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Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance -- United States, 1993Laura Kann, Ph.D.1 Charles W. Warren, Ph.D.(1) William A. Harris, M.M.(1) Janet L. Collins, Ph.D.(1) Kathy A. Douglas, Ph.D.(1) Mary Elizabeth Collins, H.S.D.(1) Barbara I. Williams, Ph.D.(2) James G. Ross, M.S.(3) Lloyd J. Kolbe, Ph.D.(1) State and Local YRBSS Coordinators (Appendix) (1) Division of Adolescent and School Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC (2) Westat Incorporated (3) Macro International Abstract Problem/Condition: Priority health risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of mortality, morbidity, and social problems among youth and adults often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated. Reporting Period: February through May 1993. Description of System: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health risk behaviors among youth and young adults: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries, tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors, dietary behaviors, and physical activity. The YRBSS includes a national, school-based survey conducted by CDC and state and local school-based surveys conducted by state and local education agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 24 state surveys, and nine local surveys conducted among high school students during February through May 1993. Results and Interpretation: In the United States, 72% of all deaths among school-age youth and young adults are from four causes: motor vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1993 YRBSS suggest that many high school students practice behaviors that may increase their likelihood of death from these four causes: 19.1% rarely or never used a safety belt, 35.3% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey, 22.1% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey, 80.9% ever drank alcohol, 32.8% ever used marijuana, and 8.6% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among adolescents also result from unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. YRBSS results indicate that in 1993, 53.0% of high school students had had sexual intercourse, 52.8% of sexually active students had used a condom during last sexual intercourse, and 1.4% ever injected an illegal drug. Among adults, 67% of all deaths are from three causes: heart disease, cancer, and stroke. In 1993, many high school students practiced behaviors that may increase the risk for these health problems: 30.5% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey, only 15.4% had eaten five or more servings of fruits and vegetables during the day preceding the survey, and only 34.3% had attended physical education class daily. Actions Taken: YRBSS data are being used nationwide by health and education officials to improve school health policies and programs designed to reduce risks associated with the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. At the national level, YRBSS data are being used to measure progress toward achieving 26 national health objectives and one of eight National Education Goals. INTRODUCTION In the United States, 72% of all deaths among school-age youth and young adults 5-24 years of age are from only four causes: motor vehicle crashes (30% of all deaths in this age group), other unintentional injuries (12%), homicide (19%), and suicide (11%) (1). Substantial morbidity and social problems also result from the approximately 1 million pregnancies that occur among adolescents (2) and the more than 10 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) that occur each year among young persons 15-29 years of age (3). In the United States, 67% of all deaths and substantial morbidity among adults greater than or equal to 25 years of age are from only three causes: heart disease (35% of all deaths in this age group), cancer (25%), and stroke (7%) (1). Therefore, six categories of behaviors contribute to the leading causes of morbidity and mortality that affect the nation: behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and STD (including human immunodeficiency virus {HIV} infection); unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. These behaviors, which frequently are interrelated, often are established during youth and extend into adulthood. To monitor the priority health risk behaviors in each of these categories among youth and young adults, CDC developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) (4). The YRBSS includes national, state, * and local school-based surveys of high school students. National surveys were conducted in 1990, 1991, and 1993. ** Comparable state and local surveys were first conducted in 1990, during which time 24 states and eight large cities participated. In 1991, 29 states and 10 cities conducted surveys, as did 43 states and 13 cities in 1993. This report summarizes the results from the 1993 national school-based survey and from selected state and local school- based surveys. METHODS Sampling The 1993 national school-based survey employed a three-stage cluster sample design to produce a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9-12. The first-stage sampling frame contained 1,928 primary sampling units (PSUs), consisting of large counties or groups of smaller, adjacent counties. From the 1,928 PSUs, 50 were selected from 16 strata formed on the basis of the degree of urbanization and the relative percentage of black *** and Hispanic students in the PSU. The PSUs were selected with probability proportional to school enrollment size. At the second sampling stage, 199 schools were selected with probability proportional to school enrollment size. To enable separate analysis of black and Hispanic students, schools with substantial numbers of black and Hispanic students were sampled at relatively higher rates than were all other schools. The third stage of sampling consisted of randomly selecting one or two intact classes of a required subject (e.g., English or social studies) from grades 9-12 at each chosen school. All students in the selected classes were eligible to participate in the study. A weighting factor was applied to each student record to adjust for nonresponse and for the oversampling of black and Hispanic students. Numbers of students in other racial/ethnic groups were too small for meaningful analysis. The weights were scaled so that the weighted count of students was equal to the total sample size and so that the weighted proportions of students in each grade matched national population proportions. SUDAAN was used to compute 95% confidence intervals (5). The national data are representative of students in grades 9-12 in public and private schools in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The 1993 state and local school-based surveys employed a two-stage cluster sample design to produce representative samples of students in grades 9-12 in their jurisdiction. In most states and cities, the first-stage sampling frame consisted of all public schools containing any of grades 9-12. Schools were selected with probability proportional to school enrollment size. At the second sampling stage, intact classes of a required subject or a required period (e.g., second period) were randomly selected. All students in the selected classes were eligible to participate in the study. Some states and cities modified these procedures to meet their individual needs. For example, in some states and cities classes were selected as the first stage of sampling, or all schools, rather than a sample of schools, were selected to participate. The data sets from the 24 state and nine local surveys with an overall response rate of at least 60% and appropriate documentation were weighted (Table_1). Weighted data from most of these states and cities can be generalized to all public school students in grades 9-12 in the jurisdiction. The unweighted data from eight state and four local surveys apply only to the students participating in the survey. Surveys from Louisiana and New York excluded students from New Orleans and New York City, respectively. For the national survey, the school response rate was 78%, and the student response rate was 90%, for an overall response rate of 70% (Table_1). A total of 16,296 questionnaires were completed in 155 schools. For the state and local surveys, school response rates ranged from 48% to 100%, student response rates ranged from 47% to 91%, and overall response rates ranged from 41% to 86%. Sample sizes ranged from 507 to 4,522. In the national, state, and local surveys, students were evenly distributed across grades and between sexes (Table_1). Incidence rates for two variables were calculated to provide data for monitoring relevant year 2000 national health objectives. For weapon- carrying, students who replied that they carried a weapon 2 or 3 days were assigned a weapon-carrying frequency of 2.5; 4 or 5 days, 4.5; and greater than or equal to 6 days, 6.0. For physical fighting, students who reported fighting two or three times were assigned a fighting frequency of 2.5; four or five times, 4.5; six or seven times, 6.5; eight or nine times, 8.5; 10 or 11 times, 10.5; and greater than or equal to 12 times, 12.0. Data Collection Survey procedures were designed to protect the students' privacy by allowing for anonymous participation. The self-administered questionnaire was administered in the classroom during a regular class period. Students recorded their responses directly on a computer-scannable booklet or answer sheet. The core questionnaire contained 84 multiple-choice questions. State and local education agencies added or deleted items to meet individual needs. Local parental consent procedures were followed before survey administration. RESULTS Behaviors that Contribute to Unintentional Injuries Safety-Belt Use Nationwide, 19.1% of students rarely or never used safety belts when riding in a car or truck driven by someone else (Table_2). White **** male students (22.6%) were significantly more likely than white female students (11.5%) to rarely or never use safety belts, and 11th- and 12th- grade male students (25.1% and 24.9%, respectively) were significantly more likely than 11th- and 12th-grade female students (12.9% and 13.5%, respec- tively) to rarely or never do so. Black students (30.3%) were significantly more likely than white or Hispanic students (17.3% and 19.5%, respectively) to report this behavior. The prevalence rate of rarely or never using safety belts among the state surveys varied nearly eightfold from 6.3% to 48.3% (median: 26.9%) (Table_3). Among the local surveys, the prevalence rate varied nearly sevenfold from 8.4% to 57.0% (median: 33.4%). Motorcycle-Helmet Use Nationwide, 26.7% of students had ridden a motorcycle during the 12 months preceding the survey. Of these students, 40.0% rarely or never wore a motorcycle helmet (Table_2). Male and female Hispanic students (58.3% and 62.3%, respectively) were significantly more likely than male and female white students (37.4% and 36.3%, respectively) to rarely or never wear a motorcycle helmet. The prevalence rate of rarely or never wearing a motorcycle helmet ranged from 16.0% to 70.0% (median: 42.1%) among the state surveys and from 30.4% to 68.9% (median: 42.2%) among the local surveys (Table_3). Bicycle-Helmet Use Nationwide, 75.3% of students had ridden a bicycle during the 12 months preceding the survey. Of these students, 92.8% rarely or never wore a bicycle helmet (Table_2). Black male students (97.6%) were significantly more likely than white male students (90.8%) to rarely or never wear a bicycle helmet. The prevalence rate of rarely or never wearing a bicycle helmet ranged from 82.0% to 98.0% (median: 95.7%) among the state surveys and from 71.2% to 98.4% (median: 95.5%) among the local surveys (Table_3). Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking Alcohol During the 30 days preceding the survey, approximately one third (35.3%) of students nationwide had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol (Table_2). Hispanic male students (45.1%) were significantly more likely than white male students (34.7%) to report this behavior. Riding with a drinking driver was significantly more likely among 12th-grade male students (42.5%) than among 9th- and 10th-grade male students (30.0% and 33.0%, respectively). State survey prevalence rates ranged from 22.6% to 51.9% (median: 36.4%), and local survey prevalence rates ranged from 23.9% to 45.7% (median: 32.0%) (Table_3). Behaviors that Contribute to Intentional Injuries Carrying a Weapon Nearly one fourth (22.1%) of students nationwide had carried a weapon (e.g., a gun, knife, or club) during the 30 days preceding the survey (Table_4). An estimated 92.0 weapon-carrying incidents occurred monthly per 100 students. Across all racial/ ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have carried a weapon. Weapon-carrying was significantly more likely among black female students (18.9%) than among white and Hispanic female students (6.9% and 11.5%, respectively). Prevalence rates ranged from 16.2% to 33.0% (median: 24.4%) among the state surveys and from 19.1% to 35.3% (median: 23.7%) among the local surveys (Table_5). Nationwide, 7.9% of students had carried a gun during the 30 days preceding the survey (Table_4). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have carried a gun. Black male and black female students (20.9% and 3.8%, respectively) were significantly more likely to have done so than were white male and white female students (12.0% and 1.2%, respectively). State prevalence rates ranged threefold from 5.8% to 17.4% (median: 10.2%), and local prevalence rates ranged more than twofold from 6.6% to 14.0% (median: 10.0%) (Table_5). Engaging in a Physical Fight Among students nationwide, 41.8% had been in a physical fight during the 12 months preceding the survey, and 4.0% had been treated by a doctor or nurse for injuries sustained in a physical fight during the same time period (Table_6). An estimated 136.8 physical fighting incidents occurred per 100 students per year. Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have been in a physical fight. Participation in a physical fight was significantly more likely to have occurred among black female students (41.8%) than among white female students (29.5%) and among 9th-grade students (50.4%) than among 10th- (42.2%), 11th- (40.5%), and 12th- (34.8%) grade students. Black male students (8.5%) were significantly more likely than black female students (4.3%) and white male students (4.2%) to have been injured in a physical fight. Among the state surveys, the prevalence rate of physical fighting ranged from 29.8% to 60.8% (median: 40.0%), and the prevalence rate of injurious physical fighting ranged from 2.4% to 12.2% (median: 4.4%) (Table_7). Among the local surveys, the prevalence rate of physical fighting ranged from 35.2% to 51.4% (median: 42.9%), and the prevalence rate of injurious physical fighting ranged from 4.5% to 9.3% (median: 6.3%). School-Related Violence Nationwide, 4.4% of students had missed at least 1 day of school during the 30 days preceding the survey because they felt unsafe at school or felt unsafe traveling to or from school (Table_8). Both Hispanic and black male and female students were significantly more likely than white male and female students to miss school because they felt unsafe, and 9th-grade female students (6.4%) were significantly more likely than 12th-grade female students (2.7%) to miss school for this reason. Ninefold differences were observed in the prevalence rates from the state surveys, which ranged from 2.5% to 23.1% (median: 5.4%) (Table_9). Nearly threefold differences were observed in the prevalence rates from the local surveys, which ranged from 6.8% to 17.5% (median: 10.5%). The prevalence of weapon-carrying on school property during the 30 days preceding the survey was 11.8% nationwide (Table_8). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have carried a weapon on school property. Black female students (11.9%) were significantly more likely than Hispanic female (6.6%) or white female (3.4%) students to have done so. Prevalence rates among the state surveys ranged from 7.9% to 19.3% (median: 12.3%) (Table_9). Prevalence rates among the local surveys ranged from 8.3% to 22.5% (median: 11.7%). Nationwide, the prevalence of students who were threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the 12 months preceding the survey was 7.3% (Table_8). White male students (8.1%) and black female students (9.8%) were significantly more likely than white female students (4.4%) to have been threatened or injured with a weapon. Male students in grades 10-12 (9.1%, 9.5%, and 7.6%, respectively) were significantly more likely than female students in the same grades (5.4%, 4.8%, and 3.3%, respectively) to have experienced this. Prevalence rates among the state surveys ranged from 5.8% to 15.2% (median: 8.3%) (Table_9). Prevalence rates among the local surveys ranged from 8.9% to 16.3% (median: 10.8%). Nationwide, 16.2% of students had been in a physical fight on school property during the 12 months preceding the survey (Table_8). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have been in a physical fight on school property. Black male and female students (28.6% and 15.5%, respectively) were significantly more likely than white male and female students (22.5% and 6.8%, respectively) to have experienced this. Male and female students in grade 9 (33.2% and 12.7%, respectively) were significantly more likely to have been in a physical fight on school property than those in grades 11 (20.0% and 7.0%, respectively) and 12 (16.5% and 6.1%, respectively). Among the state surveys, the prevalence rate ranged from 12.5% to 39.1% (median: 16.1%) (Table_9). Among the local surveys, the prevalence rate ranged from 13.3% to 22.5% (median: 17.7%). Nationwide, approximately one third of students (32.7%) had property (e.g., a car, clothing, or books) stolen or deliberately damaged on school property during the 12 months preceding the survey (Table_8). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups (except Hispanic students), male students were significantly more likely than female students to have had property stolen or damaged. Male and female 9th-grade students (41.3% and 33.0%, respectively) were significantly more likely than male and female 12th-grade students (33.2% and 24.2%, respectively) to have experienced this. Prevalence rates ranged from 20.8% to 59.3% (median: 33.0%) among the state surveys and from 23.0% to 38.7% (median: 32.5%) among the local surveys (Table_9). Suicide Ideation and Attempts Nearly one fourth (24.1%) of students nationwide had seriously considered attempting suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey (Table_10). Across all racial/ethnic subgroups, female students were significantly more likely than male students to have considered attempting suicide. Hispanic female students (34.1%) were significantly more likely than black and white female students (24.5% and 29.7%, respectively) to have considered this. Prevalence rates ranged from 13.8% to 29.3% (median: 25.1%) across the state surveys and from 18.9% to 25.7% (median: 22.7%) across the local surveys (Table_11). More serious suicide ideation was observed among the 19.0% of students nationwide who had made a specific plan to attempt suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey (Table_10). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups (except black students and 11th-grade students), female students were significantly more likely than male students to have made such a plan. Hispanic female students (26.6%) were significantly more likely than black female students (19.5%) to have made a plan to attempt suicide. Prevalence rates among the state surveys ranged from 11.8% to 29.1% (median: 20.3%). Prevalence rates among the local surveys ranged from 15.0% to 22.2% (median: 17.1%). Nationwide, 8.6% of students had actually attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey, and 2.7% reported an attempt that resulted in an injury, poisoning, or overdose that had to be treated by a doctor or nurse (Table_10). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, female students were significantly more likely than male students to have attempted suicide. Suicide attempts were significantly more likely among Hispanic male students (7.4%) than among white male students (4.4%) and among Hispanic female students (19.7%) than among white and black female students (11.3% and 11.2%, respectively). The percentage of students attempting suicide ranged from 7.8% to 26.3% (median: 10.2%) across the state surveys and from 9.6% to 13.5% (median: 10.8%) across the local surveys (Table_11). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups (except black students and students in grades 9 and 12), female students were significantly more likely than male students to have made a suicide attempt that required subsequent medical attention (Table_10). The prevalence of injurious suicide attempts ranged from 1.9% to 9.4% (median: 3.1%) across the state surveys and from 2.3% to 4.7% (median: 3.6%) across the local surveys (Table_11). Tobacco Use Cigarette Use Nationwide, 69.5% of students had ever tried cigarette smoking (Table_12). Students in grades 11 and 12 (73.3% and 73.9%, respectively) were significantly more likely than students in grades 9 and 10 (62.8% and 66.9%, respectively) to have done so. Prevalence rates among the state surveys ranged from 46.4% to 76.8% (median: 69.4%); among the local surveys, prevalence rates ranged from 59.3% to 69.7% (median: 64.7%) (Table_13). Nearly one third of students (30.5%) nationwide had smoked cigarettes on greater than or equal to 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey (i.e., current cigarette use) (Table_12). White and Hispanic male and female students were significantly more likely than black male and female students to report current cigarette use. Prevalence rates among the state surveys ranged from 17.4% to 38.9% (median: 30.9%); among the local surveys, prevalence rates ranged from 12.9% to 25.9% (median: 20.1%) (Table_13). Nationwide, 13.8% of students had smoked cigarettes on greater than or equal to 20 of the 30 days preceding the survey (i.e., frequent cigarette use) (Table_12). White students (16.1%) were significantly more likely than Hispanic and black students (7.7% and 4.6%, respectively) to report frequent cigarette use. Students in grades 11 and 12 (15.3% and 17.8%, respectively) were significantly more likely than students in grade 9 (8.8%) to do so. Prevalence rates among the state surveys ranged from 8.2% to 19.9% (median: 14.1%); among the local surveys, prevalence rates ranged from 3.0% to 10.5% (median: 6.1%) (Table_13). Nearly one fourth (24.7%) of high school students had ever smoked at least one cigarette every day for 30 days (i.e., regular cigarette use) (Table_12). White students (28.4%) were significantly more likely than Hispanic and black students (18.6% and 9.2%, respectively) to report regular cigarette use, and Hispanic students were significantly more likely than black students to report regular cigarette use. Students in grades 11 and 12 (27.2% and 28.4%, respectively) were significantly more likely than students in grade 9 (20.9%) to have done so. A tenfold variation was observed in prevalence rates across state surveys, which ranged from 3.1% to 32.4% (median: 24.7%). Prevalence rates among the local surveys ranged from 7.2% to 18.8% (median: 15.1%) (Table_13). Smokeless Tobacco Use Nationwide, more than one in 10 students (11.5%) had used smokeless tobacco during the 30 days preceding the survey (Table_12). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to use smokeless tobacco. White male students (26.0%) were significantly more likely than Hispanic or black male students (8.0% and 4.7%, respectively) to do so. A twelvefold variation in prevalence rates was observed across the state surveys, which ranged from 1.8% to 24.0% (median: 11.9%) (Table_13). A fourfold variation was observed across the local surveys, which ranged from 1.5% to 8.4% (median: 2.8%). Alcohol and Other Drug Use Alcohol Use Nationwide, 80.9% of students had had at least one drink of alcohol during their lifetime (Table_14). Students in grades 11 and 12 (84.9% and 87.6%, respectively) were significantly more likely than students in grades 9 and 10 (72.9% and 76.8%, respectively) to have had at least one drink of alcohol. The prevalence of alcohol use across the state surveys ranged from 45.7% to 86.1% (median: 77.6%) (Table_15). The range across the local surveys was 60.5% to 79.0% (median: 73.4%). Nationwide, nearly half of all students (48.0%) had had at least one drink of alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey (i.e., current alcohol use) (Table_14). This behavior was significantly more likely among black male students (48.2%) than among black female students (37.1%) and among male students in grade 12 (60.5%) than among female students in grade 12 (52.0%). White female students (48.6%) were significantly more likely than black female students (37.1%) to report current alcohol use, as were male students in grades 11 and 12 (53.6% and 60.5%, respectively) compared with male students in grade 9 (40.2%). Female students in grade 12 (52.0%) were significantly more likely to engage in this behavior than female students in grade 9 (40.5%). Prevalence rates across the state surveys ranged from 26.0% to 61.2% (median: 47.3%), and across the local surveys, from 32.9% to 46.4% (median: 41.4%). Nationwide, 30.0% of students had had five or more drinks of alcohol on at least one occasion during the 30 days preceding the survey (i.e., episodic heavy drinking) (Table_14). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups (except 9th- and 10th-grade students), male students were significantly more likely than female students to report episodic heavy drinking. This behavior was significantly more common among white and Hispanic male (35.6% and 39.4%, respectively) and female (29.3% and 27.6%, respectively) students than among black male (25.1%) and female (13.3%) students; this behavior also was more common among male students in grades 11 and 12 (37.1% and 45.0%, respec- tively) than among those in grades 9 and 10 (24.0% and 27.2%, respectively). Female students in grade 12 (33.0%) were significantly more likely than female students in grades 9-11 (19.7%, 25.3%, and 25.1%, respectively) to report episodic heavy drinking. A more than fourfold variation was observed in prevalence rates across the state surveys, which ranged from 9.3% to 44.3% (median: 28.8%) (Table_15). Across the local surveys, prevalence rates ranged from 14.1% to 24.7% (median: 19.4%). Marijuana Use Nearly one third (32.8%) of students nationwide had used marijuana during their lifetime, and 17.7% had used marijuana at least once during the 30 days preceding the survey (i.e., current marijuana use) (Table_14). Black male students were significantly more likely than black female students to report lifetime (41.1% and 26.3%, respectively) and current marijuana use (24.3% and 13.0%, respectively). Hispanic male students (41.5%) were significantly more likely than Hispanic female students (29.5%) to report lifetime marijuana use. Lifetime and current use was significantly more likely among male and female students in grade 12 than among male and female students in grade 9. Male students in grade 9 were significantly more likely than female students in the same grade to report lifetime (28.8% and 19.7%, respectively) and current (16.3% and 9.7%, respectively) marijuana use. Male students in grade 12 (45.5%) were significantly more likely than female students in the same grade (35.8%) to report lifetime marijuana use. Lifetime marijuana use ranged from 16.3% to 40.0% (median: 27.9%) across the state surveys and from 23.8% to 40.5% (median: 29.5%) across the local surveys (Table_15). Current marijuana use ranged from 7.4% to 22.0% (median: 14.1%) across the state surveys and from 11.8% to 22.7% (median: 17.8%) across the local surveys. Cocaine Use Nationwide, 4.9% of students had used cocaine during their lifetime, and 1.9% had used cocaine at least once during the 30 days preceding the survey (i.e., current cocaine use) (Table_16). Hispanic male and female students were significantly more likely than white and black male and female students to report lifetime and current cocaine use. White male and female students (5.3% and 3.9%, respectively) were significantly more likely than black male and female students (1.9% and 1.2%, respectively) to report lifetime cocaine use. A fourfold variation in lifetime and current cocaine use was observed across the state and local surveys (Table_17). Lifetime cocaine use ranged from 2.0% to 9.7% (median: 5.1%) among the state surveys and from 1.4% to 8.8% (median: 3.8%) among the local surveys. Current cocaine use ranged from 0.7% to 4.4% (median: 2.2%) among the state surveys and from 0.4% to 4.3% (median: 1.9%) among the local surveys. Nationwide, 2.6% of students had used crack or freebase forms of cocaine during their lifetime (Table_16). Hispanic male (7.1%) and female (5.5%) students were significantly more likely than white and black male (2.6% and 1.6%, respectively) and female (2.0% and 0.6%, respectively) students to have used these drugs. A fivefold variation in crack or freebase use was observed across the state surveys, which ranged from 1.1% to 5.6% (median: 3.4%); a sevenfold variation was observed across the local surveys, which ranged from 0.7% to 5.0% (median: 2.0%) (Table_17). Steroid Use Nationwide, 2.2% of students had used steroids without a doctor's prescription during their lifetime (Table_16). White and black male students and male students in grades 11 and 12 were significantly more likely than female students in the same subgroups to have used steroids. Lifetime steroid use ranged from 1.8% to 5.4% (median: 3.5%) across the state surveys and from 1.6% to 3.8% (median: 2.8%) across the local surveys (Table_17). Injected-Drug Use (IDU) Nationwide, 1.4% of students had injected illegal drugs during their lifetime ***** (Table_16). White male students (1.8%) and male students in grade 12 (1.9%) were significantly more likely than white female students (0.7%) and female students in grade 12 (0.4%) to have reported IDU. Prevalence rates for IDU ranged from 1.0% to 3.8% (median: 2.2%) across the state surveys and from 0.5% to 2.6% (median: 1.5%) across the local surveys (Table_17). Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drug Use on School Property Nationwide, 13.2% of students had smoked cigarettes on school property during the 30 days preceding the survey (Table_18). White and Hispanic students (14.6% and 11.1%, respectively) were significantly more likely than black students (5.9%) to have done so. Across the state surveys, 8.2%-19.9% (median: 13.5%) of students had smoked cigarettes on school property (Table_19). Across the local surveys, the prevalence rates ranged from 4.0% to 17.0% (median: 9.7%). Smokeless tobacco use on school property during the 30 days preceding the survey was reported by 6.8% of students nationwide (Table_18). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have used smokeless tobacco on school property. White male students (16.0%) were significantly more likely to have engaged in this behavior than black and Hispanic male students (2.8% and 4.4%, respectively). A fourfold variation was observed across the state surveys, which ranged from 3.8% to 16.2% (median: 7.4%) (Table_19). A threefold variation was observed across the local surveys, which ranged from 0.7% to 2.6% (median: 1.1%). Nationwide, 5.2% of students had had at least one drink of alcohol on school property during the 30 days preceding the survey (Table_18). Male students in grade 12 (7.5%) were significantly more likely than female students in the same grade (3.5%) to have engaged in this behavior. Prevalence rates across the state surveys ranged from 4.1% to 12.3% (median: 6.2%) and across the local surveys from 4.1% to 12.2% (median: 6.2%) (Table_19). Nationwide, 5.6% of students had used marijuana on school property during the 30 days preceding the survey (Table_18). Across all racial/ethnic subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have engaged in this behavior. Prevalence rates ranged from 1.8% to 8.1% (median: 4.5%) across the state surveys and from 4.6% to 9.3% (median: 5.8%) across the local surveys (Table_19). Nearly one fourth (24.0%) of students had been offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school property during the 12 months preceding the survey (Table_18). Among white and Hispanic students, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have been offered, sold, or given an illegal drug. Hispanic male and female students were significantly more likely than white and black male and female students to have experienced this. Prevalence rates across the state surveys ranged from 11.0% to 31.4% (median: 22.0%) and across the local surveys from 12.8% to 36.7% (median: 21.3%) (Table_19). Sexual Behaviors that Contribute to Unintended Pregnancy and STD Sexual Intercourse Nationwide, more than half (53.0%) of all students had had sexual intercourse during their lifetime (Table_20). Black, Hispanic, and 9th- grade male students were significantly more likely than female students in the same subgroups to have done so. Black male and female students (89.2% and 70.4%, respectively) were significantly more likely than white male and female students (49.3% and 47.4%, respectively) and Hispanic male and female (63.5% and 48.3%) students to have had sexual intercourse, and Hispanic male students (63.5%) were significantly more likely than white male students (49.3%) to have done so. Among female students, the prevalence rates increased significantly from grades 9-12; among male students the prevalence rates increased significantly from grades 10-12. Prevalence rates ranged from 43.0% to 69.0% (median: 54.5%) across the state surveys and from 39.6% to 79.2% (median: 60.6%) across the local surveys (Table_21). The percentage of students nationwide who had had sexual intercourse during their lifetime with four or more sex partners was 18.8% (Table_20). Black and Hispanic male students and 9th- and 10th-grade male students were significantly more likely to have had four or more sex partners than were female students in the same subgroups. This behavior was signifi- cantly more likely among black male and female students (58.8% and 27.2%, respectively) than among Hispanic male and female students (26.3% and 11.0%, respectively) and white male and female students (15.2% and 13.3%). This behavior also was significantly more likely among male and female students in grades 11 (23.1% and 16.3%, respectively) and 12 (30.7% and 23.2%, respec- tively) than among male and female students in grades 9 (15.4% and 6.2%, respectively) and 10 (18.9% and 12.8%, respectively). Prevalence rates across the state surveys ranged from 11.4% to 30.1% (median: 19.3%) and across the local surveys from 14.8% to 45.3% (median: 25.9%) (Table_21). More than one third (37.6%) of students nationwide had had sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey (i.e., current sexual activity) (Table_20). Black male students (65.1%) were significantly more likely than black female students (53.2%) to be currently sexually active. This behavior was significantly more likely among black male and female students (65.1% and 53.2%, respectively) than among white male and female students (32.9% and 35.2%, respectively) and Hispanic male and female students (40.7% and 37.9%, respectively); current sexual activity also was significantly more likely among male and female students in grade 12 than among male and female students in grades 9-11. Prevalence rates among the state surveys ranged from 28.5% to 50.6% (median: 38.4%) (Table_21). Prevalence rates among the local surveys ranged from 28.5% to 61.2% (median: 42.0%). Condom Use Among currently sexually active students nationwide, 52.8% reported that they or their partner had used a condom during last sexual intercourse (Table_20). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups (except 9th- grade students), male students were significantly more likely than female students to have reported that a condom was used. White and black female students (46.1% and 47.8%, respectively) were significantly more likely than Hispanic female students (36.9%) to have reported condom use. This behavior was reported significantly more often by female students in grade 9 (59.2%) than by female students in grade 12 (41.2%) and by male students in grade 11 (64.8%) than by male students in grade 12 (51.5%). Prevalence rates across the state surveys ranged from 27.6% to 59.6% (median: 52.0%) and across the local surveys from 47.4% to 65.0% (median: 59.8%) (Table_21). Birth Control Pill Use Among sexually active students nationwide, 18.4% reported that they or their partner had used birth control pills during last sexual intercourse (Table_20). Black female students (20.6%) were significantly more likely than black male students (10.5%) to have reported use of birth control pills. This behavior was significantly more likely to have been reported by white female students (24.0%) than by Hispanic female students (15.3%) and by male and female students in grade 12 than by male students in grades 9-11 and female students in grades 9-10. A sixfold variation in prevalence rates was observed across the state surveys, which ranged from 4.8% to 31.3% (median: 17.9%) (Table_21). More than a twofold variation was observed across the local surveys, which ranged from 7.8% to 18.8% (median: 11.5%). Dietary Behaviors Perceived Overweight One third (34.3%) of all students nationwide thought they were overweight (Table_22). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, female students were significantly more likely than male students to identify themselves as being overweight. White and Hispanic female students (47.5% and 45.4%, respectively) were significantly more likely than black female students (32.2%) to consider themselves overweight. Hispanic male students (32.0%) were significantly more likely than white and black male students (23.9% and 20.8%, respectively) to identify themselves as being overweight. Prevalence rates across the state surveys ranged from 21.7% to 40.8% (median: 33.4%) and across the local surveys from 22.0% to 32.5% (median: 28.1%) (Table_23). Attempted Weight Loss Nationwide, 40.3% of students were attempting weight loss (Table_22). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, female students were signifi- cantly more likely than male students to have been attempting to lose weight. Attempted weight loss was significantly more likely among white and Hispanic female students (61.3% and 61.4%, respectively) than among black female students (44.0%). Hispanic male students (32.8%) were significantly more likely than white and black male students (22.3% and 19.9%, respectively) to have been trying to lose weight. Prevalence rates ranged from 28.7% to 47.3% (median: 41.5%) across the state surveys and from 28.5% to 40.5% (median: 36.4%) across the local surveys (Table_23). Fruits and Vegetables Nationwide, 15.4% of students had eaten five or more servings of fruits and vegetables ****** during the day preceding the survey (Table_22). White male and 9th-grade male students (18.4% and 20.8%, respectively) were significantly more likely to have eaten five or more servings than were white female and 9th-grade female students (13.5% and 15.5%, respectively), and white male and female students (18.4% and 13.5%, respectively) were significantly more likely than black male and female students (11.0% and 7.2%, respectively) to have done so. Prevalence rates across the state surveys ranged from 7.6% to 21.4% (median: 14.6%) and across the local surveys from 10.0% to 21.2% (median: 12.5%) (Table_23). Foods Typically High in Fat Content Two thirds (66.2%) of students nationwide had eaten two or fewer servings of foods typically high in fat content ******* during the day preceding the survey (Table_22). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, female students were significantly more likely than male students to have eaten two or fewer servings of such foods. White and Hispanic female students (77.1% and 79.0%, respectively) were significantly more likely to have done so than were black female students (63.2%), and Hispanic male students (66.2%) were significantly more likely than white and black male students (56.4% and 54.5%, respectively) to have done so. Across the state surveys, prevalence rates ranged from 58.4% to 89.9% (median: 63.2%), and across the local surveys, the prevalence rates ranged from 56.9% to 77.0% (median: 69.5%) (Table_23). Physical Activity Vigorous Physical Activity Nearly two thirds (65.8%) of students nationwide had participated in activities that made them sweat and breathe hard for at least 20 minutes on greater than or equal to 3 of the 7 days preceding the survey (i.e., vigorous physical activity) (Table_24). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to report vigorous physical activity. Vigorous physical activity was significantly more likely among white female students (58.8%) than among black or Hispanic female students (48.8% and 50.0%, respectively), and significantly more likely among male and female students in grade 9 (81.2% and 67.5%, respectively) than among those in grades 11 (71.4% and 52.7%, respectively) and 12 (69.8% and 45.4%, respectively). Prevalence rates of vigorous physical activity ranged from 51.7% to 73.3% (median: 64.4%) across the state surveys and from 44.8% to 68.6% (median: 57.0%) across the local surveys (Table_25). Stretching Exercises Nationwide, 54.5% of students had done stretching exercises (e.g., toe touching, knee bending, and leg stretching) on greater than or equal to 3 of the 7 days preceding the survey (Table_24). White female students (55.6%) were significantly more likely than black and Hispanic female students (43.2% and 46.8%, respectively) to have done stretching exercises. Male and female students in grade 9 (62.9% and 65.9%, respectively) were significantly more likely than those in grades 11 (53.3% and 48.4%, respectively) and 12 (52.6% and 41.1%, respectively) to have done so. Across the state surveys, prevalence rates ranged from 23.7% to 48.8% (median: 39.7%); across the local surveys, prevalence rates ranged from 24.8% to 51.6% (median: 33.8%) (Table_25). Strengthening Exercises Approximately half (51.9%) of students nationwide had done strengthening exercises (e.g., push-ups, sit-ups, and weight lifting) on greater than or equal to 3 of the 7 days preceding the survey (Table_24). Across all racial/ethnic and grade subgroups, male students were significantly more likely than female students to have done strengthening exercises. This activity was significantly more frequent among white female students (44.0%) than among black female students (33.3%) and among male and female students in grade 9 (69.1% and 52.2%, respectively) than among those in grades 11 (58.5% and 37.5%, respectively) and 12 (54.7% and 34.3%, respectively). Prevalence rates ranged from 21.8% to 43.6% (median: 35.7%) across the state surveys and from 25.0% to 38.4% (median: 31.2%) across the local surveys (Table_25). Participation in Physical Education (PE) Class Nationwide, about half (52.1%) of students were enrolled in a PE class (Table_24). Black male students (62.8%) were significantly more likely than black female students (48.7%) to have been enrolled in a PE class. Enrollment in a PE class was significantly more likely among male and female students in grade 9 than among those in grades 10-12. The percentage of students enrolled in PE ranged from 21.6% to 94.9% (median: 52.4%) across the state surveys and from 37.4% to 92.6% (median: 58.5%) across the local surveys (Table_25). Approximately one third (34.3%) of students nationwide had attended PE daily (Table_24). Black male students (48.6%) were significantly more likely than white male students (34.8%) to have attended PE daily, and male and female students in grades 9 (52.7% and 52.7%, respectively) and 10 (43.6% and 35.9%, respectively) were significantly more likely than those in grades 11 (26.7% and 20.9%, respectively) and 12 (28.4% and 17.1%, respectively) to have attended PE daily. Wide variation was observed across the state surveys, where prevalence rates ranged from 9.5% to 69.4% (median: 35.7%), and across the local surveys, where prevalence rates ranged from 9.8% to 80.5% (median: 39.8%) (Table_25). DISCUSSION These results indicate that many high school students throughout the United States practice behaviors that place them at risk for serious health problems. Considerable variation occurs from state to state and from city to city for some priority health risk behaviors. For example, among the state surveys, a fivefold variation or greater was identified for not using safety belts, not attending school because of concerns about safety, injurious physical fighting, injurious suicide attempts, regular cigarette smoking, smokeless tobacco use, current cocaine use, birth control pill use, and not attending PE class daily. Among the local surveys, a similar level of variation was found for safety belt use, lifetime cocaine use, current cocaine use, lifetime crack use, and daily attendance in a PE class. This variation may be attributable to differences in state and local laws and policies, enforcement practices, access to illegal drugs, available intervention programs, and prevailing norms and practices. For example, among the states, the percentage of students who attended PE class daily ranged from 9.5% in New York to 69.4% in Illinois, where high school students are required by state mandate to attend a PE class daily; among the cities, such attendance ranged from 9.8% in Boston to 80.5% in Chicago. The median prevalence rates for the state surveys and for the local surveys were similar for all categories of behavior except for tobacco use. Whereas the median prevalence rates for having ever tried cigarette smoking were similar for both types of surveys (69.4% vs. 64.7%, respectively), the median prevalence rates for all other tobacco-related behaviors (i.e., current, frequent, and regular cigarette use and smokeless tobacco use) were significantly higher in the state surveys than in the local surveys. These findings suggest that although high school students throughout the nation try cigarette smoking at similar rates, those living in larger cities are apparently less likely to continue use than are their peers who live in smaller cities and towns. These data, which include the differences between subgroups, are consistent with results from other national school-based surveys (6-8). In general, male students were most likely to report injury-related behaviors, smokeless tobacco use, and various types of drug use (e.g., binge drinking, marijuana use, steroid use, and IDU) and female students were most likely to report suicide-related behaviors and weight loss attempts. White students were most likely to report tobacco use and some types of physical activity (vigorous physical activity and strengthening exercises); black students were most likely to report weapon-carrying, physical fighting, and sexual behaviors; and Hispanic students were most likely to report current alcohol use, binge drinking, and cocaine and crack use. Weapon-carrying, physical fighting, condom use, and participation in physical activities occurred most frequently among students in grades 9-10, whereas cigarette smoking, alcohol and marijuana use, and sexual behaviors (except condom use) occurred most frequently among students in grades 11-12. These sex, grade, and race/ethnicity findings can assist in identifying groups with higher prevalences of risk behaviors. However, the underlying causes (e.g., education levels, economic factors, or cultural influences) for within- subgroup differences could not be addressed in this analysis. The YRBSS is the first school-based surveillance system to monitor priority health risk behaviors among representative samples of students at the national, state, and local levels. Since the system was implemented in 1990, the number of participating states and cities has increased by 44%. YRBSS data increasingly are being used by health and education officials to improve school health policies and programs. For example, in Massachusetts, YRBSS data were used to support the passage of a new excise tax on tobacco products. The increased revenue is being provided to local schools to support health education programs. In San Diego, YRBSS data are being used to develop a countywide strategic plan for child and adolescent health care. Once the plan is implemented, YRBSS data will be used to help monitor program impact. In South Dakota, YRBSS updates are provided annually to the state legislature to help establish priorities for relevant legislation. In New Mexico, YRBSS results have been distributed to every school district in the state to help districts develop or select programs to best meet student needs. At the national level, YRBSS data are being used to measure progress toward achieving 26 national health objectives (9). YRBSS data also are being used to measure one of the eight National Education Goals, which states, "By the year 2000, every school in the U.S. will be free of drugs, violence, and the unauthorized presence of firearms and alcohol and will offer a disciplined environment conducive to learning," (10). New components are being added to the YRBSS to help monitor both youth who do not attend school and youth who attend college. In 1992, a national household-based survey of persons 12-21 years of age was conducted as part of CDC's National Health Interview Survey (11,12). Because youth who were not attending school were oversampled, the health risk behaviors practiced by this group nationwide could be systematically examined for the first time. A national survey of undergraduate college students is being conducted during Spring 1995. These new components of the YRBSS will provide the additional data needed for prevention programs to address these other groups of adolescents and young adults. References
* U.S. territories are included as states. ** The school-based components of the YRBSS were implemented in 1990 and 1991 and then biennially during odd-numbered years thereafter. *** In this report, black refers to black, non-Hispanic students. **** In this report, white refers to white, non-Hispanic students. ***** Students were classified as injecting-drug users only if they a) reported injecting-drug use not prescribed by a physician and b) answered "one or more" to any of these questions: "During your life, how many times have you used any form of cocaine including powder, crack, or freebase?"; "During your life, how many times have you used any other type of illegal drug such as LSD, PCP, ecstacy, mushrooms, speed, ice, heroin, or pills without a doctor's prescription?"; or "During your life, how many times have you taken steroid pills or shots without a doctor's prescription?" ****** Fruit, fruit juice, green salad, and cooked vegetables. ******* Hamburgers, hot dogs, or sausage; french fries or potato chips; and cookies, doughnuts, pie, or cake. APPENDIX State and Local Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System Coordinators Table_1 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 1. Size, response rates, and demographic characteristics of samples -- United States and selected U. S. sites, Youth
Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
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Response rate (%) Sex (%) Grade (%) Race/ Ethnicity (%)
Sample -------------------------- ------------- ------------------------- ------------------------------------
Site size School Student Overall Female Male 9th 10th 11th 12th White * Black * Hispanic Other
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NATIONAL
SURVEY 16,296 78 90 70 48.2 51.8 24.1 23.4 25.4 26.9 71.0 13.9 8.6 6.5
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 4,463 98 87 85 49.8 50.2 30.7 25.5 22.3 21.0 62.7 33.3 1.1 2.8
American Samoa + 1,065 100 81 81 45.4 54.6 27.0 26.3 24.8 21.9 2.6 1.9 0.8 94.7
Georgia 1,621 78 82 64 50.5 49.5 32.2 25.7 21.6 20.1 57.4 37.4 1.8 3.4
Hawaii 1,577 100 63 63 47.9 52.1 29.0 25.7 24.8 20.4 15.7 2.4 4.2 77.8
Idaho 4,032 72 86 62 52.2 47.8 27.5 26.3 24.0 21.9 88.8 1.2 4.3 5.7
Illinois 4,087 NA & NA 73 49.8 50.2 25.3 27.7 24.5 22.4 65.9 18.4 9.4 6.3
Louisiana @ 1,414 100 86 86 50.9 49.1 31.7 26.5 22.2 19.5 50.8 45.7 0.8 2.8
Massachusetts 3,321 88 80 70 49.0 51.0 27.4 25.8 23.8 22.8 78.0 6.7 6.0 9.4
Mississippi 1,449 94 88 83 50.2 49.8 31.2 26.3 22.2 20.3 49.9 47.2 0.5 2.4
Montana 2,523 70 86 60 47.8 52.2 27.5 25.9 23.9 22.5 89.1 0.8 1.8 8.3
Nebraska 3,178 75 88 66 48.9 51.1 27.1 25.6 23.5 23.7 91.6 1.2 3.4 3.9
Nevada 2,030 85 76 65 49.1 50.9 27.9 27.2 24.5 20.4 66.7 7.4 13.5 12.5
New Hampshire 2,691 83 85 71 49.3 50.7 28.0 25.8 23.7 22.5 93.9 0.7 1.3 4.1
New York @ 4,093 70 86 60 49.3 50.7 27.3 25.7 23.7 23.2 79.2 7.7 5.5 7.5
North Carolina 2,760 83 82 68 50.4 49.6 30.0 26.8 22.3 20.8 64.3 29.5 1.2 4.8
Ohio 2,461 90 82 74 48.9 51.1 28.8 25.1 23.6 22.4 76.3 16.8 2.7 4.2
South Carolina 4,800 77 87 67 49.1 50.9 32.2 26.3 21.2 20.0 58.5 40.0 0.3 1.2
South Dakota 1,348 72 91 66 49.2 50.8 27.3 26.0 24.3 22.4 93.9 1.4 0.6 4.2
Tennessee 3,323 73 88 64 48.9 51.1 25.6 28.5 24.3 21.6 85.9 11.3 0.6 2.2
Utah 4,522 94 82 77 49.1 50.9 25.7 26.9 25.1 22.1 86.8 1.5 4.2 7.6
Vermont 6,695 72 86 62 48.5 51.5 27.1 25.8 23.9 23.3 NA NA NA NA
Virgin Islands + 911 100 78 78 51.7 48.3 33.8 25.5 20.7 19.9 1.0 86.0 7.3 5.7
West Virginia 2,820 100 84 84 49.4 50.6 27.9 25.5 23.5 22.9 92.4 3.7 0.7 3.2
Wisconsin 3,320 69 87 60 48.7 51.3 27.1 24.9 24.6 23.2 86.7 5.2 2.8 5.3
Unweighted data
Arkansas 3,463 48 85 41 49.2 50.8 18.0 19.9 15.4 18.6 73.2 22.7 1.1 3.1
Delaware 2,873 79 91 72 50.3 49.7 28.2 29.0 28.8 13.8 67.6 23.4 3.0 6.0
Kentucky 1,122 56 87 49 52.2 47.8 17.9 25.4 25.7 31.0 91.8 6.0 0.5 1.6
Maine 2,422 65 90 58 51.5 48.5 28.3 25.5 22.9 23.0 92.4 1.4 1.1 5.2
New Jersey 2,165 53 84 45 52.1 47.9 28.4 19.4 20.4 30.7 54.2 19.5 15.1 11.2
New Mexico 1,714 63 73 46 48.7 51.3 33.7 22.7 26.8 16.4 34.1 2.4 56.1 7.4
Oregon 2,620 51 82 42 50.5 49.5 28.8 29.7 19.0 22.2 82.8 3.3 3.7 10.2
Wyoming 3,245 67 78 52 47.8 52.2 29.2 27.8 21.9 20.3 84.6 1.6 6.8 7.1
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 1,421 94 70 66 49.9 50.1 29.1 26.5 24.2 19.6 20.5 39.2 21.5 18.9
Chicago 1,822 97 70 68 50.8 49.2 18.4 33.6 26.5 21.2 12.2 47.6 31.6 8.6
Dallas 3,291 100 81 81 51.9 48.1 29.0 43.3 17.4 10.1 13.8 45.3 35.3 5.7
Dist. of Columbia 1,827 100 82 82 54.3 45.7 7.9 37.6 29.7 24.3 1.9 86.2 5.0 6.9
Fort Lauderdale 1,648 100 81 81 49.6 50.4 32.3 27.4 22.4 17.6 52.6 26.6 13.2 7.5
Jersey City 507 100 85 85 50.5 49.5 39.4 24.0 18.7 17.9 7.1 47.8 28.3 16.8
Miami 1,606 100 80 80 49.1 50.9 26.7 26.7 23.1 23.1 11.1 35.0 47.2 6.7
San Diego 1,788 100 73 73 49.8 50.2 25.6 26.7 25.6 20.4 34.7 14.5 25.0 25.9
Seattle 2,525 100 79 79 49.4 50.6 27.8 25.6 23.5 22.7 35.9 17.6 3.8 42.6
Unweighted data
New Orleans 974 100 47 47 58.5 41.5 23.2 23.9 28.3 24.4 6.9 83.5 2.4 7.3
New York City 1,220 80 72 58 52.6 47.4 26.2 31.8 22.8 19.1 17.2 37.2 27.2 18.4
Philadelphia 1,513 100 67 67 51.6 48.4 33.4 16.2 21.6 28.6 21.6 58.2 9.5 10.6
San Francisco 2,753 100 57 57 52.2 47.8 31.6 31.1 21.5 15.3 13.5 15.0 17.6 53.9
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* Non-Hispanic.
+ U. S. territories are included as states.
& Not available.
@ Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
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Return to top. Table_2 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 2. Percentage of high school students who rarely or never used safety belts, * motorcycle helmets, + or bicycle
helmets, & and who rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol, @ by sex, race/ ethnicity, and grade -- United States, @
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
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Rarely or never Rarely or never Rarely or never Rode with a driver who
used safety belts used motorcycle helmets used bicycle helmets had been drinking alcohol
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
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Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 11.5 22.6 17.3 36.3 37.4 37.2 93.1 90.8 91.9 33.5 34.7 34.1
(+/-2.3) ** (+/-4.0) (+/-3.1) (+/- 9.6) (+/-5.3) (+/-5.9) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.4) (+/-3.1) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.5)
Black, non-Hispanic 26.2 34.5 30.3 52.3 46.9 48.4 96.4 97.6 97.1 37.3 41.3 39.3
(+/-4.2) (+/-6.4) (+/-4.5) (+/-13.8) (+/-9.9) (+/-7.7) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.1) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.7)
Hispanic 17.2 21.9 19.5 62.3 58.3 59.8 94.2 94.9 94.6 39.7 45.1 42.3
(+/-3.1) (+/-5.0) (+/-3.7) (+/-13.0) (+/-9.5) (+/-8.5) (+/-1.5) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.3) (+/-4.5) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.7)
Grade
9th 16.0 24.3 20.3 38.4 41.9 41.2 91.5 92.6 92.1 33.1 30.0 31.5
(+/-5.4) (+/-4.1) (+/-3.9) (+/- 8.9) (+/-6.0) (+/-5.8) (+/-3.8) (+/-3.3) (+/-3.4) (+/-5.3) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.4)
10th 14.6 20.6 17.7 40.1 37.0 38.4 94.9 91.4 93.0 35.9 33.0 34.3
(+/-2.8) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.0) (+/-12.5) (+/-4.1) (+/-6.1) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.5) (+/-5.1) (+/-3.8) (+/-3.6)
11th 12.9 25.1 19.2 37.3 40.8 39.5 94.1 93.4 93.7 32.8 38.8 35.8
(+/-3.0) (+/-4.5) (+/-3.4) (+/-10.1) (+/-8.5) (+/-7.1) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.9) (+/-2.6) (+/-3.6) (+/-4.7) (+/-3.7)
12th 13.5 24.9 19.3 39.8 41.2 40.5 94.2 91.5 92. 8 36.1 42.5 39.3
(+/-2.4) (+/-4.2) (+/-2.8) (+/- 9.1) (+/-9.3) (+/-8.4) (+/-2.4) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.6) (+/-4.8) (+/-5.4) (+/-4.4)
Total 14.3 23.8 19.1 39.0 40.4 40.0 93.6 92.2 92. 8 34.5 36.3 35.3
(+/-2.4) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.7) (+/- 8.4) (+/-4.7) (+/-5.4) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.4) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.6)
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* When riding in a car or truck driven by someone else.
+ Among students who rode motorcycles during the 12 months preceding the survey.
& Among students who rode bicycles during the 12 months preceding the survey.
@ One or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
** Ninety- five percent confidence interval.
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Return to top. Table_3 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 3. Percentage of high school students who rarely or never used safety belts, * motorcycle helmets, + or bicycle
helmets, & and who rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol, @ by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth @
Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
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Rarely or never Rarely or never Rarely or never Rode with a driver who had
used safety belts used motorcycle helmets used bicycle helmets been drinking alcohol
--------------------- ----------------------- --------------------- --------------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 12.9 25.8 19.4 33.9 28.6 30.2 96.6 94.0 94.9 37.9 41.2 39.7
American Samoa ** 18.3 20.8 19.7 37.5 56.0 50.2 81.8 82.4 82.0 41.1 55.2 48.8
Georgia 20.7 30.9 25.7 40.9 36.5 37.9 96.7 97.3 97.0 34.3 37.1 35.6
Hawaii 4.4 8.0 6.3 68.1 64.6 65.8 96.8 96.7 96.8 35.9 36.6 36.3
Idaho 17.1 34.8 25.6 49.0 45.8 47.1 94.5 92.2 93.4 34.3 34.5 34.5
Illinois 23.2 34.5 28.9 75.2 66.6 70.0 98.4 97.3 97.7 38.4 38.6 38.5
Louisiana ++ 32.1 43.5 37.7 40.3 56.1 51.6 98.5 96.7 97.5 46.8 52.0 49.3
Massachusetts 35.1 46.7 41.0 18.3 25.0 22.8 95.1 93.4 94.1 31.6 33.3 32.5
Mississippi 25.9 39.3 32.5 45.4 60.3 56.0 98.5 97.7 98.0 39.1 46.4 42.6
Montana 22.9 36.6 30.0 59.0 46.3 51.0 95.1 93.9 94.5 47.2 44.6 45.9
Nebraska 19.3 36.7 28.2 34.8 51.2 46.1 97.9 95.2 96.6 43.3 43.5 43.4
Nevada 16.0 27.2 21.7 34.5 33.0 33.5 96.7 94.8 95.6 34.5 35.8 35.2
New Hampshire 21.6 33.4 27.6 27.3 27.1 27.1 90.4 91.2 90.9 29.4 32.2 30.8
New York ++ 14.9 23.2 19.1 19.7 25.8 24.0 96.0 93.7 94.8 33.8 33.1 33.5
North Carolina 10.0 20.4 15.2 28.2 45.1 39.4 96.2 95.3 95.6 31.2 35.4 33.3
Ohio 21.7 34.1 28.1 43.9 43.9 44.0 97.7 96.7 97.2 36.8 36.7 36.8
South Carolina 16.7 32.5 24.7 53.6 60.8 57.9 98.4 97.6 97.9 35.0 40.7 38.0
South Dakota 36.7 59.3 48.3 61.7 55.8 58.4 99.1 96.6 97.9 51.4 51.6 51.5
Tennessee 23.5 38.1 31.0 35.9 34.4 34.8 98.5 97.2 97.7 35.6 36.0 35.9
Utah 17.4 25.2 21.4 60.9 51.7 55.2 95.6 89.8 92.5 24.7 23.6 24.2
Vermont 12.2 25.4 19.0 12.2 17.7 16.0 85.9 82.0 83.9 NA && NA NA
Virgin Islands ** 5.0 9.7 7.2 39.0 35.3 36.2 NA NA NA 19.5 26.1 22.6
West Virginia 26.6 41.4 34.1 42.6 50.5 47.8 98.6 96.4 97.4 36.1 41.3 38.7
Wisconsin 21.3 36.6 29.1 40.1 45.0 43.2 96.7 94.8 95.7 39.0 38.5 38.7
Unweighted data
Arkansas 21.1 35.0 28.2 38.8 40.7 40.3 97.4 97.2 97.3 40.1 41.9 41.1
Delaware 12.6 23.0 17.9 33.9 40.7 38.2 95.9 94.6 95.2 32.1 36.3 34.2
Kentucky 28.4 38.6 33.2 48.6 51.6 50.4 97.5 96.9 97.2 32.9 40.0 36.4
Maine 18.8 34.1 26.2 35.7 41.4 39.3 96.3 93.2 94.7 28.8 33.4 31.1
New Jersey 24.8 33.0 28.7 24.8 38.0 33.7 96.4 96.6 96.5 26.2 30.3 28.2
New Mexico 16.5 27.1 21.9 70.0 64.3 66.3 98.5 95.7 97.0 53.5 50.5 51.9
Oregon 3.9 11.7 7.8 29.0 38.8 35.5 90.9 88.1 89.4 30.1 32.8 31.4
Wyoming 21.4 37.0 29.6 45.2 38.9 41.0 95.6 93.4 94.4 43.8 40.7 42.2
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Seattle 8.7 14.1 11.5 35.4 46.1 42.2 66.8 74.4 71.2 NA NA NA
Boston 52.9 61.1 57.0 50.9 48.4 49.0 93.0 91.9 92.3 28.0 34.2 31.1
Chicago 35.9 41.7 38.7 75.8 63.9 68.9 95.8 93.7 94.7 33.8 37.9 35.7
Dallas 9.6 14.2 11.9 48.5 55.6 53.4 96.4 97.1 96.8 43.0 48.9 45.7
Dist. of Columbia 28.0 39.8 33.4 32.2 46.9 42.9 94.5 92.6 93.5 31.3 34.6 32.9
Fort Lauderdale 13.2 20.5 16.9 27.6 31.7 30.4 99.0 98.0 98.4 29.9 32.0 31.0
Jersey City 41.8 46.5 44.1 60.0 23.5 34.6 97.2 94.1 95.5 26.1 34.3 30.4
Miami 23.4 30.5 27.0 37.8 43.5 41.6 97.2 97.4 97.2 29.1 30.9 30.1
San Diego 6.8 9.9 8.4 30.0 40.5 36.9 93.2 92.7 92.9 32.6 34.1 33.3
Unweighted data
New Orleans 50.5 50.7 50.6 34.0 32.5 33.1 98.6 97.5 98.1 38.6 36.6 37.8
New York City 38.4 47.0 42.5 40.7 47.4 44.3 96.6 97.5 97.1 20.6 27.7 23.9
Philadelphia 46.0 51.9 48.8 43.8 46.9 46.0 97.1 94.9 95.9 31.7 34.5 33.0
San Francisco 11.8 14.5 13.2 37.4 41.3 39.7 90.9 88.8 89.7 27.4 25.1 26.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* When riding in a car or truck driven by someone else.
+ Among students who rode motorcycles during the 12 months preceding the survey.
& Among students who rode bicycles during the 12 months preceding the survey.
@ One or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
** U.S. territories are included as states.
++ Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
&& Not available.
==============================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_4 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 4. Percentage of high school students who carried a weapon * or carried a gun + and the 30-day incidence of
weapon-carrying per 100 students, & by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
===================================================================================================================================================
Carried a weapon Carried a gun 30-Day incidence of weapon-carrying
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 6.9 33.4 20.6 1.2 12.0 6.8 25.6 143.0 86.4
(+/-1.8) @ (+/-3.8) (+/-2.8) (+/-0.5) (+/-2.6) (+/-1.4) (+/- 6.9) (+/-26.5) (+/-15.3)
Black, non-Hispanic 18.9 38.2 28.5 3.8 20.9 12.3 80.9 152.7 116.6
(+/-3.7) (+/-5.2) (+/-2.4) (+/-1.2) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.5) (+/-24.0) (+/-34.5) (+/-24.0)
Hispanic 11.5 37.3 24.4 3.1 17.0 10.1 40.0 152.5 96.3
(+/-1.9) (+/-4.9) (+/-2.6) (+/-1.3) (+/-4.0) (+/-1.9) (+/-14.3) (+/-44.9) (+/-28.0)
Grade
9th 11.1 39.0 25.5 2.2 15.6 9.1 41.8 161.7 103.4
(+/-2.7) (+/-3.7) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.0) (+/-3.2) (+/-1.9) (+/-13.4) (+/-21.5) (+/-13.9)
10th 9.8 32.5 21.4 2.2 14.6 8.6 34.1 135.9 86.4
(+/-2.0) (+/-3.7) (+/-2.2) (+/-0.9) (+/-2.4) (+/-1.4) (+/- 9.4) (+/-27.0) (+/-16.0)
11th 9.1 33.0 21.5 1.3 13.0 7.4 35.8 139.9 90.0
(+/-1.8) (+/-5.4) (+/-3.2) (+/-0.6) (+/-3.1) (+/-1.7) (+/- 8.9) (+/-28.3) (+/-15.4)
12th 6.9 32.6 19.9 1.3 11.8 6.6 29.9 143.0 86.7
(+/-1.7) (+/-4.2) (+/-2.9) (+/-0.7) (+/-3.1) (+/-1.7) (+/- 8.0) (+/-30.2) (+/-16.2)
Total 9.2 34.3 22.1 1.8 13.7 7.9 35.9 144.8 92.0
(+/-1.7) (+/-3.3) (+/-2.3) (+/-0.4) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.3) (+/- 7.4) (+/-22.0) (+/-13.0)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Such as a gun, knife, or club on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
+ On >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Students who replied that they carried a weapon 2 or 3 days were assigned a weapon-carrying frequency of 2.5; 4 or 5 days, 4.5; and
>= 6 days, 6.0.
@ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
===================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_5 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 5. Percentage of high school students who carried a weapon * or carried a gun + and the 30-day incidence of
weapon-carrying per 100 students, & by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================
Carried a weapon Carried a gun 30-Day incidence of weapon-carrying
--------------------- --------------------- -----------------------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 8.7 44.8 26.8 NA @ NA NA 32.0 204.8 118.3
American Samoa ** 15.9 47.8 33.0 5.1 28.0 17.4 49.0 204.5 132.4
Georgia 12.9 43.0 27.7 3.7 18.0 10.7 51.8 195.7 122.5
Hawaii 6.1 29.9 18.4 1.7 10.2 6.1 22.6 107.4 66.4
Idaho 9.3 44.6 25.9 3.1 22.6 12.3 36.2 197.4 112.0
Illinois 11.5 33.4 22.4 2.7 16.0 9.3 42.4 140.1 91.2
Louisiana ++ 12.1 46.9 28.9 4.2 23.5 13.5 49.7 218.2 130.9
Massachusetts 8.0 32.3 20.3 1.4 11.1 6.3 30.8 129.9 81.2
Mississippi 11.8 45.1 28.1 3.3 20.8 11.9 47.7 212.4 128.6
Montana 7.4 42.6 25.6 2.6 21.2 12.3 27.0 186.9 109.5
Nebraska 5.3 36.1 20.8 1.9 17.4 9.7 18.0 155.0 87.0
Nevada 9.8 38.6 24.4 1.8 15.5 8.8 38.5 159.7 99.9
New Hampshire 7.0 32.8 20.0 1.3 10.2 5.8 27.0 144.0 85.9
New York ++ 8.7 37.0 23.0 1.1 13.6 7.4 32.6 160.5 97.3
North Carolina 10.0 44.3 26.8 2.3 20.1 11.0 41.8 198.8 119.1
Ohio 9.0 34.3 21.8 1.5 15.3 8.5 32.8 141.6 88.1
South Carolina 11.4 43.9 27.7 2.3 19.9 11.1 45.6 200.0 123.2
South Dakota 4.8 38.1 21.6 1.8 20.6 11.3 16.8 170.9 94.3
Tennessee 10.5 52.6 31.8 2.0 18.2 10.2 43.6 251.2 148.7
Utah 6.7 37.0 22.0 2.3 19.3 11.0 22.3 157.7 90.8
Vermont 5.8 40.1 23.5 NA NA NA 21.1 169.1 97.4
Virgin Islands ** 9.2 24.4 16.2 3.1 13.3 7.7 35.9 98.9 65.4
West Virginia 9.1 48.2 28.7 2.0 22.9 12.5 32.3 223.2 128.1
Wisconsin 5.3 32.1 18.9 1.6 15.5 8.7 20.0 135.6 78.4
Unweighted data
Arkansas 11.1 53.0 32.2 2.8 26.3 14.7 38.7 246.7 143.4
Delaware 11.5 37.0 24.0 2.9 15.6 9.2 41.0 151.7 95.5
Kentucky 7.9 46.8 26.1 2.1 16.3 8.7 28.3 224.2 120.1
Maine 6.6 36.9 21.2 1.7 13.6 7.5 24.2 162.3 90.9
New Jersey 11.1 35.4 22.7 1.6 11.4 6.3 39.6 138.4 86.9
New Mexico 10.8 44.0 27.6 3.4 21.6 12.6 39.6 195.1 118.5
Oregon NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wyoming 8.1 43.8 26.5 2.1 19.5 11.1 29.6 195.3 114.8
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 17.8 36.9 27.5 4.1 15.7 10.0 71.9 153.3 113.1
Chicago 17.9 27.6 22.7 3.6 15.0 9.2 66.2 95.0 80.6
Dallas 13.9 37.3 25.0 6.1 22.7 14.0 49.9 156.1 100.1
Dist. of Columbia 27.4 40.9 33.5 6.0 23.1 13.7 109.7 171.5 137.6
Fort Lauderdale 9.9 31.9 20.9 3.0 12.5 7.8 38.6 128.8 83.9
Jersey City 24.6 46.1 35.3 3.0 20.6 11.6 83.5 184.9 133.4
Miami 14.5 32.6 23.7 5.0 16.3 10.9 54.6 131.1 93.5
San Diego 9.5 32.6 21.0 2.1 13.5 7.7 29.6 129.2 78.9
Seattle 12.6 31.5 22.1 3.6 15.4 9.6 46.9 133.2 90.3
Unweighted data
New Orleans 15.6 27.7 20.6 4.4 18.3 10.1 54.1 99.1 72.7
New York City 16.4 34.7 25.1 2.0 13.6 7.5 60.3 143.1 99.7
Philadelphia 23.1 39.0 30.6 4.8 19.2 11.6 91.4 169.3 128.3
San Francisco 11.9 26.9 19.1 3.0 10.7 6.6 42.5 110.7 75.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Such as a gun, knife, or club on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
+ On >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Students who replied that they carried a weapon 2 or 3 days were assigned a weapon-carrying frequency of 2.5; 4 or 5 days, 4.5;
and >= 6 days, 6.0.
@ Not available.
** U.S. territories are included as states.
++ Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
=====================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_6 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 6. Percentage of high school students who were in a physical fight * or injured in a physical fight *+ and the 12-month
incidence of physical fighting per 100 students, & by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior
Survey, 1993
===================================================================================================================================================
12-Month incidence
In a physical fight Injured in a physical fight of physical fighting
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 29.5 50.0 40.3 2.2 4.2 3.2 88.0 161.8 126.3
(+/-2.7) @ (+/-2.3) (+/-2.2) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.0) (+/-16.7) (+/-27.4) (+/-17.4)
Black, non-Hispanic 41.8 57.5 49.5 4.3 8.5 6.4 124.8 202.8 163.2
(+/-4.0) (+/-5.0) (+/-3.6) (+/-1.8) (+/-2.6) (+/-1.8) (+/-37.5) (+/-44.5) (+/-38.1)
Hispanic 34.1 52.2 43.2 3.7 6.5 5.1 110.2 189.7 150.2
(+/-4.3) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.1) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.1) (+/-36.7) (+/-63.3) (+/-47.9)
Grade
9th 41.3 58.9 50.4 3.6 4.7 4.1 130.8 208.8 170.9
(+/-4.2) (+/-2.9) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.0) (+/-34.7) (+/-25.5) (+/-25.5)
10th 31.9 52.0 42.2 2.5 5.3 4.0 94.0 175.6 136.2
(+/-3.1) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.9) (+/-0.9) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.1) (+/-20.1) (+/-35.6) (+/-22.4)
11th 28.0 51.8 40.5 2.6 5.3 4.0 84.0 177.3 132.6
(+/-2.4) (+/-5.0) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.2) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.4) (+/-17.8) (+/-41.0) (+/-23.4)
12th 26.5 42.7 34.8 2.1 5.3 3.7 76.0 119.8 98.1
(+/-3.8) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.1) (+/-1.0) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.3) (+/-21.2) (+/-29.9) (+/-20.5)
Total 31.7 51.2 41.8 2.7 5.2 4.0 96.9 173.2 136.8
(+/-2.3) (+/-2.1) (+/-1.9) (+/-0.8) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.9) (+/-17.2) (+/-25.3) (+/-18.3)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* One or more times during the 12 months preceding the survey.
+ Students who were injured seriously enough to be treated by a doctor or nurse.
& Students who reported fighting two or three times were assigned a fighting frequency of 2.5; four or five times, 4.5; six or seven times,
6.5; eight or nine times, 8.5; 10 or 11 times, 10.5; and >= 12 times, 12.0.
@ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
===================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_7 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 7. Percentage of high school students who were in a physical fight * or injured in a physical fight *+ and the
12-month incidence of physical fighting per 100 students, & by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk
Behavior Surveys, 1993
=======================================================================================================================================
12- Month incidence
In a physical fight Injured in a physical fight of physical fighting
--------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 25.1 45.1 35.0 2.5 5.3 4.0 71.8 144.2 107.9
American Samoa @ 50.5 69.3 60.8 5.9 17.5 12.2 174.8 334.5 261.8
Georgia 36.9 45.0 40.8 2.6 5.2 3.9 110.7 143.8 126.7
Hawaii 31.4 42.2 37.0 2.7 5.8 4.3 95.4 148.0 122.7
Idaho 32.5 48.0 39.7 2.8 6.1 4.3 114.6 175.1 142.8
Illinois 33.5 52.0 42.7 3.3 6.7 5.0 108.3 190.2 149.2
Louisiana ** 35.5 54.2 44.6 2.5 7.8 5.1 97.5 189.2 142.5
Massachusetts 31.7 51.2 41.6 3.2 5.3 4.3 101.2 184.1 143.1
Mississippi 31.6 47.4 39.3 2.5 3.7 3.1 80.2 152.6 115.7
Montana 32.9 50.3 41.9 2.4 3.8 3.1 102.7 164.2 134.6
Nebraska 23.6 45.3 34.5 1.6 5.2 3.4 74.2 163.5 119.3
Nevada 34.1 50.2 42.1 2.6 5.6 4.1 102.3 167.0 134.6
New Hampshire 29.2 44.7 36.9 3.6 5.7 4.7 90.9 152.3 122.0
New York ** 32.6 51.4 42.0 3.1 6.7 4.9 106.1 178.8 143.0
North Carolina 29.2 46.5 37.8 2.1 5.1 3.7 86.7 169.2 128.1
Ohio 36.1 52.2 44.4 3.2 6.6 5.0 106.5 182.9 145.8
South Carolina 28.7 45.1 36.9 2.2 5.9 4.1 83.1 153.4 118.2
South Dakota 29.3 49.9 39.8 1.1 6.6 4.0 106.0 194.3 151.0
Tennessee 30.3 49.1 39.9 2.0 5.2 3.7 80.9 161.8 122.7
Utah 29.2 43.1 36.3 2.2 5.4 3.8 104.2 166.1 136.7
Vermont 32.0 51.0 41.8 2.6 6.8 4.8 107.8 176.5 143.5
Virgin Islands @ 18.8 42.7 29.8 2.5 8.4 5.3 58.9 134.2 93.3
West Virginia 33.4 49.9 41.7 3.0 5.6 4.4 107.1 173.7 140.8
Wisconsin 31.3 47.4 39.4 2.2 7.0 4.7 103.1 184.7 144.2
Unweighted data
Arkansas 32.7 56.8 44.9 2.6 7.5 5.1 101.4 223.3 163.1
Delaware 33.7 51.1 42.3 4.7 9.3 7.0 103.3 176.0 139.5
Kentucky 30.1 44.4 36.9 0.2 4.7 2.4 88.1 148.3 116.6
Maine 31.8 48.0 39.6 2.7 6.5 4.6 99.8 190.2 143.2
New Jersey 31.3 50.5 40.4 3.2 7.3 5.2 100.9 180.2 138.5
New Mexico 33.6 51.3 42.6 2.9 6.7 4.8 104.8 203.6 154.8
Oregon 30.7 47.7 38.9 2.5 7.5 4.9 103.4 175.5 138.5
Wyoming 31.9 47.7 40.1 2.4 5.4 4.0 98.7 176.6 139.1
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 37.5 48.7 43.0 6.1 9.4 7.8 124.4 197.8 160.8
Chicago 35.9 52.1 43.7 4.2 9.0 6.6 103.0 188.6 144.7
Dallas 35.0 51.1 42.8 3.2 5.8 4.5 105.2 192.5 147.1
Dist. of Columbia 41.5 50.6 45.6 7.8 8.6 8.2 119.7 164.6 139.9
Fort Lauderdale 26.5 50.4 38.5 2.0 8.3 5.2 80.4 185.0 132.7
Jersey City 38.3 55.9 46.9 7.6 10.7 9.3 116.7 195.8 155.6
Miami 29.0 48.3 38.7 4.1 7.4 5.7 99.2 174.7 137.1
San Diego 32.2 47.7 39.8 3.4 6.7 5.0 98.5 196.7 146.8
Seattle 29.1 45.8 37.5 NA ++ NA NA 97.7 160.8 129.9
Unweighted data
New Orleans 41.4 51.7 45.6 7.1 7.9 7.4 124.6 146.7 133.6
New York City 35.0 51.4 42.9 3.3 8.8 5.9 109.2 192.3 149.6
Philadelphia 46.6 56.6 51.4 6.4 9.6 7.9 140.2 230.8 183.0
San Francisco 29.5 41.4 35.2 4.3 6.2 5.3 94.7 151.0 121.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* One or more times during the 12 months preceding the survey.
+ Students who were injured seriously enough to be treated by a doctor or nurse.
& Students who reported fighting two or three times were assigned a fighting frequency of 2.5; four or five times, 4.5; six or seven
times, 6.5; eight or nine times, 8.5; 10 or 11 times, 10.5; and >= 12 times, 12.0.
@ U.S. territories are included as states.
** Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
++ Not available.
=======================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_8 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 8. Percentage of high school students who reported engaging in violence-related behaviors on school property, by
sex, race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Threatened or Property stolen
injured with a or deliberately
Felt too unsafe Carried a weapon weapon on school In a physical fight damaged on school
to go to school * on school property *+ property & on school property & property &
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.4 17.7 10.9 4.4 8.1 6.3 6.8 22.5 15.0 27.7 35.9 32.0
(+/-0.9) @ (+/-0.8) (+/-0.7) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.7) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.2)
Black, non-Hispanic 7.3 7.0 7.1 11.9 18.2 15.0 9.8 12.6 11.2 15.5 28.6 22.0 31.8 39.2 35.5
(+/-1.9) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.6) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.9) (+/-1.7) (+/-2.7) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.9) (+/-3.8) (+/-3.5) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.9) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.0)
Hispanic 9.8 10.4 10.1 6.6 20.2 13.3 6.4 10.7 8.6 11.7 24.1 17.9 27.6 36.7 32.2
(+/-2.0) (+/-2.6) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.2) (+/-3.9) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.2) (+/-2.6) (+/-1.6) (+/-2.5) (+/-5.3) (+/-3.4) (+/-4.0) (+/-5.8) (+/-4.2)
Grade
9th 6.4 5.8 6.1 5.6 19.1 12.6 8.1 10.6 9.4 12.7 33.2 23.1 33.0 41.3 37.2
(+/-1.5) (+/-1.3) (+/-0.9) (+/-2.1) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.4) (+/-2.3) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.8) (+/-2.2) (+/-5.1) (+/-3.0) (+/-3.8) (+/-4.0) (+/-2.5)
10th 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.6 17.0 11.5 5.4 9.1 7.3 8.8 25.0 17.2 27.6 37.5 32.8
(+/-2.0) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.4) (+/-2.2) (+/-3.3) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.2) (+/-2.3) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.1) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.8)
11th 3.5 3.2 3.3 5.0 18.2 11.9 4.8 9.5 7.3 7.0 20.0 13.8 27.9 36.4 32.3
(+/-1.4) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.9) (+/-2.2) (+/-3.9) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.5) (+/-2.4) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.3) (+/-4.0) (+/-2.5) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.5) (+/-2.4)
12th 2.7 3.3 3.0 4.1 17.2 10.8 3.3 7.6 5.5 6.1 16.5 11.4 24.2 33.2 28.9
(+/-1.5) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.0) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.9) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.1) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.9) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.3) (+/-4.1) (+/-3.3) (+/-2.5)
Total 4.4 4.3 4.4 5.1 17.9 11.8 5.4 9.2 7.3 8.6 23.5 16.2 28.1 37.0 32.7
(+/-1.0) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.7) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.4) (+/-0.8) (+/-1.3) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.8)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* On >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
+ Such as a gun, knife, or club.
& One or more times during the 12 months preceding the survey.
@ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_9 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 9. Percentage of high school students who reported engaging in violence-related behaviors on school property,
by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================================
Property stolen
Threatened or or deliberately
Felt too unsafe Carried a weapon injured with a weapon In a physical fight damaged
to go to school * on school property *+ on school property & on school property & on school property &
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama NA @ NA NA 4.4 21.7 13.1 NA NA NA 7.6 19.5 13.6 NA NA NA
American Samoa ** 21.5 24.3 23.1 4.9 21.4 13.8 9.8 19.8 15.2 30.3 46.7 39.1 59.4 59.1 59.3
Georgia 5.8 7.4 6.5 8.0 21.2 14.5 6.8 11.5 9.1 12.4 19.7 16.0 35.4 36.6 36.0
Hawaii 6.1 6.9 6.5 2.8 12.7 7.9 3.5 11.1 7.4 7.3 20.3 14.0 26.1 31.1 28.7
Idaho 4.8 5.8 5.3 5.8 23.3 14.0 5.3 11.7 8.4 10.4 24.6 17.1 30.0 37.7 33.7
Illinois 6.2 6.7 6.5 6.0 14.3 10.2 5.8 10.2 8.0 11.2 24.7 17.9 28.4 36.2 32.4
Louisiana ++ 5.9 8.7 7.3 5.6 18.2 11.7 5.9 13.8 9.9 10.2 22.8 16.4 32.4 37.5 35.0
Massachusetts 4.9 5.7 5.3 4.7 15.4 10.1 6.4 11.6 9.0 8.4 22.2 15.4 24.4 30.7 27.7
Mississippi 6.7 6.2 6.4 4.7 22.5 13.5 6.5 9.9 8.2 12.4 21.9 17.0 36.3 40.3 38.3
Montana 2.1 2.8 2.5 4.5 22.1 13.7 4.8 8.3 6.7 9.5 24.4 17.2 31.1 37.1 34.3
Nebraska 1.9 4.1 3.0 2.6 15.7 9.3 2.8 8.8 5.8 6.0 18.8 12.5 30.1 36.3 33.3
Nevada 7.3 8.2 7.8 5.7 17.9 12.0 6.0 14.0 10.3 14.5 25.9 20.1 30.4 36.5 33.4
New Hampshire 4.8 3.0 3.9 4.7 18.1 11.5 5.7 7.8 6.8 9.1 19.7 14.5 27.5 31.4 29.4
New York ++ 5.0 4.8 4.9 5.0 19.5 12.3 6.3 10.0 8.3 9.0 24.0 16.5 27.5 33.9 30.9
North Carolina 5.3 5.2 5.3 6.2 21.8 13.9 6.0 13.0 9.5 8.1 20.9 14.5 32.4 37.8 35.1
Ohio 5.9 4.6 5.3 4.7 13.2 9.0 5.5 10.3 8.0 10.1 22.0 16.2 26.1 33.8 30.1
South Carolina 4.7 6.9 5.9 5.8 22.5 14.3 5.1 14.1 9.8 8.4 18.4 13.4 24.2 32.0 28.2
South Dakota 2.4 3.9 3.1 1.8 18.1 10.0 2.9 9.2 6.3 6.3 20.9 13.8 32.0 38.5 35.4
Tennessee 3.5 5.0 4.3 6.0 29.9 18.2 5.6 11.6 8.7 9.1 21.4 15.4 31.0 35.0 33.1
Utah 6.2 5.9 6.2 3.5 18.8 11.3 5.1 10.8 8.1 8.1 20.9 14.7 28.9 35.5 32.3
Vermont 3.1 4.6 3.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Virgin Islands ** 7.5 9.9 8.6 6.7 17.4 11.6 4.8 19.2 11.7 8.0 22.7 14.9 16.8 24.8 20.8
West Virginia 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.2 24.0 14.1 4.6 10.5 7.6 11.1 22.5 16.9 28.9 36.7 32.9
Wisconsin 3.6 7.4 5.6 2.9 14.8 9.0 4.2 11.2 7.9 8.2 23.8 16.1 27.5 34.2 31.0
Unweighted data
Arkansas 8.0 6.3 7.1 4.7 23.9 14.4 7.1 11.8 9.5 11.7 27.5 19.7 32.4 38.2 35.4
Delaware 6.3 7.2 6.8 5.2 18.6 11.8 6.0 13.4 9.8 11.4 21.3 16.3 27.0 37.1 32.0
Kentucky 3.4 4.5 4.0 3.6 23.6 13.1 4.6 9.2 6.8 7.9 19.0 13.2 23.6 30.8 27.1
Maine 4.3 4.9 4.6 3.6 20.8 11.9 5.3 10.5 7.9 9.3 22.6 15.7 31.5 37.6 34.4
New Jersey 6.1 7.4 6.7 6.3 16.5 11.1 5.0 11.8 8.3 9.0 21.4 14.9 27.0 31.7 29.3
New Mexico 7.5 7.1 7.3 5.7 21.6 13.8 7.3 14.2 10.8 14.2 25.5 19.9 34.5 40.6 37.6
Oregon 4.5 6.2 5.4 8.4 30.5 19.3 5.7 14.3 10.1 10.5 26.5 18.4 31.4 41.3 36.4
Wyoming 3.2 4.0 3.6 4.6 24.4 14.8 5.7 11.3 8.6 9.6 22.7 16.3 28.7 34.8 31.8
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 13.0 15.8 14.4 11.0 20.3 15.8 8.6 15.1 12.0 10.8 19.6 15.2 20.2 30.1 25.1
Chicago 14.9 19.7 17.5 9.7 10.1 9.9 7.6 16.8 12.2 13.0 23.9 18.3 29.9 35.4 32.8
Dallas 10.4 10.6 10.5 6.7 14.9 10.6 7.5 12.5 9.9 13.1 26.9 19.8 35.8 41.0 38.3
Dist. of Columbia 10.0 11.8 10.8 16.0 16.5 16.3 9.8 13.2 11.3 13.6 23.5 18.0 23.7 26.8 25.1
Fort Lauderdale 5.2 8.4 6.8 4.7 12.0 8.4 5.9 11.8 8.9 7.7 22.4 15.1 26.9 41.2 34.1
Jersey City 13.4 20.0 16.7 17.5 27.5 22.5 12.9 19.6 16.3 14.2 31.1 22.5 33.8 29.5 31.8
Miami 9.5 9.4 9.5 8.4 13.9 11.3 7.1 14.2 10.8 11.2 23.5 17.4 36.5 41.0 38.7
San Diego 6.7 11.2 9.1 5.1 17.1 11.1 4.6 14.9 9.8 9.3 22.1 15.6 30.3 39.2 34.8
Seattle 8.7 9.5 9.2 7.0 19.2 13.2 7.8 17.2 12.7 10.5 22.2 16.4 29.6 36.0 32.8
Unweighted data
New Orleans 11.1 10.4 10.9 8.1 8.8 8.3 8.6 13.9 10.8 16.9 26.0 20.6 31.5 34.0 32.5
New York City 9.4 11.5 10.4 8.0 17.0 12.2 5.8 13.2 9.3 7.6 19.7 13.3 19.2 27.1 23.0
Philadelphia 11.7 11.6 11.7 12.5 21.0 16.6 8.9 12.9 10.8 14.9 24.3 19.4 25.9 29.9 27.9
San Francisco 8.4 10.6 9.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 25.2 33.4 29.2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* On >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
+ Such as a gun, knife, or club.
& One or more times during the 12 months preceding the survey.
@ Not available.
** U. S. territories are included as states.
++ Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
=====================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_10 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 10. Percentage of high school students who reported having thought seriously about attempting suicide and who
reported suicidal behavior, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
===========================================================================================================================================================================================
Thought seriously Suicide attempt
about attempting suicide * Made a suicide plan * Attempted suicide *+ required medical attention *
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 29.7 19.1 24.2 22.8 15.7 19.1 11.3 4.4 7.7 3.6 1.4 2.4
(+/-1.8) & (+/-1.6) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.0) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.7) (+/-0.6)
Black, non-Hispanic 24.5 15.4 19.9 19.5 12.4 16.0 11.2 5.4 8.4 4.0 2.0 3.0
(+/-3.4) (+/-4.8) (+/-2.9) (+/-3.5) (+/-4.9) (+/-3.0) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.4) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.4) (+/-0.9)
Hispanic 34.1 17.9 26.0 26.6 13.7 20.0 19.7 7.4 13.6 5.5 2.0 3.7
(+/-2.4) (+/-3.1) (+/-1.9) (+/-2.9) (+/-2.9) (+/-1.6) (+/-3.4) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.4) (+/-0.9)
Grade
9th 30.9 17.7 24.2 25.0 13.5 19.2 14.4 5.8 10.1 3.5 2.1 2.8
(+/-4.1) (+/-2.3) (+/-2.2) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.7) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.8)
10th 31.6 18.0 24.7 23.2 15.0 19.0 13.1 5.9 9.4 5.1 1.3 3.2
(+/-3.8) (+/-4.1) (+/-3.0) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.9) (+/-1.8) (+/-2.6) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.2)
11th 28.9 20.6 24.6 23.3 16.7 19.8 13.6 3.4 8.3 3.9 1.1 2.4
(+/-3.1) (+/-3.3) (+/-2.5) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.5) (+/-3.0) (+/-2.9) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.5) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.9)
12th 27.3 18.3 22.7 20.1 15.5 17.7 9.1 4.5 6.7 2.9 1.5 2.2
(+/-2.8) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.3) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.8) (+/-2.4) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.2) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.7)
Total 29.6 18.8 24.1 22.9 15.3 19.0 12.5 5.0 8.6 3.8 1.6 2.7
(+/-1.4) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.0) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.5) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.4) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.6)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* During the 12 months preceding the survey.
+ One or more times.
& Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
===========================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_11 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 11. Percentage of high school students who reported having thought seriously about attempting suicide and who
reported suicidal behavior, by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
===============================================================================================================================
Thought seriously Suicide attempt
about attempting suicide * Made a suicide plan * Attempted suicide *+ required medical attention *
-------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama NA & NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
American Samoa @ 33.9 24.7 28.9 32.8 26.0 29.1 29.8 23.4 26.3 10.9 8.2 9.4
Georgia 30.1 17.6 23.9 24.6 13.8 19.3 15.3 7.4 11.4 5.0 1.3 3.2
Hawaii 36.4 19.9 27.8 27.5 15.7 21.4 17.9 7.6 12.6 4.7 3.0 3.8
Idaho 34.8 21.4 28.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 30.8 19.2 25.0 23.4 13.7 18.5 12.4 7.1 9.8 3.6 2.4 3.0
Louisiana ** 29.9 18.4 24.2 25.3 16.1 20.8 15.1 8.6 12.0 4.5 2.8 3.7
Massachusetts 29.2 19.5 24.3 22.7 17.1 19.8 11.9 8.6 10.3 3.7 3.1 3.4
Mississippi 31.9 17.6 24.8 24.5 12.1 18.4 13.5 6.2 9.8 2.1 1.7 1.9
Montana 32.2 18.7 25.1 25.7 16.3 20.8 11.6 6.4 8.9 4.2 2.1 3.1
Nebraska 30.5 18.2 24.2 25.2 16.5 20.8 11.8 6.4 9.1 3.2 2.5 2.8
Nevada 34.9 18.8 26.8 27.8 14.6 21.2 15.9 7.0 11.5 3.9 2.6 3.3
New Hampshire 34.0 18.5 26.1 27.1 15.1 21.0 14.3 6.0 10.1 3.8 1.8 2.8
New York ** 35.0 19.2 27.1 26.8 18.2 22.5 13.3 7.7 10.5 3.2 2.2 2.7
North Carolina 30.5 17.7 24.2 23.5 15.0 19.4 12.6 5.9 9.4 4.1 2.1 3.2
Ohio 35.6 20.9 28.1 26.2 16.5 21.2 15.0 6.3 10.6 4.2 1.3 2.8
South Carolina 27.7 16.8 22.2 22.6 15.7 19.2 12.2 8.6 10.5 3.4 2.9 3.2
South Dakota 35.7 23.0 29.3 25.8 18.5 22.1 12.8 9.9 11.5 1.9 3.2 2.7
Tennessee 32.4 16.9 24.5 22.9 14.2 18.5 12.4 4.8 8.6 4.0 1.2 2.7
Utah 30.7 18.2 24.4 23.4 16.4 19.9 12.3 6.7 9.6 3.0 2.9 3.0
Vermont 29.7 16.7 23.0 21.1 12.5 16.7 11.7 5.6 8.6 2.4 1.5 2.0
Virgin Islands @ 19.8 7.2 13.8 16.1 7.1 11.8 10.5 4.8 7.8 NA NA NA
West Virginia 34.2 19.2 26.6 24.1 16.6 20.3 14.5 7.5 10.9 5.2 2.4 3.8
Wisconsin 35.1 20.1 27.4 25.7 17.9 21.8 11.4 7.7 9.6 2.6 2.9 2.8
Unweighted data
Arkansas 28.6 17.0 22.7 21.6 14.3 17.9 12.8 7.0 10.0 3.8 2.3 3.1
Delaware 28.4 17.3 23.0 22.7 13.8 18.4 11.8 6.8 9.4 2.4 3.5 3.0
Kentucky 32.7 21.6 27.5 22.3 17.5 20.0 11.3 6.4 8.9 3.1 2.6 2.9
Maine 32.9 22.6 27.9 25.9 19.7 22.8 13.0 8.4 10.9 4.4 3.5 3.9
New Jersey 27.6 16.9 22.4 22.2 13.6 18.0 11.3 6.3 8.9 3.2 1.9 2.6
New Mexico 34.3 20.8 27.4 25.3 17.9 21.5 17.4 8.6 12.9 5.8 3.4 4.6
Oregon 32.0 20.5 26.3 NA NA NA 13.2 7.7 10.6 3.5 2 8 3.2
Wyoming 35.0 19.8 27.1 27.3 17.4 22.1 14.3 6.8 10.5 3.9 2.6 3.3
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 30.0 17.5 23.7 22.0 17.3 19.7 15.5 11.0 13.5 4.0 4.5 4.3
Chicago 23.7 13.8 18.9 19.5 10.1 15.0 12.7 8.4 10.8 5.0 3.8 4.6
Dallas 28.1 14.5 21.6 19.6 12.3 16.2 13.5 6.9 10.4 3.9 1.5 2.8
Dist. of Columbia 25.8 14.5 20.6 19.8 11.9 16.2 15.6 7.9 12.2 5.6 3.1 4.5
Fort Lauderdale 29.5 19.9 24.6 20.4 13.4 16.8 13.9 6.7 10.4 3.0 2.7 2.9
Jersey City 24.1 18.8 21.4 18.4 14.2 16.4 13.0 9.5 11.5 4.3 2.7 3.7
Miami 31.3 20.3 25.6 25.6 14.4 19.8 15.2 8.9 12.1 3.2 4.0 3.6
San Diego 30.3 21.1 25.7 26.1 18.3 22.2 12.8 7.0 9.9 2.6 2.4 2.5
Seattle 24.6 13.6 19.1 20.6 10.9 15.8 12.1 7.3 9.8 4.3 3.3 3.9
Unweighted data
New Orleans 29.1 13.9 22.7 22.7 11.4 18.0 14.3 8.3 11.9 3.5 2.7 3.2
New York City 29.0 16.8 23.2 24.1 12.6 18.7 13.9 5.6 10.0 4.7 1.8 3.3
Philadelphia 25.4 16.1 20.9 21.8 11.9 17.1 15.6 8.6 12.3 5.4 4.0 4.7
San Francisco 29.2 16.1 23.0 22.5 13.3 18.1 12.8 5.5 9.6 3.0 1.4 2.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* During the 12 months preceding the survey.
@ One or more times.
& Not available.
@ U.S. territories are included as states.
** Survey did not include students in the state's largest city.
===============================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_12 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 12. Percentage of high school students who used tobacco, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States,
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Lifetime Current Frequent Regular Smokeless
cigarette use * cigarette use + cigarette use & cigarette use @ tobacco use **
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 70.0 70.4 70.2 35.3 32.2 33.7 16.1 16.0 16.1 28.6 28.2 28.4 2.3 26.0 14.6
(+/-2.1) ++ (+/-1.7) (+/-1.5) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.2) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.2) (+/-2.2) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.9) (+/-2.6) (+/-0.7) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.8)
Black, non-Hispanic 66.7 67.6 67.1 14.4 16.3 15.4 4.3 5.0 4.6 9.1 9.4 9.2 0.6 4.7 2.6
(+/-3.7) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.7) (+/-4.1) (+/-2.5) (+/-1.8) (+/-2.5) (+/-1.6) (+/-2.0) (+/-3.2) (+/-1.7) (+/-0.4) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.2)
Hispanic 68.2 75.1 71.8 27.3 30.2 28.7 6.9 8.5 7.7 18.3 19.0 18.6 1.7 8.0 4.9
(+/-3.6) (+/-3.6) (+/-2.4) (+/-4.4) (+/-3.5) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.3) (+/-2.0) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.3) (+/-2.9) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.3) (+/-1.3)
Grade
9th 62.4 63.0 62.8 28.8 27.0 27.8 8.2 9.5 8.8 20.5 21.2 20.9 1.9 18.7 10.5
(+/-4.1) (+/-4.4) (+/-3.1) (+/-4.7) (+/-3.5) (+/-2.3) (+/-1.7) (+/-2.3) (+/-1.6) (+/-3.0) (+/-2.9) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.4) (+/-4.0) (+/-2.1)
10th 67.0 66.7 66.9 30.2 26.1 28.0 12.7 12.3 12.5 22.1 21.7 21.8 2.4 19.4 11.2
(+/-3.9) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.9) (+/-4.1) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.3) (+/-3.3) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.7) (+/-4.8) (+/-3.8) (+/-3.7) (+/-0.8) (+/-3.8) (+/-2.2)
11th 70.8 75.6 73.3 31.2 30.9 31.1 15.7 14.7 15.3 25.9 28.2 27.2 1.9 20.8 11.8
(+/-3.6) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.4) (+/-4.0) (+/-4.4) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.5) (+/-2.8) (+/-4.3) (+/-4.4) (+/-3.9) (+/-1.0) (+/-4.1) (+/-2.2)
12th 73.7 74.2 73.9 34.4 34.6 34.5 16.8 18.6 17.8 29.0 27.7 28.4 1.7 22.2 12.1
(+/-3.7) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.3) (+/-5.5) (+/-3.8) (+/-3.8) (+/-4.4) (+/-3.4) (+/-3.4) (+/-4.5) (+/-3.8) (+/-3.4) (+/-1.1) (+/-3.4) (+/-1.7)
Total 68.7 70.1 69.5 31.2 29.8 30.5 13.5 14.0 13.8 24.5 24.9 24.7 2.0 20.4 11.5
(+/-1.8) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.3) (+/-1.9) (+/-2.1) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.7) (+/-2.5) (+/-2.2) (+/-2.0) (+/-0.6) (+/-2.7) (+/-1.6)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs.
+ Smoked cigarettes on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Smoked cigarettes on >= 20 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
@ Ever smoked at least one cigarette every day for 30 days.
** Used chewing tobacco or snuff during the 30 days preceding the survey.
++ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_13 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 13. Percentage of high school students who used tobacco, by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk
Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================================
Lifetime Current Frequent Regular Smokeless
cigarette use * cigarette use + cigarette use & cigarette use @ tobacco use **
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama NA ++ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20.5 24.0 22.3 NA NA NA
American Samoa && 63.9 71.1 67.7 37.1 40.4 38.8 10.5 16.6 13.7 25.6 27.4 26.6 2.6 18.8 11.4
Georgia 65.7 68.1 66.9 24.0 24.7 24.3 10.9 10.2 10.5 19.2 19.8 19.5 1.8 17.6 9.6
Hawaii 66.9 64.3 65.5 29.9 26.8 28.2 12.5 14.0 13.3 27.6 24.2 25.8 1.1 8.9 5.2
Illinois 67.2 68.7 67.9 28.6 29.8 29.1 13.5 13.8 13.7 22.5 21.7 22.1 2.0 16.2 9.1
Idaho 56.1 64.8 60.3 25.5 29.3 27.3 12.6 14.1 13.3 23.0 25.0 24.0 4.4 26.7 14.9
Louisiana @@ 73.4 75.7 74.5 26.2 31.7 28.9 13.4 14.6 14.0 22.2 23.4 22.8 3.2 25.1 14.0
Massachusetts 66.8 68.8 67.8 29.2 31.1 30.2 15.2 15.8 15.5 25.3 25.3 25.3 1.5 17.0 9.4
Mississippi 75.3 76.7 75.9 23.7 31.6 27.6 11.3 15.9 13.6 18.2 24.4 21.3 0.7 24.2 12.3
Montana 66.4 72.6 69.7 29.9 31.5 30.7 12.2 13.2 12.7 23.1 23.3 23.2 10.4 36.5 24.0
Nebraska 63.2 70.9 67.1 32.1 35.2 33.7 12.9 16.8 14.9 22.7 26.5 24.6 2.9 26.5 14.9
Nevada 68.1 68.5 68.2 32.3 27.6 29.9 14.7 13.3 14.0 28.1 24.0 26.0 3.1 19.0 11.1
New Hampshire 66.8 72.6 69.8 35.1 36.1 35.6 19.4 19.8 19.6 31.1 31.8 31.4 3.8 19.5 11.8
New York @@ 73.8 71.9 72.8 36.4 33.1 34.8 19.2 18.3 18.8 30.3 28.7 29.5 1.9 19.4 10.8
North Carolina NA NA NA 28.0 30.4 29.3 13.0 15.0 14.1 NA NA NA 1.7 20.5 11.1
Ohio 66.0 71.0 68.6 29.0 30.4 29.7 12.3 16.1 14.3 22.9 26.0 24.5 1.7 22.5 12.4
South Carolina 70.8 73.4 72.2 25.2 28.1 26.7 11.5 14.1 12.8 21.5 24.4 23.0 1.3 20.4 11.0
South Dakota 66.2 74.8 70.6 33.9 39.2 36.7 17.5 18.0 18.0 27.5 28.6 28.2 7.7 37.9 23.2
Tennessee 72.3 77.3 74.9 32.7 37.8 35.3 17.1 21.7 19.4 28.5 35.9 32.2 1.3 33.8 17.9
Utah 41.8 50.9 46.4 15.7 19.0 17.4 6.9 9.4 8.2 14.4 17.0 15.7 2.0 11.9 7.1
Vermont 69.8 69.0 69.4 34.3 32.8 33.5 17.4 17.4 17.4 24.5 22.9 23.7 NA NA NA
Virgin Islands && NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 3.0 3.1 1.0 2.5 1.8
West Virginia 76.6 77.0 76.8 38.0 39.7 38.9 20.4 19.4 19.9 31.1 33.6 32.4 2.4 40.3 21.6
Wisconsin 68.9 69.7 69.3 32.9 30.7 31.8 15.9 15.8 15.8 27.1 26.8 26.9 2.6 21.0 12.0
Unweighted data
Arkansas 65.2 69.0 67.2 28.2 34.2 31.3 12.7 15.5 14.2 20.9 26.2 23.7 2.4 26.2 14.5
Delaware 68.6 69.1 68.8 31.0 30.9 31.0 14.5 15.4 15.0 25.2 24.8 25.0 1.1 15.0 8.0
Kentucky 71.5 76.9 74.2 31.7 36.6 34.1 16.9 22.8 19.7 26.0 33.1 29.3 2.1 39.0 19.7
Maine 70.4 73.9 72.1 32.0 33.1 32.6 15.9 20.9 18.3 28.4 34.2 31.3 2.3 18.8 10.3
New Jersey 65.4 67.2 66.3 27.1 27.5 27.3 12.4 12.2 12.3 23.0 22.0 22.5 0.8 13.3 6.8
New Mexico 74.7 74.6 74.7 33.2 32.3 32.6 13.0 14.4 13.7 24.1 25.5 24.8 3.0 24.1 13.8
Oregon NA NA NA 24.7 24.6 24.6 11.9 11.8 11.8 NA NA NA 5.6 25.5 15.5
Wyoming 68.4 71.8 70.1 34.4 30.2 32.2 16.6 14.9 15.7 29.1 25.5 27.3 5.7 32.6 19.7
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 63.6 65.6 64.7 21.3 20.1 20.9 8.5 8.1 8.3 16.2 14.5 15.5 1.8 4.4 3.2
Chicago 65.0 64.6 64.7 18.3 20.5 19.4 4.8 6.3 5.7 12.1 12.1 12.3 0.8 3.0 2.0
Dallas 60.1 68.9 64.3 13.2 21.7 17.3 4.1 5.4 4.7 9.5 13.3 11.3 0.8 5.9 3.3
Dist. of Columbia 61.9 62.8 62.3 14.8 19.2 16.7 2.1 4.1 3.0 7.2 10.5 8.7 0.6 2.7 1.6
Fort Lauderdale 62.7 60.1 61.3 20.8 20.8 20.7 8.8 10.1 9.4 17.1 17.9 17.5 1.1 8.9 5.0
Jersey City 63.0 68.6 65.6 25.5 26.5 25.9 4.5 11.5 8.0 15.9 18.7 17.4 1.2 5.0 3.1
Miami 61.9 66.7 64.3 18.1 18.4 18.2 5.4 5.5 5.4 13.7 11.5 12.6 1.0 4.4 2.8
San Diego 64.9 65.8 65.4 20.8 22.5 21.7 4.8 8.1 6.4 13.3 17.0 15.1 0.7 7.9 4.3
Seattle 57.4 61.2 59.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA 17.2 17.1 17.2 4.7 11.9 8.4
Unweighted data
New Orleans 64.9 65.5 65.1 10.7 16.1 12.9 2.8 4.0 3.3 6.8 7.9 7.2 1.1 2.0 1.5
New York City 69.2 70.3 69.7 17.6 16.1 16.9 5.0 5.3 5.1 12.9 12.4 12.6 0.3 3.0 1.6
Philadelphia 75.4 63.4 69.7 27.2 19.4 23.5 11.3 9.6 10.5 22.5 14.7 18.8 0.8 3.1 1.9
San Francisco 60.6 62.0 61.3 21.6 21.7 21.7 7.8 9.9 8.8 16.6 17.4 17.0 0.9 4.4 2.6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs.
+ Smoked cigarettes on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Smoked cigarettes on >= 20 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
@ Ever smoked at least one cigarette every day for 30 days.
** Used chewing tobacco or snuff during the 30 days preceding the survey.
++ Not available.
&& U.S. territories are included as states.
@@ Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
=====================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_14 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 14. Percentage of high school students who drank alcohol or used marijuana, by sex, race/ ethnicity, and grade --
United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Episodic heavy Lifetime Current
Lifetime alcohol use * Current alcohol use + drinking & marijuana use @ marijuana use **
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 82.4 81.0 81.7 48.6 51.1 49.9 29.3 35.6 32.6 29.3 36.0 32.7 14.7 19.7 17.3
(+/-1.9) ++ (+/-1.9) (+/-1.6) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.5) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.5) (+/-2.1) (+/-4.3) (+/-4.3) (+/-4.0) (+/-2.4) (+/-3.8) (+/-2.8)
Black, non-Hispanic 78.1 82.0 80.0 37.1 48.2 42.5 13.3 25.1 19.1 26.3 41.1 33.6 13.0 24.3 18.6
(+/-4.6) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.0) (+/-4.8) (+/-4.0) (+/-3.6) (+/-2.3) (+/-3.9) (+/-2.9) (+/-5.5) (+/-5.7) (+/-5.4) (+/-3.4) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.6)
Hispanic 82.2 84.9 83.5 46.9 55.0 50.8 27.6 39.4 33.4 29.5 41.5 35.4 15.7 23.2 19.4
(+/-4.0) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.3) (+/-5.9) (+/-6.4) (+/-5.5) (+/-4.7) (+/-4.7) (+/-3.9) (+/-5.6) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.3) (+/-4.5) (+/-4.5) (+/-2.6)
Grade
9th 72.9 72.9 72.9 40.5 40.2 40.5 19.7 24.0 22.0 19.7 28.8 24.4 9.7 16.3 13.2
(+/-4.5) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.7) (+/-5.5) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.5) (+/-3.0) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.0) (+/-3.6) (+/-4.7) (+/-3.4) (+/-1.9) (+/-3.6) (+/-2.2)
10th 78.0 75.9 76.8 44.0 44.1 44.0 25.3 27.2 26.2 26.7 30.9 28.8 14.7 18.2 16.5
(+/-3.7) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.4) (+/-4.4) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.0) (+/-2.5) (+/-4.2) (+/-4.7) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.5) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.5)
11th 84.2 85.5 84.9 45.9 53.6 49.7 25.1 37.1 31.3 30.8 40.8 36.0 14.4 22.1 18.4
(+/-3.1) (+/-3.0) (+/-2.1) (+/-4.0) (+/-4.4) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.8) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.3) (+/-5.9) (+/-4.7) (+/-4.8) (+/-3.7) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.5)
12th 87.1 88.0 87.6 52.0 60.5 56.4 33.0 45.0 39.1 35.8 45.5 40.8 18.9 25.0 22.0
(+/-2.8) (+/-3.4) (+/-1.9) (+/-3.3) (+/-4.2) (+/-2.6) (+/-3.5) (+/-4.5) (+/-3.2) (+/-4.6) (+/-4.6) (+/-3.9) (+/-2.6) (+/-3.9) (+/-2.8)
Total 80.9 80.9 80.9 45.9 50.1 48.0 26.0 33.7 30.0 28.6 36.8 32.8 14.6 20.6 17.7
(+/-1.6) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.4) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.9) (+/-3.3) (+/-3.4) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.0) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ever had at least one drink of alcohol.
+ Drank alcohol on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Drank five or more drinks of alcohol on at least one occasion on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
@ Ever used marijuana.
** Used marijuana one or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
++ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_15 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 15. Percentage of high school students who drank alcohol or used marijuana, by sex -- selected sites, United States,
Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================================
Episodic heavy Lifetime Current
Lifetime alcohol use * Current alcohol use + drinking & marijuana use @ marijuana use **
---------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 73.4 77.9 75.7 40.9 47.0 43.9 20.9 30.0 25.4 19.3 26.5 22.9 7.9 12.8 10.4
American Samoa ++ 48.6 53.5 51.2 30.5 34.8 32.8 18.3 27.4 23.3 11.4 29.3 21.0 6.7 19.7 13.6
Georgia 73.5 77.7 75.5 41.3 47.1 44.1 20.7 29.1 24.8 22.5 31.7 27.0 11.2 17.0 14.0
Hawaii 73.9 71.7 72.8 38.7 38.1 38.4 20.9 24.3 22.7 30.6 36.4 33.6 15.4 17.9 16.7
Idaho 66.4 70.3 68.3 43.0 44.3 43.6 29.5 32.8 31.1 23.4 29.0 26.0 11.5 14.7 13.0
Illinois 77.6 78.8 78.0 45.3 49.3 47.2 24.6 32.0 28.2 24.3 31.6 27.9 11.4 17.5 14.4
Louisiana && 80.7 84.1 82.4 48.3 60.8 54.2 24.1 40.9 32.2 21.7 36.1 28.7 9.3 18.7 13.9
Massachusetts 75.1 77.4 76.3 45.5 49.2 47.4 23.1 31.8 27.5 29.1 37.9 33.6 16.4 23.5 20.1
Mississippi 76.1 80.1 78.2 41.7 52.2 47.0 18.6 34.9 26.6 15.5 26.2 20.8 5.4 12.3 8.8
Montana 82.7 83.6 83.2 54.1 57.2 55.7 39.4 43.4 41.4 24.3 29.1 26.8 11.0 16.0 13.6
Nebraska 76.8 80.8 78.8 49.9 53.8 51.9 31.5 39.8 35.7 15.2 23.3 19.3 6.6 12.1 9.4
Nevada 77.7 77.0 77.3 49.4 49.0 49.2 29.2 34.4 31.8 35.4 36.2 35.9 19.2 19.6 19.4
New Hampshire 80.0 81.3 80.7 47.0 51.8 49.5 26.8 34.5 30.8 31.9 40.1 36.1 18.2 23.6 20.9
New York && 83.4 82.4 82.9 51.7 53.3 52.5 28.3 35.1 31.8 33.1 37.1 35.1 16.7 21.5 19.2
North Carolina NA @@ NA NA 39.7 47.9 43.7 16.2 30.0 23.0 24.0 34.1 29.0 10.9 18.9 14.8
Ohio 78.7 81.5 80.1 44.5 48.3 46.5 28.3 32.0 30.3 25.6 33.7 29.8 13.5 18.6 16.1
South Carolina 73.5 77.6 75.6 40.1 48.4 44.3 20.4 29.5 25.0 18.7 30.3 24.5 9.0 15.9 12.5
South Dakota 85.7 86.5 86.1 58.4 63.8 61.2 38.0 50.5 44.3 15.6 24.9 20.5 6.6 13.4 10.2
Tennessee 74.5 78.9 76.8 39.3 45.7 42.6 23.5 32.5 28.1 28.4 36.5 32.5 13.8 19.0 16.5
Utah 44.8 46.5 45.7 25.4 26.5 26.0 15.3 18.1 16.7 14.0 18.4 16.3 5.7 9.0 7.4
Vermont NA NA NA 50.4 54.8 52.6 26.9 35.7 31.4 NA NA NA 16.6 21.7 19.2
Virgin Islands ++ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.1 12.8 9.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA
West Virginia 82.1 83.5 82.8 49.4 56.0 52.7 34.1 44.7 39.4 30.3 38.1 34.3 14.1 20.8 17.5
Wisconsin 80.0 78.9 79.4 47.5 48.7 48.1 26.0 31.9 29.0 20.5 25.1 22.8 8.6 13.8 11.2
Unweighted data
Arkansas 73.0 74.9 74.0 43.5 47.4 45.5 26.6 32.9 29.8 19.7 26.7 23.4 8.8 12.6 10.7
Delaware 78.4 77.3 77.8 48.4 50.1 49.2 25.4 29.7 27.6 27.6 40.0 33.7 15.1 24.7 19.9
Kentucky 71.9 81.2 76.4 42.7 53.1 47.7 27.3 40.6 33.7 26.0 38.5 32.0 11.0 19.0 14.9
Maine NA NA NA 49.1 49.9 49.6 24.8 32.7 28.7 NA NA NA 15.3 22.9 19.1
New Jersey 74.0 79.0 76.4 40.9 45.0 42.9 20.6 27.5 23.9 22.4 29.4 25.7 10.4 14.2 12.2
New Mexico 86.0 84.5 85.2 59.3 61.4 60.3 41.2 46.1 43.6 36.8 43.1 40.0 19.6 24.5 22.0
Oregon 74.9 77.6 76.2 38.5 46.3 42.3 22.0 30.6 26.3 26.8 34.3 30.5 10.6 17.7 14.1
Wyoming 81.1 83.0 82.0 55.7 54.4 55.1 36.9 39.7 38.4 24.7 30.0 27.4 11.6 16.4 14.1
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 63.9 71.1 67.4 35.6 44.9 40.1 15.1 25.6 20.3 26.7 35.0 30.7 14.1 21.7 17.8
Chicago 70.5 69.4 70.0 38.6 39.7 39.2 15.3 21.0 18.1 24.6 28.6 26.6 11.3 17.3 14.3
Dallas 76.6 81.8 79.0 42.4 51.1 46.4 19.3 30.7 24.7 23.2 35.7 29.0 9.1 19.0 13.7
Dist. of Columbia 74.3 74.0 74.2 40.1 42.7 41.3 13.8 19.6 16.4 21.4 37.5 28.8 12.7 24.6 18.1
Fort Lauderdale 77.5 76.5 77.0 42.8 45.0 43.9 15.9 24.7 20.3 26.4 35.8 31.1 13.4 22.5 17.9
Jersey City 62.4 78.0 69.9 34.8 50.3 42.4 19.5 26.1 22.7 22.1 30.6 26.3 10.6 18.2 14.4
Miami 75.4 75.6 75.5 36.0 37.7 36.8 11.0 17.6 14.3 19.3 31.3 25.3 9.7 18.2 14.0
San Diego 73.0 71.5 72.3 43.7 43.5 43.7 19.6 25.0 22.4 32.7 40.3 36.5 18.6 26.5 22.6
Seattle NA NA NA 43.6 48.7 46.1 16.4 22.4 19.4 NA NA NA 18.6 25.4 22.0
Unweighted data
New Orleans 76.6 79.3 77.6 43.1 48.9 45.4 13.3 23.3 17.4 25.1 37.2 30.0 10.7 19.6 14.3
New York City 69.5 76.0 72.6 31.4 45.3 37.9 9.2 19.6 14.1 19.3 28.7 23.8 8.1 15.6 11.8
Philadelphia 75.1 73.9 74.6 40.8 41.9 41.4 19.5 24.0 21.7 37.7 43.9 40.5 19.9 25.9 22.7
San Francisco 60.1 61.1 60.5 31.8 34.3 32.9 14.0 17.3 15.6 31.1 32.6 31.8 17.8 20.6 19.2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ever had at least one drink of alcohol.
+ Drank alcohol on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Drank five or more drinks of alcohol on a least one occasion during >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
@ Ever used marijuana.
** Used marijuana one or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
++ U.S. territories are included as states.
&& Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
@@ Not available.
=====================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_16 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 16. Percentage of high school students who used cocaine, crack or freebase, or illegal steroids, and percentage who
injected illegal drugs, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Lifetime crack Lifetime illegal Lifetime injected-
Lifetime cocaine use * Current cocaine use + or freebase use & steroid use @ drug use **
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/ Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 3.9 5.3 4.6 1.2 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 2.3 1.0 2.8 1.9 0.7 1.8 1.3
(+/-1.0) ++ (+/-1.2) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.4) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.5) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.7) (+/-0.5) (+/-0.3) (+/-0.7) (+/-0.3)
Black, non-Hispanic 1.2 1.9 1.6 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.6 1.6 1.1 0.8 4.0 2.4 0.4 1.4 0.9
(+/-0.6) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.5) (+/-0.3) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.4) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.5) (+/-1.6) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.5) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.6)
Hispanic 10.4 12.1 11.3 3.0 6.2 4.6 5.5 7.1 6.3 2.6 3.4 3.0 1.1 1.8 1.5
(+/-2.2) (+/-3.1) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.5) (+/-2.0) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.5)
Grade
9th 3.8 4.6 4.2 1.0 2.2 1.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.4 2.7 2.1 0.8 1.9 1.4
(+/-1.6) (+/-1.5) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.8) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.2) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.6)
10th 3.5 3.9 3.7 1.0 1.7 1.4 2.5 2.1 2.3 1.6 2.4 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.4
(+/-1.5) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.5) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.5) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.8) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.0) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.6)
11th 4.5 5.5 5.1 1.7 2.4 2.1 2.1 3.1 2.7 1.0 3.2 2.2 0.6 1.9 1.3
(+/-1.3) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.2) (+/-0.8) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.8) (+/-1.0) (+/-1.3) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.7) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.3) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.6)
12th 4.6 7.5 6.1 1.6 2.5 2.1 1.6 3.6 2.6 1.0 3.5 2.3 0.4 1.9 1.2
(+/-1.7) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.5) (+/-0.7) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.4) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.7) (+/-1.3) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.3) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.5)
Total 4.2 5.5 4.9 1.4 2.3 1.9 2.2 3.0 2.6 1.2 3.1 2.2 0.8 1.9 1.4
(+/-0.9) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.4) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.4) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.5) (+/-0.7) (+/-0.5) (+/-0.5) (+/-0.2) (+/-0.6) (+/-0.3)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ever tried any form of cocaine, including powder, crack, or freebase.
+ Used cocaine one or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Ever used crack or freebase.
@ Ever used illegal steroids.
** Ever injected illegal drugs. Respondents were classified as injecting- drug users only if they a) reported injecting-drug use not
prescribed by a physician and b) answered "one or more" to any of these questions: "During your life, how many times have you
used any form of cocaine including powder, crack, or freebase?"; "During your life, how many times have you used any other type
of illegal drugs such as LSD, PCP, ecstacy, mushrooms, speed, ice, heroin, or pills without a doctor's prescription?"; or "During your
life, how many times have you taken steroid pills or shots without a doctor's prescription?"
++ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_17 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 17. Percentage of high school students who used cocaine, crack or freebase, or illegal steroids, and percentage who
injected illegal drugs, by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================================
Lifetime crack Lifetime illegal Lifetime injected-
Lifetime cocaine use * Current cocaine use + or freebase use & steroid use @ drug use **
---------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 3.3 5.6 4.5 0.9 2.3 1.7 NA ++ NA NA 2.6 6.3 4.5 1.3 2.8 2.1
American Samoa && 3.2 4.5 3.9 1.7 2.4 2.1 2.2 3.3 2.7 3.4 6.4 5.0 1.7 4.0 3.0
Georgia 2.5 3.8 3.2 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.6 2.8 2.2 1.4 3.8 2.6 1.2 3.2 2.2
Hawaii 7.5 9.0 8.2 2.8 3.9 3.3 5.0 6.2 5.6 1.2 3.2 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.7
Idaho 5.3 8.3 6.7 1.9 3.7 2.8 3.4 6.0 4.6 2.3 5.6 3.9 1.8 3.7 2.7
Illinois 2.9 6.4 4.7 1.0 3.8 2.4 2.0 4.3 3.2 1.3 5.0 3.1 0.6 2.9 1.8
Louisiana @@ 3.4 7.0 5.2 1.6 4.5 3.1 2.8 6.6 4.7 2.3 8.3 5.4 1.4 4.5 2.9
Massachusetts 4.3 7.2 5.8 1.3 3.5 2.5 2.2 5.3 3.9 1.7 5.5 3.7 1.2 3.8 2.6
Mississippi 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.6 1.8 0.4 1.6 1.0
Montana 4.7 5.3 5.1 1.7 2.6 2.2 3.2 3.6 3.4 2.9 5.0 4.1 1.8 3.4 2.6
Nebraska 2.3 4.6 3.5 0.7 2.8 1.8 1.4 3.5 2.4 1.0 4.8 3.0 0.8 3.1 2.0
Nevada 8.1 7.9 8.1 3.5 3.9 3.7 4.3 4.7 4.5 1.8 3.5 2.7 0.6 2.2 1.4
New Hampshire 4.3 7.7 6.1 1.4 2.7 2.2 2.8 4.7 3.8 1.1 3.8 2.5 1.5 2.3 1.9
New York @@ 4.2 6.4 5.4 1.3 3.2 2.4 2.3 3.8 3.2 2.3 5.9 4.3 1.4 3.4 2.4
North Carolina 3.5 5.3 4.4 1.2 2.9 2.1 2.3 4.4 3.4 1.4 5.7 3.6 1.2 3.9 2.6
Ohio 2.4 4.7 3.6 0.5 2.5 1.6 1.6 3.1 2.4 1.0 4.1 2.6 0.8 2.5 1.7
South Carolina 3.6 5.7 4.7 1.4 2.8 2.2 2.8 4.1 3.4 1.7 6.2 4.0 1.5 3.5 2.5
South Dakota 3.1 7.3 5.2 1.4 4.6 3.0 2.3 5.9 4.1 2.1 6.5 4.4 1.7 5.6 3.8
Tennessee 4.0 6.2 5.1 1.1 2.8 2.0 2.3 3.1 2.8 2.1 4.8 3.5 1.1 2.1 1.6
Utah 3.6 4.7 4.2 1.6 2.4 2.1 2.7 3.5 3.2 1.7 4.3 3.1 1.5 3.0 2.3
Vermont NA NA NA 1.3 2.7 2.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.7 1.9 1.3
Virgin Islands && NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.5 3.3 2.4 0.4 1.4 1.0
West Virginia 3.9 6.4 5.1 0.9 3.0 2.0 2.7 4.2 3.4 1.9 6.5 4.2 1.2 3.5 2.4
Wisconsin 3.0 6.2 4.6 0.8 4.5 2.7 1.7 4.6 3.2 1.8 7.2 4.6 1.6 4.8 3.3
Unweighted data
Arkansas 4.8 4.8 4.8 2.2 2.7 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.0 4.7 3.4 1.2 2.3 1.8
Delaware 4.0 6.2 5.1 1.7 3.4 2.6 2.3 3.4 2.9 1.3 5.0 3.1 1.1 2.7 1.9
Kentucky 3.1 7.8 5.3 0.7 3.2 1.9 2.6 4.5 3.5 1.0 7.3 4.0 0.5 3.4 1.9
Maine NA NA NA 2.0 4.6 3.3 NA NA NA 3.3 6.8 5.1 1.4 2.8 2.1
New Jersey 3.2 5.8 4.4 1.2 2.6 1.9 1.8 3.7 2.7 0.7 3.8 2.2 0.5 2.1 1.3
New Mexico 8.6 10.8 9.7 3.6 5.2 4.4 4.8 5.5 5.2 1.8 5.8 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.9
Oregon 5.7 8.9 7.4 1.9 4.6 3.4 3.8 5.7 4.8 2.5 4.1 3.5 2.4 4.0 3.2
Wyoming 6.2 9.0 7.7 2.4 4.5 3.5 4.6 5.8 5.3 1.4 4.6 3.1 1.6 4.0 2.8
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 2.1 5.6 3.8 0.9 3.0 1.9 1.1 2.5 1.8 2.4 5.4 3.8 0.8 3.0 1.9
Chicago 2.4 5.4 4.0 0.9 2.9 2.0 1.3 3.1 2.3 1.8 4.5 3.2 0.5 2.3 1.5
Dallas 3.7 6.6 5.1 0.9 2.5 1.7 1.7 2.9 2.3 1.3 2.8 2.0 0.5 1.7 1.1
Dist. of Columbia 1.1 2.5 1.8 0.7 1.8 1.2 0.8 1.7 1.3 1.0 3.9 2.4 1.0 2.0 1.5
Fort Lauderdale 2.7 4.3 3.5 1.1 2.7 1.9 1.3 2.4 1.8 0.9 4.5 2.7 1.0 2.3 1.7
Jersey City 3.0 2.1 2.5 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.9 1.0 1.5 1.3 4.1 2.8 0.7 1.4 1.2
Miami 4.0 6.0 5.1 1.7 3.0 2.3 1.9 2.6 2.3 1.9 4.1 3.1 1.3 3.0 2.2
San Diego 8.3 9.3 8.8 3.6 5.0 4.3 4.5 5.4 5.0 2.6 4.3 3.4 1.2 3.8 2.6
Seattle NA NA NA 1.3 4.4 2.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Unweighted data
New Orleans 1.1 2.6 1.7 0.7 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 2.5 1.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
New York City 1.1 1.8 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.2 1.4 0.7 1.3 4.5 2.8 0.6 1.1 0.8
Philadelphia 3.0 4.8 3.9 1.1 2.3 1.7 1.5 3.1 2.2 2.4 4.0 3.2 0.7 2.3 1.4
San Francisco 5.0 6.9 5.9 1.6 3.6 2.6 2.2 5.0 3.6 1.1 3.6 2.4 1.3 2.3 1.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Ever tried any form of cocaine, including powder, crack, or freebase.
+ Used cocaine one or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Ever used crack or freebase.
@ Ever used illegal steroids.
** Ever injected illegal drugs. Respondents were classified as injecting-drug users only if they a) reported injecting-drug use not
prescribed by a physician and b) answered "one or more" to any of these questions: "During your life, how many times have you
used any form of cocaine including powder, crack, or freebase?"; "During your life, how many times have you used any other type
of illegal drug such as LSD, PCP, ecstacy, mushrooms, speed, ice, heroin, or pills without a doctor's prescription?"; or "During your
life, how many times have you taken steroid pills or shots without a doctor's prescription?"
++ Not available.
&& U.S. territories are included as states.
@@ Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
=====================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_18 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 18. Percentage of high school students who reported engaging in drug-related behaviors on school property, by sex,
race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Smokeless tobacco Offered, sold, or
Cigarette use use on school Alcohol use Marijuana use given an illegal drug
on school property * property + on school property & on school property @ on school property **
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 14.5 14.7 14.6 0.9 16.0 8.7 3.6 5.5 4.6 2.8 7.1 5.0 18.9 28.8 24.1
(+/-2.3)++ (+/-2.8) (+/-2.4) (+/-0.4) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.1) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.9) (+/-0.9) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.4) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.3)
Black, non-Hispanic 4.5 7.3 5.9 0.1 2.8 1.4 5.1 8.7 6.9 4.5 10.1 7.3 14.8 20.3 17.5
(+/-1.7) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.7) (+/-0.1) (+/-1.7) (+/-0.9) (+/-2.5) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.9) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.9) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.8) (+/-4.4) (+/-2.9)
Hispanic 11.6 10.6 11.1 0.2 4.4 2.3 6.2 7.3 6.8 4.9 10.0 7.5 26.8 41.5 34.1
(+/-3.1) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.4) (+/-0.2) (+/-1.8) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.7) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.7) (+/-2.5) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.2) (+/-4.0) (+/-5.3) (+/-3.1)
Grade
9th 11.3 11.4 11.3 0.2 10.8 5.6 4.8 5.5 5.2 2.8 5.9 4.4 18.4 24.6 21.8
(+/-2.0) (+/-2.7) (+/-1.9) (+/-0.3) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.2) (+/-1.0) (+/-0.7) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.4) (+/-0.8) (+/-2.9) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.4)
10th 11.8 12.8 12.3 1.0 11.3 6.3 4.7 4.8 4.7 3.6 9.2 6.5 19.2 27.9 23.7
(+/-4.0) (+/-3.5) (+/-3.1) (+/-0.6) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.5) (+/-0.8) (+/-1.4) (+/-2.9) (+/-1.8) (+/-3.7) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.6)
11th 14.9 12.9 13.9 1.1 12.9 7.3 3.9 6.3 5.2 4.0 8.7 6.5 21.7 32.9 27.5
(+/-3.3) (+/-4.0) (+/-3.2) (+/-0.9) (+/-4.0) (+/-2.2) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.9) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.1) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.2)
12th 13.3 16.5 15.0 0.7 14.5 7.7 3.5 7.5 5.5 2.7 7.3 5.1 17.5 28.2 23.0
(+/-3.1) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.3) (+/-0.5) (+/-3.1) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.3) (+/-1.0) (+/-2.3) (+/-1.5) (+/-3.3) (+/-4.5) (+/-3.6)
Total 12.9 13.5 13.2 0.8 12.5 6.8 4.2 6.2 5.2 3.3 7.8 5.6 19.1 28.5 24.0
(+/-1.8) (+/-2.1) (+/-1.8) (+/-0.3) (+/-2.4) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.1) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.8) (+/-0.9) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.3) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.9) (+/-2.6)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* On >= 1 day(s) during the 30 days preceding the survey.
+ Used chewing tobacco or snuff during the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Drank alcohol on >= 1 of the 30 days precding the survey.
@ Used marijuana one or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
** During the 12 months preceding the survey.
++ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_19 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 19. Percentage of high school students who reported engaging in drug-related behaviors on school property, by sex
-- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================================
Smokeless tobacco Offered, sold, or given
Cigarette use use on school Alcohol use Marijuana use an illegal drug
on school property * property + on school property & on school property @ on school property **
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 7.4 13.1 10.4 1.7 17.0 9.5 3.5 7.3 5.4 1.0 3.3 2.2 13.8 22.5 18.2
American Samoa ++ 19.4 20.4 19.9 2.0 14.0 8.5 8.9 11.8 10.5 1.7 9.6 6.0 9.9 17.7 14.3
Georgia 8.0 8.4 8.2 0.8 11.6 6.1 5.1 7.8 6.4 2.9 3.0 3.0 16.6 25.9 21.2
Hawaii 14.7 16.0 15.4 1.0 6.4 3.8 6.4 6.4 6.4 5.9 9.8 7.9 23.5 29.0 26.4
Idaho 11.9 14.2 12.9 2.0 19.5 10.3 7.1 8.9 7.9 3.1 6.1 4.5 19.8 28.3 23.9
Illinois 10.5 12.6 11.5 0.7 8.8 4.8 4.1 5.9 5.0 2.4 6.4 4.4 14.1 23.0 18.5
Louisiana && 6.4 12.1 9.2 0.8 15.9 8.2 4.0 11.1 7.5 1.8 7.1 4.5 17.8 26.8 22.1
Massachusetts 16.8 18.5 17.7 0.6 9.5 5.1 3.7 7.0 5.4 3.7 9.6 6.8 25.0 37.4 31.4
Mississippi 5.8 12.4 9.1 0.2 14.7 7.4 3.4 9.1 6.2 0.8 2.9 1.8 11.2 20.5 15.8
Montana 11.5 12.4 11.9 4.9 26.5 16.2 8.2 9.4 8.8 3.3 6.9 5.1 19.3 24.5 22.0
Nebraska 11.0 15.7 13.4 1.1 15.0 8.2 3.3 6.1 4.8 1.3 3.6 2.4 8.4 13.5 11.0
Nevada 15.7 14.6 15.1 1.9 12.6 7.4 5.3 7.1 6.2 5.6 9.9 7.8 26.4 33.2 29.8
New Hampshire 16.1 18.4 17.3 0.8 10.4 5.7 3.0 5.2 4.1 4.0 7.3 5.7 22.5 28.7 25.7
New York && 19.5 17.5 18.5 1.1 12.2 6.8 5.5 7.1 6.3 4.3 9.5 7.0 22.9 32.1 27.6
North Carolina 13.3 16.5 14.9 0.9 12.8 6.9 3.3 7.6 5.4 2.1 7.5 4.8 24.4 33.4 28.9
Ohio 10.8 13.1 12.0 0.5 13.0 6.9 4.0 5.2 4.6 2.0 6.0 4.0 15.4 23.4 19.5
South Carolina 10.2 13.9 12.1 0.4 11.8 6.2 5.7 9.7 7.7 1.9 5.9 3.9 20.4 29.5 25.0
South Dakota 12.6 16.7 14.8 1.8 23.6 13.0 5.3 13.5 9.5 1.3 6.1 3.8 11.7 24.9 18.5
Tennessee 13.1 17.9 15.5 0.5 21.7 11.4 3.9 6.0 5.0 3.2 6.0 4.7 18.5 25.1 21.8
Utah 7.7 9.7 8.7 1.2 7.7 4.6 4.5 6.3 5.5 1.9 4.3 3.2 15.2 22.8 19.1
Vermont NA @@ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Virgin Islands ++ NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 21.5 32.5 27.0
West Virginia 18.4 17.8 18.1 1.0 27.3 14.3 5.7 9.7 7.7 2.7 7.7 5.2 23.3 27.6 25.5
Wisconsin 13.4 13.6 13.5 1.2 12.9 7.2 3.7 7.0 5.4 1.4 6.0 3.7 15.3 23.7 19.6
Unweighted data
Arkansas 7.0 12.7 10.0 0.8 15.9 8.5 4.4 7.7 6.1 1.2 2.6 1.9 10.9 17.2 14.2
Delaware 15.3 15.6 15.5 0.6 9.1 4.8 4.5 5.8 5.2 4.0 9.4 6.7 18.7 30.5 24.6
Kentucky 16.7 23.0 19.8 0.7 27.3 13.4 3.1 8.5 5.7 2.2 4.2 3.1 14.4 24.7 19.4
Maine 14.1 18.0 16.0 1.1 11.2 6.0 4.8 7.7 6.2 3.2 8.7 5.9 19.2 31.4 25.1
New Jersey 12.9 13.8 13.3 0.3 8.2 4.1 3.4 5.7 4.5 1.8 4.5 3.1 12.6 24.4 18.2
New Mexico 13.0 14.0 13.5 1.9 15.7 9.0 11.6 13.1 12.3 6.2 10.0 8.1 24.2 32.8 28.6
Oregon 10.0 10.7 10.3 2.5 17.3 9.9 4.4 8.9 6.7 3.0 7.6 5.4 22.2 31.4 26.9
Wyoming 13.6 12.8 13.2 2.5 23.2 13.2 5.3 9.7 7.6 1.6 6.4 4.1 15.7 22.0 19.0
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 12.1 10.4 11.2 0.4 2.3 1.3 4.1 7.6 5.9 3.9 9.2 6.5 18.1 25.3 21.7
Chicago 7.5 9.2 8.4 0.0 2.0 1.1 6.0 6.9 6.5 3.4 7.8 5.6 13.8 19.3 16.5
Dallas 4.9 8.0 6.5 0.3 3.7 1.9 7.5 8.9 8.2 2.4 7.1 4.6 16.2 26.9 21.2
Dist. of Columbia 3.1 7.4 5.1 0.1 2.1 1.0 5.3 9.4 7.2 4.1 13.7 8.4 13.3 18.6 15.7
Fort Lauderdale 8.8 11.1 9.9 0.5 4.8 2.6 2.7 7.1 4.9 3.2 8.9 6.0 18.5 30.4 24.5
Jersey City 17.1 16.9 17.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8.4 16.1 12.2 3.5 6.9 5.3 10.7 19.7 15.2
Miami 10.4 9.3 9.9 0.5 3.0 1.7 3.5 4.6 4.1 3.4 7.2 5.3 23.7 36.6 30.3
San Diego 7.0 10.4 8.7 0.4 4.3 2.3 6.1 9.2 7.7 6.3 12.1 9.3 31.4 42.0 36.7
Seattle 13.4 13.6 13.6 NA NA NA 6.0 8.5 7.3 5.8 12.3 9.0 22.5 33.5 28.0
Unweighted data
New Orleans 3.4 4.8 4.0 0.7 1.7 1.1 3.9 7.7 5.4 2.5 7.9 4.7 9.7 17.3 12.8
New York City 8.5 10.6 9.5 0.0 1.6 0.7 2.7 7.8 5.1 2.2 7.7 4.8 14.5 28.9 21.3
Philadelphia 16.3 11.7 14.1 0.4 1.0 0.7 3.9 7.2 5.5 6.0 11.0 8.3 15.4 22.9 18.9
San Francisco NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* On >=1 day(s) during the 30 days preceding the survey.
+ Used chewing tobacco or snuff during the 30 days preceding the survey.
& Drank alcohol on >= 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey.
@ Used marijuana one or more times during the 30 days preceding the survey.
** During the 12 months preceding the survey.
++ U.S. territories are included as states.
&& Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
@@ Not available.
=====================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_20 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 20. Percentage of high school students who reported engaging in sexual behaviors, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade
-- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Four or more sex Condom use during Birth control pill use
Ever had sexual partners during Currently last sexual during last sexual
intercourse lifetime sexually active * intercourse + intercourse +
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 47.4 49.3 48.4 13.3 15.2 14.3 35.2 32.9 34.0 46.1 58.5 52.3 24.0 17.1 20.4
(+/-2.5) & (+/-3.9) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.0) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.1) (+/-1.6) (+/-3.6) (+/-2.1) (+/-4.1) (+/-5.4) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.6) (+/-4.0) (+/-3.1)
Black, non-Hispanic 70.4 89.2 79.7 27.2 58.8 42.7 53.2 65.1 59.1 47.8 63.7 56.5 20.6 10.5 15.1
(+/-5.2) (+/-2.4) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.7) (+/-4.8) (+/-3.7) (+/-4.9) (+/-5.2) (+/-4.3) (+/-5.8) (+/-5.0) (+/-4.0) (+/-4.1) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.7)
Hispanic 48.3 63.5 56.0 11.0 26.3 18.6 37.9 40.7 39.4 36.9 55.1 46.1 15.3 9.8 12.4
(+/-5.0) (+/-4.0) (+/-4.1) (+/-4.0) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.3) (+/-5.1) (+/-4.9) (+/-3.7) (+/-4.6) (+/-6.6) (+/-4.1) (+/-5.4) (+/-5.3) (+/-4.1)
Grade
9th 31.6 43.5 37.7 6.2 15.4 10.9 22.5 26.8 24.8 59.2 63.1 61.6 11.1 7.5 9.0
(+/-4.6) (+/-5.1) (+/-4.2) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.0) (+/-4.0) (+/-4.0) (+/-3.3) (+/-8.3) (+/-8.1) (+/-5.7) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.9) (+/-2.7)
10th 44.9 47.4 46.1 12.8 18.9 15.9 30.7 29.6 30.1 45.8 63.3 54.7 17.4 10.0 13.7
(+/-4.6) (+/-4.8) (+/-3.6) (+/-2.8) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.1) (+/-3.5) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.1) (+/-5.6) (+/-7.2) (+/-4.5) (+/-3.1) (+/-4.6) (+/-2.7)
11th 55.1 59.5 57.5 16.3 23.1 19.9 40.9 39.1 40.0 46.1 64.8 55.3 22.2 11.7 16.8
(+/-3.5) (+/-5.1) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.7) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.7) (+/-4.9) (+/-3.5) (+/-4.2) (+/-5.0) (+/-3.0) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.3) (+/-3.0)
12th 66.3 70.2 68.3 23.2 30.7 27.0 53.2 52.7 53.0 41.2 51.5 46.5 29.0 22.7 25.8
(+/-5.5) (+/-4.9) (+/-4.6) (+/-3.9) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.6) (+/-4.1) (+/-4.9) (+/-3.9) (+/-4.6) (+/-5.3) (+/-4.0) (+/-4.9) (+/-5.8) (+/-4.4)
Total 50.2 55.6 53.0 15.0 22.3 18.8 37.5 37.5 37.6 46.0 59.2 52.8 22.3 14.7 18.4
(+/-2.5) (+/-3.5) (+/-2.7) (+/-1.9) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.0) (+/-1.6) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.0) (+/-2.8) (+/-3.8) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.1)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey.
+ Among currently sexually active students.
& Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_21 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 21. Percentage of high school students who reported engaging in sexual behaviors, by sex -- selected sites, United
States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================================
Four or more sex Condom use during Birth control pill use
Ever had sexual partners Currently last sexual during last sexual
intercourse during lifetime sexually active * intercourse + intercourse +
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ----------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama NA & NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
American Samoa @ 26.7 56.9 43.0 3.3 20.9 12.8 17.8 37.7 28.5 14.5 32.9 27.6 3.4 6.5 5.6
Georgia 62.1 70.9 66.3 23.0 37.6 30.1 48.2 51.4 49.7 50.3 59.9 55.1 19.9 13.3 16.6
Hawaii 46.7 42.1 44.3 10.4 12.2 11.4 33.4 24.2 28.7 43.6 59.8 50.6 19.7 6.3 13.9
Idaho NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Illinois 49.9 59.7 54.7 13.5 25.3 19.3 38.0 42.0 40.0 48.0 67.3 57.8 23.4 10.4 16.7
Louisiana ** NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Massachusetts 46.0 51.4 48.7 10.6 18.5 14.5 34.2 32.6 33.4 46.7 57.4 51.8 22.4 13.5 18.1
Mississippi 66.0 71.9 69.0 18.8 37.7 28.1 51.9 48.9 50.4 50.2 61.7 55.7 24.2 14.4 19.6
Montana 48.4 53.5 51.0 14.8 20.8 17.9 34.5 32.8 33.7 41.5 61.5 51.5 25.4 15.7 20.6
Nebraska 41.9 51.8 47.0 12.3 17.8 15.1 31.1 32.7 31.9 52.1 66.7 59.6 18.8 16.4 17.6
Nevada 54.1 62.7 58.4 18.6 27.4 23.0 39.5 39.8 39.7 45.3 55.1 50.3 24.5 13.9 19.1
New Hampshire 52.7 55.8 54.3 15.7 15.9 15.9 39.5 34.9 37.2 45.7 57.2 51.1 29.1 18.9 24.3
New York ** NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
North Carolina NA NA NA 18.6 28.8 23.5 43.6 43.7 43.6 44.4 57.5 50.6 NA NA NA
Ohio 52.8 57.4 55.2 16.2 24.7 20.6 38.9 39.3 39.2 48.7 59.4 54.1 20.8 16.9 18.8
South Carolina 58.8 72.2 65.5 19.2 37.4 28.3 43.6 49.2 46.4 49.5 59.4 54.6 19.3 14.8 16.9
South Dakota 47.9 56.1 52.0 14.1 18.6 16.5 36.4 37.5 37.0 46.3 54.5 50.4 29.6 21.0 25.2
Tennessee 59.0 65.6 62.3 20.5 28.3 24.5 44.1 43.2 43.6 41.2 60.6 50.9 24.2 11.2 17.7
Utah NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Vermont 50.3 51.2 50.7 14.1 14.8 14.5 37.8 31.5 34.6 45.6 61.1 52.9 37.5 24.1 31.3
Virgin Islands @ 44.6 80.1 61.0 6.7 42.8 23.2 31.8 37.9 34.5 49.6 54.1 52.0 3.0 6.6 4.8
West Virginia 59.4 66.7 63.1 16.7 27.8 22.4 46.3 44.8 45.6 43.5 57.2 50.3 25.1 15.9 20.5
Wisconsin 44.4 49.6 47.0 11.5 17.1 14.3 33.2 31.8 32.5 50.9 66.1 58.3 27.8 16.6 22.4
Unweighted data
Arkansas 51.5 60.2 55.9 17.7 28.8 23.3 38.5 39.5 39.0 46.1 66.9 56.8 21.2 9.2 15.1
Delaware 62.4 70.9 66.5 22.3 35.7 28.7 49.0 52.2 50.6 50.4 65.6 58.0 20.8 12.2 16.5
Kentucky 56.7 67.7 62.1 17.6 28.1 22.5 47.1 47.0 47.2 44.7 54.0 49.0 26.9 13.7 20.5
Maine 51.2 56.9 54.0 14.6 19.3 16.9 39.0 37.6 38.4 43.0 57.6 49.9 36.0 22.1 29.5
New Jersey 47.9 61.1 54.2 13.8 26.7 19.9 37.3 39.4 38.3 47.4 63.8 55.4 14.9 8.2 11.6
New Mexico 51.0 59.9 55.5 12.6 24.3 18.5 38.5 39.9 39.1 40.8 59.8 50.5 16.7 10.5 13.5
Oregon 43.1 49.0 45.9 13.9 18.1 15.9 31.5 29.9 30.8 49.1 59.3 53.8 24.8 18.8 21.9
Wyoming 46.2 53.0 49.7 14.1 21.2 17.8 32.6 35.8 34.2 47.7 61.7 55.2 22.4 12.9 17.4
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 48.3 73.8 60.6 13.9 39.0 25.9 36.9 47.7 42.0 56.2 70.4 63.9 16.6 8.0 11.9
Chicago 52.3 73.0 62.1 12.5 42.7 26.7 38.5 54.2 45.7 51.6 73.7 63.9 14.4 9.7 11.8
Dallas 56.2 75.1 65.0 15.2 45.2 29.3 39.2 52.2 45.2 52.4 67.0 60.2 12.9 8.6 10.7
Dist. of Columbia 73.3 86.3 79.2 31.1 62.8 45.3 57.6 65.6 61.2 58.4 72.3 65.0 14.0 7.9 11.2
Fort Lauderdale 49.8 62.9 56.3 10.1 28.2 19.2 38.8 41.8 40.3 51.1 73.6 62.6 15.1 4.2 9.5
Jersey City 53.8 72.0 62.8 10.3 43.1 26.4 43.1 49.8 46.4 52.8 61.8 57.4 13.1 4.8 8.6
Miami 48.2 69.7 58.8 10.7 29.9 20.2 35.3 42.8 39.0 48.8 65.7 57.9 8.5 7.2 7.8
San Diego 40.2 50.6 45.4 12.8 19.9 16.3 31.4 32.7 32.1 39.5 55.8 47.4 21.1 16.5 18.8
Seattle 46.5 52.2 49.3 13.9 21.6 17.7 34.8 34.1 34.5 50.4 68.6 59.1 17.6 14.9 16.3
Unweighted data
New Orleans 57.4 78.3 65.7 15.0 56.0 31.4 43.7 61.3 50.7 45.3 65.9 55.2 22.0 8.2 15.4
New York City 50.2 70.4 59.5 11.9 35.0 22.4 36.8 45.3 40.7 53.8 70.1 62.2 NA NA NA
Philadelphia 64.5 78.6 71.2 21.4 53.4 36.6 50.1 59.5 54.6 47.7 68.6 58.4 18.3 11.8 15.0
San Francisco 37.7 41.9 39.6 11.2 18.9 14.8 29.6 27.3 28.5 54.2 66.7 59.8 11.9 9.8 10.9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Sexual intercourse during the 3 months preceding the survey.
+ Among currently sexually active students.
& Not available.
@ U.S. territories are included as states.
** Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
=====================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_22 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 22. Percentage of high school students who thought they were overweight, were attempting weight loss, ate five or
more servings of fruits and vegetables, and ate no more than two servings of foods typically high in fat content during the
day preceding the survey, * by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
===========================================================================================================================================================================================
Ate no more than two
Thought they Were attempting servings of foods typically
were overweight weight loss Ate fruits and vegetables + high in fat content &
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 47.5 23.9 35.2 61.3 22.3 41.0 13.5 18.4 16.1 77.1 56.4 66.2
(+/-2.9) @ (+/-2.1) (+/-1.7) (+/-2.3) (+/-2.5) (+/-1.9) (+/-1.8) (+/-2.3) (+/-1.5) (+/-2.5) (+/-3.3) (+/-2.7)
Black, non-Hispanic 32.2 20.8 26.6 44.0 19.9 32.0 7.2 11.0 9.1 63.2 54.5 58.9
(+/-3.3) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.4) (+/-3.3) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.3) (+/-1.9) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.7) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.5) (+/-2.3)
Hispanic 45.4 32.0 38.5 61.4 32.8 47.1 9.8 13.2 11.5 79.0 66.2 72.6
(+/-3.7) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.3) (+/-3.2) (+/-4.4) (+/-2.4) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.0) (+/-2.3) (+/-4.6) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.6)
Grade
9th 42.8 24.0 33.3 56.0 26.4 40.9 15.5 20.8 18.3 74.6 56.8 65.4
(+/-4.3) (+/-2.1) (+/-2.5) (+/-3.6) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.4) (+/-2.5) (+/-2.0) (+/-4.2) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.4)
10th 44.4 26.6 35.1 58.3 23.5 40.3 12.8 18.9 15.9 74.2 56.4 64.9
(+/-3.6) (+/-3.3) (+/-1.7) (+/-4.3) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.9) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.6) (+/-4.7) (+/-4.7) (+/-4.1)
11th 46.3 24.7 35.0 61.2 20.6 40.1 12.7 14.8 13.8 74.8 58.0 65.9
(+/-3.6) (+/-3.0) (+/-1.8) (+/-3.7) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.1) (+/-3.2) (+/-3.8) (+/-2.5) (+/-3.7) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.2)
12th 45.8 22.5 33.9 59.1 22.3 40.3 11.3 15.7 13.5 78.5 58.7 68.5
(+/-5.1) (+/-2.8) (+/-3.0) (+/-3.9) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.8) (+/-1.8) (+/-3.0) (+/-2.2) (+/-3.2) (+/-4.6) (+/-2.9)
Total 44.8 24.4 34.3 58.7 23.1 40.3 13.0 17.6 15.4 75.6 57.6 66.2
(+/-2.4) (+/-1.7) (+/-1.4) (+/-1.9) (+/-2.1) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.8) (+/-1.2) (+/-2.2) (+/-2.7) (+/-2.1)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Students who replied that they did not consume a particular type of food were assigned a frequency of 0; students who replied that
they consumed a particular type of food "once only" were assigned a frequency of 1.0; and students who replied that they consumed
a particular type of food "twice or more" were assigned a frequency of 2.0. The number of servings of fruits and vegetables ranged
from 0 through 8. The number of servings of food typically high in fat content ranged from 0 through 6.
+ Fruit, fruit juice, green salad, and cooked vegetables.
& Hamburgers, hot dogs, or sausage; french fries or potato chips; and cookies, doughnuts, pie, or cake.
@ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
===========================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_23 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 23. Percentage of high school students who thought they were overweight, were attempting weight loss, ate five or
more servings of fruits and vegetables, and ate no more than two servings of foods typically high in fat content during the
day preceding the survey, * by sex -- selected sites, United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=======================================================================================================================================
Ate no more than two
Thought they Were attempting servings of foods typically
were overweight weight loss Ate fruits and vegetables + high in fat content &
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATE SURVEYS
Weighted data
Alabama 38.2 18.7 28.5 53.2 21.5 37.2 7.2 12.2 9.8 65.3 55.7 60.5
American Samoa @ 32.9 18.2 24.9 58.4 33.7 44.9 18.0 22.6 20.6 61.2 64.0 62.6
Georgia 40.3 22.9 31.7 55.4 24.4 40.0 11.2 14.0 12.6 68.1 55.1 61.6
Hawaii 50.6 31.9 40.8 62.7 27.5 44.4 16.9 25.4 21.3 75.8 67.3 71.4
Idaho 46.9 21.1 34.7 61.7 22.9 43.2 11.6 17.1 14.2 77.4 60.8 69.6
Illinois 43.6 23.3 33.4 61.2 23.8 42.5 9.7 14.5 12.1 68.9 52.3 60.6
Louisiana ** 37.8 22.6 30.4 52.1 24.2 38.3 5.3 10.1 7.6 67.7 56.1 62.1
Massachusetts 42.4 22.3 32.1 61.6 21.5 41.2 16.1 21.9 19.1 82.9 65.1 73.9
Mississippi 40.4 23.2 31.9 52.8 23.4 38.1 4.4 11.4 7.8 69.2 57.0 63.2
Montana 49.5 21.2 34.7 63.3 21.8 41.6 16.0 19.7 17.9 75.1 56.8 65.6
Nebraska 51.3 22.0 36.4 65.4 22.8 43.7 13.3 17.6 15.5 70.8 51.6 61.0
Nevada 41.6 21.4 31.3 59.5 20.8 39.8 11.0 15.5 13.3 81.1 67.0 73.9
New Hampshire 49.0 23.6 36.1 64.5 21.9 43.0 19.9 22.8 21.4 83.9 67.4 75.6
New York ** 46.4 24.4 35.4 65.4 26.2 45.5 14.3 19.0 16.7 77.6 62.7 70.2
North Carolina 43.7 22.9 33.4 55.2 24.1 39.8 NA ++ NA NA NA NA NA
Ohio 46.2 21.9 33.8 64.0 22.1 42.5 11.4 19.5 15.5 74.4 52.4 63.2
South Carolina 38.1 20.9 29.4 52.3 21.5 36.6 6.4 11.6 9.0 66.7 54.9 60.7
South Dakota 54.1 25.3 39.4 69.7 24.1 46.5 9.2 19.5 14.4 72.5 48.3 60.2
Tennessee 44.5 27.8 36.0 60.5 25.0 42.4 8.4 13.9 11.2 67.7 49.5 58.4
Utah 46.0 17.5 31.5 64.3 18.2 40.7 13.8 20.5 17.1 79.7 62.7 71.0
Vermont 45.0 24.4 34.4 61.4 23.9 42.1 17.5 22.2 19.9 82.0 60.6 70.9
Virgin Islands @ 27.6 15.6 21.7 35.5 21.3 28.7 11.5 16.6 13.9 89.7 90.0 89.9
West Virginia 52.3 28.0 40.0 67.0 28.1 47.3 10.1 14.0 12.1 73.7 52.3 62.9
Wisconsin 49.5 22.2 35.5 63.8 24.3 43.6 13.2 19.7 16.5 72.9 51.4 62.1
Unweighted data
Arkansas 41.0 23.9 32.3 58.1 23.2 40.4 8.2 12.3 10.2 67.6 50.5 59.0
Delaware 42.7 22.4 32.7 58.4 23.2 40.9 14.4 15.5 14.9 70.1 51.5 60.9
Kentucky 47.4 28.4 38.4 59.6 29.7 45.4 9.6 14.8 12.2 70.5 52.5 62.0
Maine 49.7 24.7 37.6 65.2 26.5 46.5 17.3 19.3 18.3 80.6 60.2 70.9
New Jersey 40.7 21.1 31.3 56.4 22.0 40.0 13.0 17.1 15.0 81.8 65.3 73.9
New Mexico 46.6 19.3 32.6 58.7 19.6 38.7 9.1 14.7 12.1 73.6 58.9 66.1
Oregon 46.1 21.8 34.1 59.2 23.1 41.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wyoming 44.4 20.8 32.1 60.3 19.9 39.3 11.7 18.2 15.1 76.8 56.6 66.4
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 36.2 18.6 27.5 47.8 24.6 36.4 12.8 14.6 13.7 76.9 68.1 72.6
Chicago 35.1 21.4 28.5 46.2 27.6 37.2 10.8 14.1 12.3 60.3 52.9 56.9
Dallas 39.1 22.2 31.0 52.0 25.0 39.1 9.1 11.0 10.0 72.5 60.5 66.8
Dist. of Columbia 31.8 20.2 26.6 44.1 19.2 32.8 12.2 13.2 12.7 72.9 58.7 66.4
Fort Lauderdale 41.6 23.6 32.5 58.0 23.0 40.5 12.4 17.1 14.7 82.7 64.7 73.7
Jersey City 29.5 14.6 22.0 41.3 15.5 28.5 9.6 13.6 11.7 75.9 64.5 70.3
Miami 33.6 22.0 27.7 48.1 23.1 35.3 9.7 15.0 12.4 72.9 64.7 68.8
San Diego 39.9 20.4 30.1 53.9 21.6 37.7 16.4 20.6 18.5 79.5 64.5 71.9
Seattle NA NA NA 50.7 18.3 34.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Unweighted data
New Orleans 30.3 17.7 25.1 41.2 16.2 30.9 8.2 15.3 11.1 65.4 55.5 61.4
New York City 34.9 22.3 28.9 47.7 23.9 36.4 13.7 17.4 15.4 80.2 70.5 75.6
Philadelphia 31.3 16.6 24.3 43.7 17.1 31.1 9.3 12.4 10.8 70.9 58.5 65.1
San Francisco 40.9 21.3 31.7 51.2 21.2 37.0 18.1 24.7 21.2 79.8 73.8 77.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Students who replied that they did not consume a particular type of food were assigned a frequency of 0; students who replied that
they consumed a particular type of food "once only" were assigned a frequency of 1.0; and students who replied that they consumed
a particular type of food "twice or more" were assigned a frequency of 2.0. The number of servings of fruits and vegetables ranged
from 0 through 8. The number of servings of foods typically high in fat content ranged from 0 through 6.
+ Fruit, fruit juice, green salad, and cooked vegetables.
& Hamburgers, hot dogs, or sausage; french fries or potato chips; and doughnuts, pie, or cake.
@ U.S. territories are included as states.
** Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
++ Not available.
=======================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_24 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 24. Percentage of high school students who participated in vigorous physical activity, * stretching exercises, + and
strengthening exercises, & and who were enrolled in physical education (PE) class and attended PE class daily, by sex,
race/ethnicity, and grade -- United States, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 1993
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Participated in Participated in
vigorous physical Participated in strengthening
activity stretching exercises exercises Enrolled in PE Attended PE daily
---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Category Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic 58.8 75.9 67.7 55.6 57.1 56.3 44.0 62.3 53.5 47.9 53.1 50.6 29.1 34.8 32.1
(+/-2.4) @ (+/-1.5) (+/-1.5) (+/-3.1) (+/-3.4) (+/-2.7) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.0) (+/-3.2) (+/-6.1) (+/-7.1) (+/-6.4) (+/-5.4) (+/-6.2) (+/-5.5)
Black, non-Hispanic 48.8 71.4 60.0 43.2 53.0 48.1 33.3 58.2 45.6 48.7 62.8 55.7 37.5 48.6 43.0
(+/-5.6) (+/-5.1) (+/-3.8) (+/-6.1) (+/-5.0) (+/-5.0) (+/-5.9) (+/-4.1) (+/-4.2) (+/-8.2) (+/-4.7) (+/-5.8) (+/-8.4) (+/-5.8) (+/-6.5)
Hispanic 50.0 68.8 59.4 46.8 54.9 50.8 41.4 57.7 49.6 50.8 57.0 53.9 36.7 42.9 39.7
(+/-5.0) (+/-6.0) (+/-5.1) (+/-5.0) (+/-5.9) (+/-5.1) (+/-3.8) (+/-6.5) (+/-4.6) (+/-6.4) (+/-5.8) (+/-5.1) (+/-4.9) (+/-5.0) (+/-3.9)
Grade
9th 67.5 81.2 74.5 65.9 62.9 64.3 52.2 69.1 60.9 75.9 78.7 77.2 52.7 52.7 52.7
(+/-4.2) (+/-3.3) (+/-2.9) (+/-4.5) (+/-4.2) (+/-3.9) (+/-5.3) (+/-3.0) (+/-3.5) (+/-6.2) (+/-5.6) (+/-5.5) (+/-7.2) (+/-7.2) (+/-6.4)
10th 61.1 77.2 69.5 57.8 56.9 57.4 45.6 63.7 55.0 54.8 59.5 57.3 35.9 43.6 40.1
(+/-4.3) (+/-3.1) (+/-2.7) (+/-4.4) (+/-4.9) (+/-3.1) (+/-6.3) (+/-4.9) (+/-4.7) (+/-8.3) (+/-8.5) (+/-7.7) (+/-6.9) (+/-6.9) (+/-6.0)
11th 52.7 71.4 62.5 48.4 53.3 50.9 37.5 58.5 48.5 38.1 43.5 40.9 20.9 26.7 23.8
(+/-3.6) (+/-3.2) (+/-2.7) (+/-4.3) (+/-4.4) (+/-2.9) (+/-5.3) (+/-3.4) (+/-3.6) (+/-7.5) (+/-9.5) (+/-8.0) (+/-5.2) (+/-7.6) (+/-5.9)
12th 45.4 69.8 57.8 41.1 52.6 46.9 34.3 54.7 44.6 29.5 41.5 35.6 17.1 28.4 22.8
(+/-4.2) (+/-3.8) (+/-2.8) (+/-3.9) (+/-4.7) (+/-3.4) (+/-3.5) (+/-3.7) (+/-2.7) (+/-7.8) (+/-8.2) (+/-7.6) (+/-5.7) (+/-6.9) (+/-5.9)
Total 56.2 74.7 65.8 52.8 56.2 54.5 42.0 61.1 51.9 48.8 55.2 52.1 31.1 37.3 34.3
(+/-2.3) (+/-1.6) (+/-1.5) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.8) (+/-2.5) (+/-3.7) (+/-2.6) (+/-2.8) (+/-5.4) (+/-5.8) (+/-5.4) (+/-4.9) (+/-5.4) (+/-4.8)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Activities that caused sweating and hard breathing for at least 20 minutes on >= 3 of the 7 days preceding the survey.
+ Such as toe touching,
& Such as push-ups, sit-ups, or weight lifting during >= 4 or the 7 days preceding the survey.
@ Ninety-five percent confidence interval.
====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Return to top. Table_25 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size.
TABLE 25. Percentage of high school students who participated in vigorous physical activity, * stretching exercises, + and
strengthening exercises, & and who were enrolled in physical education (PE) class and attended PE daily, by sex -- selected
sites, United States, Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1993
=====================================================================================================================================================
Participated in Participated in
vigorous physical Participated in strengthening
activity stretching exercises exercises Enrolled in PE Attended PE daily
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
Site Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Total
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEIGHTED DATA
State surveys
Alabama 46.6 70.1 58.3 31.0 40.1 35.5 20.1 39.8 30.0 41.6 63.1 52.4 36.6 53.5 45.0
American Samoa @ 62.4 69.2 66.1 35.0 41.4 38.5 29.1 51.9 41.5 56.0 59.6 58.0 33.7 31.2 32.4
Georgia 45.8 73.6 59.5 27.4 39.4 33.3 20.2 44.9 32.4 30.8 50.8 40.7 25.0 42.7 33.7
Hawaii 51.1 72.5 62.2 37.2 43.6 40.5 25.7 42.3 34.3 35.9 48.5 42.5 15.2 22.9 19.2
Idaho 58.4 73.4 65.5 43.6 44.9 44.2 34.5 51.2 42.5 37.6 50.6 43.7 31.1 41.9 36.1
Illinois 67.0 79.6 73.3 48.5 46.0 47.2 37.9 49.3 43.6 74.4 77.7 76.0 69.0 69.7 69.4
Louisiana ** 49.6 69.4 59.3 30.7 42.1 36.3 20.0 43.1 31.3 60.3 70.8 65.4 52.8 58.3 55.3
Massachusetts 57.3 71.4 64.5 36.9 37.9 37.4 27.7 42.7 35.3 79.3 81.0 80.2 10.6 12.7 11.7
Mississippi 46.4 66.1 56.2 24.4 30.8 27.5 19.6 36.8 28.2 13.8 29.5 21.6 11.4 24.6 17.9
Montana 60.2 74.7 67.8 43.6 44.2 43.9 34.8 48.7 42.1 50.9 56.0 53.5 34.6 41.8 38.3
Nebraska 60.7 76.1 68.6 47.6 49.8 48.8 33.6 49.5 41.7 45.0 52.1 48.6 28.2 35.9 32.1
Nevada 61.3 75.2 68.3 45.4 40.8 43.1 33.5 49.2 41.5 49.1 58.0 53.7 44.3 52.5 48.5
New Hampshire 57.5 72.3 65.0 41.0 39.1 40.1 32.6 41.4 37.1 44.4 48.5 46.5 23.7 27.6 25.7
New York ** 64.4 80.0 72.3 39.1 40.3 39.7 27.0 41.8 34.5 95.3 94.5 94.9 8.5 10.6 9.5
North Carolina 47.6 71.0 59.1 NA ++ NA NA 22.8 43.0 32.8 40.6 54.6 47.5 30.0 40.1 35.0
Ohio 49.8 73.2 61.7 38.6 44.7 41.7 28.0 48.3 38.4 41.5 43.7 42.7 36.5 37.5 37.0
South Carolina 46.9 66.1 56.5 32.1 37.8 34.9 25.1 39.9 32.6 34.2 44.8 39.7 29.5 34.6 32.0
South Dakota 54.0 73.1 63.7 36.8 38.7 37.7 27.4 44.8 36.2 27.7 38.1 33.0 19.3 26.7 22.9
Tennessee 49.3 69.8 59.7 32.6 39.3 36.0 24.6 45.0 34.9 27.0 35.1 31.1 24.9 31.2 28.1
Utah 61.3 74.0 67.6 43.6 37.8 40.7 30.2 41.8 36.2 54.4 58.6 56.6 38.2 40.7 39.5
Vermont 60.2 76.6 68.6 40.0 42.2 41.1 28.0 43.3 35.9 49.9 56.7 53.4 34.3 40.1 37.3
Virgin Islands @ 41.0 63.4 51.7 20.7 26.9 23.7 14.3 29.9 21.8 52.1 54.1 53.0 39.8 35.1 37.5
West Virginia 58.2 77.2 67.8 34.4 34.9 34.6 26.9 40.5 33.7 35.5 46.4 41.0 32.5 40.0 36.3
Wisconsin 58.3 70.0 64.3 39.0 38.5 38.7 26.2 39.8 33.2 63.9 71.4 67.7 27.9 34.0 31.0
Unweighted data
Arkansas 54.2 73.2 63.8 38.3 42.5 40.4 29.7 45.7 37.8 40.2 51.2 45.7 36.2 44.8 40.5
Delaware 50.0 73.5 61.6 30.4 32.8 31.6 23.2 38.1 30.6 39.0 49.7 44.3 32.4 39.2 35.7
Kentucky 50.5 77.8 63.5 27.2 33.8 30.4 19.3 38.2 28.3 17.6 30.8 23.9 14.0 25.2 19.3
Maine 62.4 75.9 68.8 45.7 43.4 44.5 30.4 41.1 35.6 50.8 57.6 54.1 18.0 26.0 21.8
New Jersey 53.5 71.0 61.8 43.8 45.2 44.4 32.4 46.6 39.1 89.7 88.8 89.3 58.2 62.9 60.5
New Mexico 54.5 76.0 65.6 35.6 40.9 38.4 28.8 47.2 38.4 45.2 59.8 52.7 41.8 53.7 48.0
Oregon 63.2 76.9 69.8 46.9 48.9 47.9 34.3 50.8 42.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Wyoming 61.5 73.9 68.0 46.4 48.4 47.4 35.1 51.5 43.6 50.2 60.3 55.4 43.4 49.9 46.8
LOCAL SURVEYS
Weighted data
Boston 42.6 58.3 50.2 22.8 26.8 24.8 20.4 33.0 26.3 62.5 62.7 62.7 9.7 9.8 9.8
Chicago 56.3 67.2 61.4 37.8 34.1 35.8 27.8 43.8 35.3 94.3 91.4 92.6 85.2 75.9 80.5
Dallas 47.3 63.2 54.9 29.2 35.9 32.4 23.3 39.7 31.1 33.2 45.4 39.0 28.6 35.4 31.9
Dist. of Columbia 37.5 53.4 44.8 24.4 27.1 25.7 18.3 33.2 25.0 41.6 45.1 43.2 21.9 20.5 21.3
Fort Lauderdale 46.5 74.2 60.3 30.8 36.0 33.4 22.5 41.4 32.0 28.3 46.5 37.4 22.0 35.4 28.7
Jersey City 41.3 58.1 49.6 31.5 37.2 34.3 18.5 44.4 31.3 84.2 84.8 84.4 69.2 70.8 69.8
Miami 48.3 65.5 57.0 34.5 39.5 37.0 24.1 39.4 31.8 39.4 46.0 42.8 31.1 35.8 33.5
San Diego 59.8 77.4 68.6 50.0 53.2 51.6 30.5 46.3 38.4 60.5 69.9 65.2 50.5 54.9 52.6
Seattle 58.0 70.6 64.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Unweighted data
New Orleans 41.2 63.5 50.3 27.6 33.2 29.8 21.5 37.7 28.1 56.3 59.7 57.6 51.2 51.7 51.3
New York City 57.6 80.8 68.5 36.4 45.0 40.3 25.4 47.3 35.6 82.2 83.1 82.5 52.1 56.3 54.1
Philadelphia 41.9 63.0 51.9 31.6 35.0 33.2 20.7 38.7 29.3 56.8 62.2 59.2 28.9 37.5 32.9
San Francisco 50.7 69.5 59.5 33.6 38.3 35.7 21.7 35.9 28.5 54.2 61.7 57.7 43.0 49.7 46.1
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* Activities that caused sweating and hard breathing for at least 20 minutes on >= 3 of the 7 days preceding the survey.
+ Such as toe touching, knee bending, or leg stretching during >= 4 of the 7 days preceding the survey.
& Such as push-ups, sit-ups, or weight lifting during >= 4 of the 7 days preceding the survey.
@ U.S. territories are included as states.
** Survey did not include students from the state's largest city.
++ Not available.
=====================================================================================================================================================
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APPENDIX
State and Local Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System Coordinators
Site Coordinator Affiliation
Alabama Joyce Moore, Ed.D. State Department of Education
American Samoa Jeffery Chun Department of Education
Arkansas Gary Parish, M.S.E. Department of Education
Boston, MA Nancy Strunk, M.S. Boston Public Schools
Chicago, IL Beverly Johnson Biehr, M.S. Chicago Public Schools
Dallas, TX Phyllis Simpson, Ph.D. Dallas Independent School District
Delaware Janet Arns, R.N., M.S. State Department of Public Instruction
Dist. of Columbia Johnnie Fairfax, Ph.D. District of Columbia Public Schools
Ft. Lauderdale, FL Diane Scalise, M.S. The School Board of Broward County
Georgia Rendel Stalvey, M.S. State Board of Education
Hawaii Ann Horiuchi Department of Education
Idaho Anne Williamson, M.H.E. Department of Education
Illinois Glenn Steinhausen, Ph.D. State Board of Education
Jersey City, NJ David Chioda, M.S. Jersey City Board of Education
Kentucky Holly Conner, M.A. Department of Education
Louisiana Dean Frost, M.Ed. State Department of Education
Maine Joni Foster Department of Education
Massachusetts Kevin Cranston, M.Div. Department of Education
Miami, FL Nadine Gay, M.S.W. The School Board of Dade County
Mississippi I. D. Thompson, M.A. State Department of Education
Montana Richard Chiotti Office of Public Instruction
Nebraska Joanne Owens- Nausler Ph.D. Department of Education
Nevada Robbinette Bacon Department of Education
New Hampshire Joyce Johnson, R.N., M.A. State Department of Education
New Jersey Thomas Collins, Ph.D. State Department of Education
New Mexico Kristine Meurer, M.S. State Department of Education
New Orleans, LA Sydonia Taylor, M.A. Orleans Parrish School Board
New York City, NY Ellen Shelton, M.S. New York City Board of Education
New York Naomi Marsh, M.Ed. State Education Department
North Carolina James Bennett, Ed.D. Department of Public Instruction
Ohio Joyce Brannan, Ph.D. Department of Education
Oregon Patricia Ruzicka, Ph.D. Department of Education
Philadelphia, PA Catherine Balsley, Ed.D. The School District of Philadelphia
San Diego, CA Jack Campana, M.A. San Diego Unified School District
San Francisco, CA Joyce Fetro, Ph.D. San Francisco Unified School District
Seattle, WA Pamela Hillard, M.P.A. Seattle Public Schools
South Carolina Joanne Fraser, Ed.D. State Department of Education
South Dakota Marianne Carr, M.S. Department of Education
and Cultural Affairs
Tennessee Elizabeth Word, M.A. State Department of Education
Utah Laurie Lacy, M.S. State Board of Education
Vermont Nancy Emberly, M.A.T. Department of Education
Virgin Islands Suzanna Tye, Ph.D. Department of Education
West Virginia Lenore Zedosky, R.N., M.N. Department of Education
Wisconsin Lori Weiselberg, M.P.H. Department of Public Instruction
Wyoming Michael Smith Department of Education
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