Appendix C: Tables

Table 3. Intervention Characteristics

Study	Focus	Providers	Structure	Number of Sessions	Provider Contact Time
Barnett 2003	Exercise program to improve balance, coordination, strength, reaction time, & aerobic capacity	Accredited exercise instructors trained to provide intervention	Group exercise classes	37 weekly 1-hour classes	Classes: 37 hours
Campbell 1997	Improve strength & balance w/ simple home-based exercise program	Physical therapist or nurse	One-on-one exercise training at home	½ hour exercise program 3 times a week ½ hour walking 3 times a week	4 home visits: 1-hour each
Campbell 2005	Assess & reduce home hazards & encourage changes in behavior	Occupational therapist	One-on-one	1-2 home visits	Initial home visit: 2 hours Follow-up visit: 45 minutes
Clemson 2004	Learn fall prevention techniques, improve self-efficacy, & make behavioral changes	Occupational therapist & team of trained content experts	Small group classes	7 weekly 2-hour classes 1 home visit 6 weeks after the final class 1 booster session 3 months after the final class	Classes: 14 hours Home visit: 1 to 1½ hours Booster: 1½ hours
Close 1999	Identify medical risk factors & home hazards, provide referrals & recommendations to reduce fall risk, & improve home safety	Physician & occupational therapist	One-on-one	1 medical assessment 1 home assessment	Medical assessment: 45 minutes Home assessment: 1 hour
Cumming 1999	Assess & reduce home hazards	Occupational therapist	One-on-one	1-hour home assessment & follow-up telephone call	Total about 2 hours
Study	Focus	Providers	Structure	Number of Sessions	Provider Contact Time
Davison 2005	Identify & modify each participant’s fall risk factors	Physicians, physical therapists, & occupational therapists	Hospital-based medical exam & treatment followed by physical therapy & occupational therapy in-home assessments & risk factor reduction	2 hospital sessions 2 physical therapy visits 1 occupational therapy visit w/ 1 follow-up visit	Medical assessment: 1 hour Medical intervention: 20 minutes Physical therapy assessment: 45 minutes Physical therapy intervention: 15 minutes Occupational therapy assessment: 45 minutes Follow-up visit: 20 minutes
Day 2002	Improve strength & balance, improve poor vision, & reduce home hazards	Exercise instructors accredited by State-recognized institute & trained for intervention	Group exercise classes	15 weekly 1-hour classes Vision assessment & treatment Home assessment & modification	Classes: 15 hours Vision management: NA Home modification: NA
Freiberger 2007	Improve functional skills, strength, endurance, & flexibility	Specially trained instructors with a background in sport science & experience working w/ older adults	Group classes w/ individual practice at home	1-hour class 2 times a week for 16 weeks	Classes: 32 hours
Hornbrook 1994	Reduce risk behaviors, improve physical fitness, & reduce home hazards	BA-level assessor trained for intervention, health behaviorist, & physical therapist	Group exercise classes & home visits	4 weekly 1½-hour classes (incl. 20 minutes group exercise) 2 15-minute home visits	Classes: 6 hours Home visits: ½ hour
Li 2005	Improve balance & physical performance	Experienced Tai Chi instructors who followed the classical Yang style	Group exercise classes	1-hour class 3 times a week for 26 weeks	Classes: 78 hours
Lord 2003	Increase strength, coordination, balance & gait, & improve ADLs	Trained exercise instructors certified for leading programs for older adults	Group exercise classes	1-hour class 2 times a week for 12 months (4 3-month terms)	Classes: 96 hours
Study	Focus	Providers	Structure	Number of Sessions	Provider Contact Time
McKiernan 2005	Using a traction device that fits on shoes to improve stability when walking on ice & snow	Research coordinator	Participants used the device on their own	1 introductory session	Introductory session: ½ hour
Nikolaus 2003	Assess & reduce home hazards	Home intervention team incl. 3 nurses, a physical therapist, an occupational therapist, a social worker, & a secretary	Home visits	2+ (usually 3-4) home visits, about 1½ hours each visit	Home visits: 8 hours on average
Rubenstein 2000	Increase strength & endurance, improve mobility & balance	Exercise physiology graduate students with on-the-job training or experienced physical therapist	Group exercise classes	1½-hour class 3 times a week for 12 weeks	Classes: 54 hours
Salminen 2009	Assess & address each participant’s specific fall risk factors, improve physical fitness, provide information & counseling on fall prevention, assess & modify home hazards, & provide psychological support	Geriatrician, trained public health nurse, trained nursing students, physical therapist, & various health professionals	One-on-one combined w/ group classes	1 fall risk assessment 1 counseling & information session 1 home assessment 12 1-hour health lectures 12 1-hour psychosocial group sessions 45- to 50-minute group exercise classes every 2 weeks for 26 weeks Home exercises 3 times a week for 52 weeks	Risk assessment: 45 minutes Counseling: 45 minutes Home assessment: 45 minutes Health lectures: 12 hours Psychosocial group sessions: 12 hours Exercise classes: 10-11 hours
Study	Focus	Providers	Structure	Number of Sessions	Provider Contact Time
Skelton 2005	Improve balance & strength	Postural Stability Instructors	Group exercise classes & home-based exercises	1 pre-exercise assessment 36 weekly 1-hour group exercise classes ½-hour home exercise sessions 2 times a week for 36 weeks	Pre-exercise assessment: 40 minutes Classes: 36 hours
Spice 2009	Assess fall risk factors & provide individualized interventions	Doctor, nurse, physical therapist, & occupational therapist	One-on-one assessment with follow-up interventions	1 fall risk assessment Length & number of subsequent sessions varied by type of intervention(s)	Risk assessment: 2 hours Intervention: Varied
Tinetti 1994	Identify & modify each participant’s fall risk factors	Medication adjustments coordinated w/ participant’s primary physician; exercise sessions conducted by physical therapist	Varied by type of intervention	Varied by type & number of interventions received	Varied
Voukelatos 2007	Improve balance & reduce falls	Community-based Tai Chi instructors	Group exercise classes	16 weekly 1-hour classes	Classes: 16 hours
Wagner 1994	Reduce disability &/or falls by addressing 6 specific risk factors	Specially trained nurse-educator	Home visit with follow-up behavioral intervention	1 initial interview 1 to 1½ hours Length & number of subsequent sessions varied by type of intervention(s)	Initial interview: 1 to 1½ hours Intervention: Varied
Wolf 1996	Improve strength, balance, walking speed, & physical functioning	Tai Chi master	Group classes w/ individual practice at home	25-minute group classes 2 times a week for 15 weeks 15-minute practice at home 2 times a week	Classes: 12 hours

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