Darroch JE, Singh S. Contraceptive failure in the first two years of use: differences across socioeconomic subgroups. Family Planning Perspectives 2001;33(1):19–27.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health. 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000.
- Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A, Abma JC, Willson SJ. Use of Contraception and Use of Family Planning Services in the United States: 1982–2002. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2004. (Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics.)
- Raine T, Minnis AM, Padian NS. Determinants of contraceptive method among young women at risk for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Contraception 2003;
68(1):19–25.
- Glei DA. Measuring contraceptive use patterns among teenage and adult women. Family Planning Perspectives 1999;31(2):73–80.
- Forrest JD, Frost JJ. The family planning attitudes and experiences of low-income women. Family Planning Perspectives 1996;28(6):246–255, 277.
- Fu H, Darroch JE, Haas T, Ranjit N. Contraceptive failure rates: new estimates from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Family Planning Perspectives 1999;31(2):56–63.
- Trussell J, Vaughan B. Contraceptive failure, method-related discontinuation and resumption of use: results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Family Planning Perspectives 1999;31(2):64–72, 93.
- Cowley C, Farley T. Adolescent girls' attitudes toward pregnancy: the importance of asking what the boyfriend wants. The Journal of Family Practice 2001;50(7):603–607.
- Zabin LS, Huggins GR, Emerson MR, Cullins VE. Partner effects on a woman's intention to conceive: 'not with this partner.' Family Planning Perspectives 2000;32(1):39–45.
- Fischer RC, Stanford JB, Jameson P, DeWitt MJ. Exploring the concepts of intended, planned, and wanted pregnancy. The Journal of Family Practice 1999;48(2):117–122.
- Miller WB, Pasta DJ. The relative influence of husbands and wives on the choice and use of oral contraception, a diaphragm, and condoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1996;26(19):1749–1774.
Prevalence of Unintended Pregnancy, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,550 |
47.8 |
1.5 |
44.8–50.8 |
| Alaska |
1,589 |
45.3 |
1.4 |
42.5–48.1 |
| Arkansas |
1,951 |
50.0 |
1.6 |
46.9–53.0 |
| Colorado |
2,274 |
38.9 |
1.3 |
36.3–41.5 |
| Florida |
2,004 |
46.3 |
1.6 |
43.1–49.5 |
| Hawaii |
1,805 |
43.2 |
1.4 |
40.4–45.9 |
| Illinois |
1,912 |
43.0 |
1.2 |
40.7–45.4 |
| Louisiana |
1,677 |
54.3 |
1.4 |
51.6–57.0 |
| Maine |
1,124 |
33.3 |
1.6 |
30.3–36.6 |
| Maryland |
1,443 |
43.8 |
2.0 |
40.0–47.8 |
| Michigan |
1,526 |
43.1 |
1.5 |
40.3–46.0 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,128 |
33.8 |
1.8 |
30.4–37.3 |
| Montana |
1,035 |
44.0 |
1.6 |
40.9–47.1 |
| Nebraska |
1,854 |
42.8 |
1.4 |
40.1–45.6 |
| New Jerseyb |
940 |
35.4 |
1.7 |
32.1–38.9 |
| New Mexico |
1,545 |
44.2 |
1.3 |
41.7–46.9 |
| New Yorkc |
1,207 |
34.7 |
1.8 |
31.3–38.3 |
| North Carolina |
1,530 |
40.6 |
1.6 |
37.6–43.7 |
| North Dakota |
900 |
36.1 |
1.6 |
33.1–39.2 |
| Ohio |
1,361 |
43.8 |
1.7 |
40.5–47.2 |
| Oklahoma |
1,858 |
51.5 |
1.8 |
48.0–55.1 |
| Rhode Island |
1,403 |
35.6 |
1.5 |
32.8–38.6 |
| South Carolina |
1,374 |
47.5 |
2.2 |
43.2–51.8 |
| Utah |
1,558 |
32.5 |
1.5 |
29.5–35.6 |
| Vermont |
1,096 |
35.9 |
1.4 |
33.1–38.7 |
| Washington |
1,500 |
39.7 |
1.8 |
36.2–43.2 |
| West Virginia |
1,674 |
41.7 |
1.7 |
38.5–45.0 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,818 |
42.6 |
0.4 |
41.8–43.4 |
† 2002 state range is 32.5–54.3%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Unintended Pregnancy, 2002
Healthy People 2010 Objective 9–1
Increase the proportion of pregnancies that are intended to at lest 70%. |
Prevalence of Unintended Pregnancy, 1993–2002
| State |
1993
(%) |
1994
(%) |
1995
(%) |
1996
(%) |
1997
(%) |
1998
(%) |
1999
(%) |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
49.9 |
49.3 |
48.0 |
47.9 |
49.2 |
47.9 |
47.4 |
48.1 |
48.9 |
47.8 |
0.394 |
| Alaska |
43.5 |
42.6 |
40.8†† |
41.6 |
40.5†† |
42.8 |
42.5 |
43.2 |
45.4 |
45.3 |
0.065 |
| Arkansas |
— |
— |
— |
— |
49.9 |
53.4 |
49.6 |
53.4 |
52.2 |
50.0 |
0.970 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
38.8 |
39.7 |
39.8 |
39.6 |
38.9 |
0.952 |
| Florida |
45.9 |
46.9 |
45.0 |
47.9 |
47.6 |
45.0 |
42.5 |
46.4 |
46.7 |
46.3 |
0.738 |
| Hawaii |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
43.3 |
45.6 |
43.2 |
0.921 |
| Illinois |
— |
— |
— |
— |
47.4g |
40.0 |
44.5 |
42.9 |
46.3 |
43.0 |
0.770 |
| Louisiana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
52.5 |
52.0 |
51.5 |
54.8 |
54.3 |
0.125 |
| Maine |
34.0 |
30.9†† |
39.3 |
34.2 |
33.9 |
34.1 |
34.0 |
34.9 |
36.7 |
33.3 |
0.684 |
| Maryland |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
42.1d |
43.8 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
40.6e |
43.1 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
33.8a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
44.0 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
39.0 |
38.2 |
42.8 |
0.043* |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
35.4b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—h |
45.6h |
43.6 |
43.6 |
42.3 |
44.2 |
0.339 |
| New Yorkc |
33.4 |
30.3 |
34.6 |
34.1 |
38.4 |
35.3 |
35.1 |
38.4 |
33.8 |
34.7 |
0.101 |
| North Carolina |
— |
— |
— |
— |
47.6i |
47.1 |
41.9 |
45.3 |
42.6 |
40.6 |
0.003* |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
36.1 |
# # |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
41.3 |
42.5 |
40.7 |
43.8 |
0.457 |
| Oklahoma |
44.9 |
48.2 |
48.1 |
48.5 |
50.0 |
46.9 |
45.4 |
46.9 |
52.1 |
51.5 |
0.051 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
35.6 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
49.1 |
46.9 |
50.0 |
51.0 |
50.0 |
45.8 |
44.4 |
47.3 |
48.2 |
47.5 |
0.216 |
| Utah |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
33.7 |
31.6 |
34.5 |
32.5 |
0.915 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—f |
36.4f |
35.9 |
# # |
| Washington |
— |
38.7 |
39.0 |
38.5 |
36.6 |
38.1 |
38.0 |
37.9 |
39.2 |
39.7 |
0.718 |
| West Virginia |
42.0 |
40.6 |
45.2 |
42.0 |
41.7 |
37.1 |
39.6 |
41.8 |
46.5 |
41.7 |
0.709 |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
†† Missing ≥ 10% data.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001.
g Data represent Illinois births from June–December 1997.
h Data represent New Mexico births from July 1997–December 1998.
i Data represent North Carolina births from July–December 1997. |
Prevalence of Mistimed Pregnancy, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,550 |
35.7 |
1.5 |
32.8–38.7 |
| Alaska |
1,589 |
32.9 |
1.4 |
30.3–35.6 |
| Arkansas |
1,951 |
36.6 |
1.5 |
33.7–39.6 |
| Colorado |
2,274 |
29.9 |
1.3 |
27.5–32.5 |
| Florida |
2,004 |
35.7 |
1.6 |
32.7–38.8 |
| Hawaii |
1,805 |
35.6 |
1.4 |
32.9–38.3 |
| Illinois |
1,912 |
31.1 |
1.1 |
28.9–33.3 |
| Louisiana |
1,677 |
37.2 |
1.3 |
34.6–39.8 |
| Maine |
1,124 |
26.7 |
1.5 |
23.8–29.8 |
| Maryland |
1,443 |
33.5 |
1.9 |
29.8–37.3 |
| Michigan |
1,526 |
32.3 |
1.4 |
29.6–35.0 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,128 |
26.2 |
1.6 |
23.1–29.5 |
| Montana |
1,035 |
32.0 |
1.4 |
29.3–35.0 |
| Nebraska |
1,854 |
32.7 |
1.3 |
30.2–35.3 |
| New Jerseyb |
940 |
28.1 |
1.7 |
24.9–31.5 |
| New Mexico |
1,545 |
33.8 |
1.3 |
31.3–36.3 |
| New Yorkc |
1,207 |
28.6 |
1.7 |
25.4–32.0 |
| North Carolina |
1,530 |
31.0 |
1.5 |
28.2–34.0 |
| North Dakota |
900 |
29.7 |
1.5 |
26.8–32.7 |
| Ohio |
1,361 |
32.9 |
1.6 |
29.7–36.2 |
| Oklahoma |
1,858 |
39.5 |
1.8 |
36.1–43.1 |
| Rhode Island |
1,403 |
28.7 |
1.4 |
26.1–31.6 |
| South Carolina |
1,374 |
37.0 |
2.1 |
33.0–41.3 |
| Utah |
1,558 |
26.1 |
1.5 |
23.4–29.1 |
| Vermont |
1,096 |
28.0 |
1.3 |
25.4–30.7 |
| Washington |
1,500 |
32.3 |
1.7 |
29.0–35.7 |
| West Virginia |
1,674 |
32.4 |
1.6 |
29.4–35.6 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,818 |
32.5 |
0.4 |
31.7–33.2 |
† 2002 state range is 26.1–39.5%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Mistimed Pregnancy, 2002
Prevalence of Mistimed Pregnancy, 1993–2002
| State |
1993
(%) |
1994
(%) |
1995
(%) |
1996
(%) |
1997
(%) |
1998
(%) |
1999
(%) |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
36.4 |
36.9 |
35.8 |
33.0 |
35.4 |
34.9 |
34.0 |
35.8 |
36.5 |
35.7 |
0.819 |
| Alaska |
30.1 |
32.6 |
29.2†† |
31.4 |
29.5†† |
29.7 |
32.4 |
31.1 |
32.9 |
32.9 |
0.125 |
| Arkansas |
— |
— |
— |
— |
35.8 |
38.0 |
35.2 |
39.6 |
38.7 |
36.6 |
0.474 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
29.1 |
30.1 |
32.9 |
32.3 |
29.9 |
0.416 |
| Florida |
32.2 |
32.4 |
32.5 |
34.7 |
33.7 |
33.6 |
31.6 |
36.1 |
36.5 |
35.7 |
0.013* |
| Hawaii |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
34.9 |
36.2 |
35.6 |
0.709 |
| Illinois |
— |
— |
— |
— |
32.6g |
28.8 |
32.5 |
32.0 |
32.6 |
31.1 |
0.586 |
| Louisiana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
36.3 |
34.8 |
34.4 |
37.9 |
37.2 |
0.239 |
| Maine |
27.3 |
24.6†† |
32.5 |
26.3 |
25.5 |
27.7 |
26.5 |
28.2 |
29.6 |
26.7 |
0.701 |
| Maryland |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
31.2d |
33.5 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
29.7e |
32.3 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
26.2a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
32.0 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
30.5 |
29.7 |
32.7 |
0.227 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
28.1b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—h |
35.0h |
32.4 |
33.1 |
31.6 |
33.8 |
0.391 |
| New Yorkc |
23.7 |
21.7 |
26.3 |
26.1 |
27.7 |
25.6 |
27.3 |
30.3 |
27.1 |
28.6 |
0.001* |
| North Carolina |
— |
— |
— |
— |
36.4i |
35.1 |
32.5 |
34.7 |
32.5 |
31.0 |
0.032* |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
29.7 |
# # |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
30.6 |
30.4 |
29.7 |
32.9 |
0.388 |
| Oklahoma |
33.4 |
37.2 |
37.8 |
34.7 |
39.1 |
38.0 |
36.4 |
36.2 |
41.3 |
39.5 |
0.025* |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
28.7 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
35.7 |
34.5 |
35.0 |
38.6 |
38.2 |
33.0 |
31.7 |
35.3 |
37.5 |
37.0 |
0.768 |
| Utah |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
27.3 |
25.6 |
27.8 |
26.1 |
0.843 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—f |
28.3f |
28.0 |
# # |
| Washington |
— |
30.7 |
29.8 |
30.5 |
27.9 |
30.2 |
29.7 |
30.9 |
30.1 |
32.3 |
0.427 |
| West Virginia |
32.0 |
31.7 |
35.7 |
31.6 |
32.4 |
29.8 |
33.0 |
33.2 |
36.5 |
32.4 |
0.363 |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
†† Missing ≥ 10% data.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001.
g Data represent Illinois births from June–December 1997.
h Data represent New Mexico births from July 1997–December 1998.
i Data represent North Carolina births from July–December 1997. |
Prevalence of Unwanted Pregnancy, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,550 |
12.1 |
1.0 |
10.3–14.3 |
| Alaska |
1,589 |
12.4 |
0.9 |
10.6–14.3 |
| Arkansas |
1,951 |
13.4 |
1.1 |
11.5–15.6 |
| Colorado |
2,274 |
8.9 |
0.8 |
7.5–10.6 |
| Florida |
2,004 |
10.6 |
1.0 |
8.8–12.7 |
| Hawaii |
1,805 |
7.6 |
0.7 |
6.4–9.1 |
| Illinois |
1,912 |
12.0 |
0.8 |
10.5–13.7 |
| Louisiana |
1,677 |
17.1 |
1.1 |
15.2–19.3 |
| Maine |
1,124 |
6.6 |
0.9 |
5.1–8.6 |
| Maryland |
1,443 |
10.4 |
1.2 |
8.2–13.0 |
| Michigan |
1,526 |
10.9 |
0.9 |
9.2–12.8 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,128 |
7.6 |
1.0 |
5.9–9.7 |
| Montana |
1,035 |
11.9 |
1.1 |
10.0–14.2 |
| Nebraska |
1,854 |
10.1 |
0.8 |
8.6–11.9 |
| New Jerseyb |
940 |
7.3 |
0.9 |
5.8–9.2 |
| New Mexico |
1,545 |
10.5 |
0.8 |
9.0–12.2 |
| New Yorkc |
1,207 |
6.1 |
0.9 |
4.6–8.1 |
| North Carolina |
1,530 |
9.6 |
0.9 |
7.9–11.6 |
| North Dakota |
900 |
6.5 |
0.8 |
5.0–8.2 |
| Ohio |
1,361 |
10.9 |
1.0 |
9.1–13.1 |
| Oklahoma |
1,858 |
12.0 |
1.2 |
9.8–14.6 |
| Rhode Island |
1,403 |
6.9 |
0.8 |
5.5–8.7 |
| South Carolina |
1,374 |
10.5 |
1.4 |
8.1–13.4 |
| Utah |
1,558 |
6.3 |
0.8 |
4.9–8.1 |
| Vermont |
1,096 |
7.9 |
0.8 |
6.4–9.6 |
| Washington |
1,500 |
7.4 |
1.0 |
5.7–9.5 |
| West Virginia |
1,674 |
9.3 |
1.0 |
7.5–11.4 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,818 |
10.1 |
0.2 |
9.7–10.6 |
† 2002 state range is 6.1–17.1%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Unwanted Pregnancy, 2002
Prevalence of Unwanted Pregnancy, 1993–2002
| State |
1993
(%) |
1994
(%) |
1995
(%) |
1996
(%) |
1997
(%) |
1998
(%) |
1999
(%) |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
13.5 |
12.4 |
12.2 |
14.9 |
13.8 |
13.0 |
13.4 |
12.3 |
12.3 |
12.1 |
0.363 |
| Alaska |
13.5 |
10.0 |
11.6†† |
10.2 |
11.0†† |
13.1 |
10.1 |
12.2 |
12.6 |
12.4 |
0.529 |
| Arkansas |
— |
— |
— |
— |
14.0 |
15.3 |
14.3 |
13.8 |
13.5 |
13.4 |
0.356 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.7 |
9.7 |
6.9 |
7.3 |
8.9 |
0.173 |
| Florida |
13.8 |
14.6 |
12.5 |
13.3 |
13.9 |
11.4 |
10.9 |
10.4 |
10.2 |
10.6 |
0.000** |
| Hawaii |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.4 |
9.4 |
7.6 |
0.377 |
| Illinois |
— |
— |
— |
— |
14.8g |
11.2 |
12.0 |
10.9 |
13.6 |
12.0 |
0.737 |
| Louisiana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
16.1 |
17.3 |
17.2 |
16.9 |
17.1 |
0.620 |
| Maine |
6.8 |
6.3†† |
6.8 |
7.9 |
8.4 |
6.4 |
7.5 |
6.8 |
7.1 |
6.6 |
0.935 |
| Maryland |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.9d |
10.4 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.8e |
10.9 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.6a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
11.9 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.5 |
8.5 |
10.1 |
0.130 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.3b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—h |
10.7h |
11.2 |
10.5 |
10.8 |
10.5 |
0.828 |
| New Yorkc |
9.7 |
8.5 |
8.3 |
8.0 |
10.7 |
9.7 |
7.9 |
8.1 |
6.7 |
6.1 |
0.023* |
| North Carolina |
— |
— |
— |
— |
11.3i |
12.0 |
9.3 |
10.6 |
10.1 |
9.6 |
0.151 |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.5 |
# # |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.7 |
12.1 |
10.9 |
10.9 |
0.893 |
| Oklahoma |
11.4 |
11.0 |
10.3 |
13.8 |
10.9 |
8.9 |
9.0 |
10.7 |
10.8 |
12.0 |
0.725 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.9 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
13.5 |
12.4 |
15.0 |
12.4 |
11.8 |
12.8 |
12.7 |
11.9 |
10.8 |
10.5 |
0.021* |
| Utah |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
6.4 |
6.0 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
0.883 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—f |
8.0f |
7.9 |
# # |
| Washington |
— |
8.0 |
9.3 |
8.0 |
8.6 |
7.9 |
8.3 |
7.0 |
9.1 |
7.4 |
0.467 |
| West Virginia |
9.9 |
8.9 |
9.6 |
10.4 |
9.3 |
7.4 |
6.6 |
8.6 |
10.0 |
9.3 |
0.407 |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
** p value is less than 0.001.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
†† Missing ≥ 10% data.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001.
g Data represent Illinois births from June–December 1997.
h Data represent New Mexico births from July 1997–December 1998.
i Data represent North Carolina births from July–December 1997. |
Prevalence of Pregnancy That Was Not Wanted by Husband or Partner, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
1,547 |
11.0 |
1.0 |
9.2–13.1 |
| Alaska |
1,600 |
10.0 |
0.9 |
8.4–11.8 |
| Arkansas |
1,955 |
10.8 |
0.9 |
9.1–12.8 |
| Colorado |
2,251 |
8.4 |
0.8 |
7.0–10.1 |
| Florida |
1,996 |
9.8 |
1.0 |
8.1–11.9 |
| Hawaii |
1,800 |
7.2 |
0.7 |
6.0–8.7 |
| Illinois |
1,917 |
9.7 |
0.7 |
8.3–11.2 |
| Louisiana |
1,669 |
10.3 |
0.9 |
8.7–12.1 |
| Maine |
1,133 |
8.5 |
1.0 |
6.8–10.6 |
| Maryland |
1,455 |
10.2 |
1.2 |
8.0–12.8 |
| Michigan |
1,528 |
11.4 |
1.0 |
9.7–13.5 |
| Minnesotaa |
1,134 |
9.6 |
1.1 |
7.7–12.0 |
| Montana |
1,033 |
9.7 |
0.9 |
8.0–11.8 |
| Nebraska |
1,870 |
9.7 |
0.8 |
8.2–11.5 |
| New Jerseyb |
936 |
7.8 |
1.0 |
6.1–10.0 |
| New Mexico |
1,545 |
10.6 |
0.8 |
9.0–12.3 |
| New Yorkc |
1,221 |
7.7 |
1.0 |
5.9–9.9 |
| North Carolina |
1,524 |
9.1 |
0.9 |
7.5–11.1 |
| North Dakota |
903 |
8.1 |
0.9 |
6.6–10.1 |
| Ohio |
1,364 |
11.5 |
1.1 |
9.6–13.9 |
| Oklahoma |
1,860 |
13.2 |
1.3 |
10.9–15.8 |
| Rhode Island |
1,389 |
7.8 |
0.8 |
6.3–9.6 |
| South Carolina |
1,386 |
9.6 |
1.3 |
7.4–12.5 |
| Utah |
1,565 |
7.6 |
0.9 |
6.0–9.5 |
| Vermont |
1,102 |
8.7 |
0.9 |
7.2–10.6 |
| Washington |
1,508 |
10.0 |
1.2 |
8.0–12.5 |
| West Virginia |
1,677 |
9.2 |
1.0 |
7.5–11.2 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
40,868 |
9.8 |
0.2 |
9.3–10.3 |
† 2002 state range is 7.2–13.2%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Pregnancy That Was Not Wanted by Husband or Partner, 2002
Prevalence of Pregnancy That Was Not Wanted by Husband or Partner, 1996–2002
| State |
1996
(%) |
1997
(%) |
1998
(%) |
1999
(%) |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
11.6 |
10.4 |
11.7 |
10.6 |
10.0 |
11.1 |
11.0 |
0.666 |
| Alaska |
11.7 |
11.7 |
11.0 |
9.4 |
10.5 |
10.2 |
10.0 |
0.104 |
| Arkansas |
— |
11.2 |
13.0 |
11.1 |
12.7 |
10.0 |
10.8 |
0.264 |
| Colorado |
— |
— |
10.7 |
10.4 |
10.4 |
7.4 |
8.4 |
0.004* |
| Florida |
11.9 |
14.1 |
10.8 |
11.0 |
10.0 |
11.3 |
9.8 |
0.020* |
| Hawaii |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.1 |
8.0 |
7.2 |
0.319 |
| Illinois |
— |
9.4g |
11.9 |
10.2 |
9.0 |
9.8 |
9.7 |
0.225 |
| Louisiana |
— |
— |
13.2 |
12.2 |
10.8 |
10.6 |
10.3 |
0.009* |
| Maine |
9.6 |
12.0 |
10.5 |
10.1 |
9.7 |
7.6 |
8.5 |
0.017* |
| Maryland |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.9d |
10.2 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
10.5e |
11.4 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.6a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.7 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
— |
— |
— |
— |
9.8 |
9.3 |
9.7 |
0.959 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.8b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
— |
—h |
13.0h |
9.4 |
10.0 |
10.5 |
10.6 |
0.114 |
| New Yorkc |
10.4 |
10.8 |
9.5 |
10.0 |
8.5 |
7.9 |
7.7 |
0.011* |
| North Carolina |
— |
13.7i |
10.4 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
10.2 |
9.1 |
0.063 |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
8.1 |
# # |
| Ohio |
— |
— |
— |
11.5 |
10.8 |
10.5 |
11.5 |
0.952 |
| Oklahoma |
11.8 |
12.3 |
10.8 |
12.0 |
11.3 |
13.1 |
13.2 |
0.335 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
— |
7.8 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
12.9 |
13.7 |
11.1 |
10.9 |
9.3 |
8.5 |
9.6 |
0.001** |
| Utah |
— |
— |
— |
8.7 |
8.9 |
11.3 |
7.6 |
0.765 |
| Vermont |
— |
— |
— |
— |
—f |
10.6f |
8.7 |
# # |
| Washington |
10.6 |
11.2 |
9.9 |
12.2 |
8.9 |
10.4 |
10.0 |
0.458 |
| West Virginia |
13.5 |
10.4 |
12.3 |
11.0 |
9.1 |
9.5 |
9.2 |
0.002* |
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
** p value is less than 0.001.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001.
g Data represent Illinois births from June–December 1997.
h Data represent New Mexico births from July 1997–December 1998.
i Data represent North Carolina births from July–December 1997. |
Prevalence of Contraceptive Use at Time of Pregnancy Among Women with an Unintended Pregnancy, 2002
| State |
Respondents |
Percent† |
Standard Error |
95% CI‡ |
| Alabama |
741 |
45.9 |
2.3 |
41.4–50.5 |
| Alaska |
724 |
52.4 |
2.1 |
48.2–56.6 |
| Arkansas |
961 |
42.9 |
2.2 |
38.6–47.4 |
| Colorado |
864 |
46.4 |
2.3 |
42.0–50.8 |
| Florida |
1,058 |
41.6 |
2.4 |
37.1–46.3 |
| Hawaii |
803 |
38.7 |
2.1 |
34.6–42.9 |
| Illinois |
795 |
47.4 |
1.9 |
43.7–51.2 |
| Louisiana |
861 |
47.0 |
1.9 |
43.3–50.8 |
| Maine |
350 |
47.4 |
3.1 |
41.5–53.4 |
| Maryland |
512 |
47.6 |
3.2 |
41.4–53.8 |
| Michigan |
627 |
46.7 |
2.3 |
42.3–51.3 |
| Minnesotaa |
470 |
48.5 |
3.2 |
42.2–54.8 |
| Montana |
497 |
46.7 |
2.4 |
42.1–51.4 |
| Nebraska |
838 |
51.1 |
2.2 |
46.9–55.3 |
| New Jerseyb |
356 |
42.9 |
3.2 |
36.8–49.2 |
| New Mexico |
663 |
42.0 |
2.0 |
38.2–46.0 |
| New Yorkc |
405 |
45.3 |
3.2 |
39.1–51.7 |
| North Carolina |
631 |
40.6 |
2.5 |
35.8–45.5 |
| North Dakota |
331 |
46.9 |
2.8 |
41.4–52.5 |
| Ohio |
647 |
43.7 |
2.6 |
38.6–48.9 |
| Oklahoma |
905 |
41.2 |
2.6 |
36.3–46.4 |
| Rhode Island |
484 |
40.9 |
2.6 |
35.9–46.1 |
| South Carolina |
640 |
48.4 |
3.3 |
42.0–54.8 |
| Utah |
527 |
45.4 |
3.0 |
39.7–51.2 |
| Vermont |
385 |
53.3 |
2.5 |
48.3–58.2 |
| Washington |
658 |
46.1 |
2.9 |
40.5–51.9 |
| West Virginia |
795 |
46.7 |
2.6 |
41.6–51.8 |
| All PRAMS states§ |
17,528 |
44.9 |
0.6 |
43.7–46.2 |
Note: Contraceptive use is defined as using any of the following birth control methods at time of pregnancy: not having sex at certain times (rhythm) or using such birth control methods as the pill, Norplant®, shots (Depo-Provera® ), condoms, diaphragm, foam, IUD, tubal ligation, or vasectomy.
† 2002 state range is 38.7–53.3%.
‡ Confidence interval.
§ Aggregate of the 27 PRAMS states.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City. |
Prevalence of Contraceptive Use at Time of Pregnancy Among Women with an Unintended Pregnancy, 2002
Healthy People 2010 Objective 9–3
Increase the proportion of females at risk of unintended pregnancy (and their partners) who use contraception to 100%. |
Prevalence of Contraceptive Use at Time of Pregnancy Among Women with an Unintended Pregnancy, 2000–2002
| State |
2000
(%) |
2001
(%) |
2002
(%) |
P value
for trend# |
| Alabama |
48.9 |
44.8 |
45.9 |
0.356 |
| Alaska |
48.7 |
52.0 |
52.4 |
0.239 |
| Arkansas |
41.8 |
38.9 |
42.9 |
0.746 |
| Colorado |
47.7 |
46.4 |
46.4 |
0.682 |
| Florida |
49.3 |
48.9 |
41.6 |
0.023* |
| Hawaii |
40.2 |
39.8 |
38.7 |
0.565 |
| Illinois |
44.2 |
49.0 |
47.4 |
0.230 |
| Louisiana |
44.4 |
49.6 |
47.0 |
0.335 |
| Maine |
49.5 |
48.0 |
47.4 |
0.620 |
| Maryland |
— |
43.6d |
47.6 |
# # |
| Michigan |
— |
50.4e |
46.7 |
# # |
| Minnesota |
— |
— |
48.5a |
# # |
| Montana |
— |
— |
46.7 |
# # |
| Nebraska |
45.6 |
48.6 |
51.1 |
0.072 |
| New Jersey |
— |
— |
42.9b |
# # |
| New Mexico |
49.4 |
45.2 |
42.0 |
0.010* |
| New Yorkc |
54.8 |
47.4 |
45.3 |
0.036* |
| North Carolina |
50.7 |
45.5 |
40.6 |
0.004* |
| North Dakota |
— |
— |
46.9 |
# # |
| Ohio |
45.9 |
43.1 |
43.7 |
0.555 |
| Oklahoma |
37.7 |
44.4 |
41.2 |
0.369 |
| Rhode Island |
— |
— |
40.9 |
# # |
| South Carolina |
56.0 |
51.2 |
48.4 |
0.087 |
| Utah |
46.4 |
47.3 |
45.4 |
0.797 |
| Vermont |
—f |
49.2f |
53.3 |
# # |
| Washington |
52.6 |
50.0 |
46.1 |
0.116 |
| West Virginia |
47.7 |
43.6 |
46.7 |
0.787 |
Note: Contraceptive use is defined as using any of the following birth control methods at time of pregnancy: not having sex at certain times (rhythm) or using such birth control methods as the pill, Norplant®, shots (Depo-Provera® ), condoms, diaphragm, foam, IUD, tubal ligation, or vasectomy.
# Based on a test for linear trend using logistic regression.
* p value is less than 0.05.
# # < 3 years of data available; test for linear trend not applicable.
a Data represent Minnesota births from May–December 2002.
b Data represent New Jersey births from July–December 2002.
c Data exclude New York City.
d Data represent Maryland births from February–December 2001.
e Data represent Michigan births from July–December 2001.
f Data represent Vermont births from October 2000–December 2001. |
Back | Next
Page last reviewed: 8/23/06
Page last modified: 8/23/06
Content source: Division
of Reproductive Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion |
|
|
