New and updated CDC resources on HIV and AIDS http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ en-us cdcinfo@cdc.gov (Use for Public Inquiries) Infectious Diseases Public Health Prevention Publications Funding Announcements HIV AIDS Surveillance Research Capacity Building In the United States, the most common causes of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). HBV and HCV are common among people who are at risk for, or living with, HIV. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/hepatitis.htm Mon, 20 May 2013 10:00 EST Information now available on how CDC's FY2012 HIV prevention budget was allocated. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/funding/states12/index.html Mon, 13 May 2013 21:00 EST In the United States, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM)a are disproportionately affected by HIV. Among men who have sex with men (MSM), black/African American MSM are at highest risk of HIV. This fact sheet provides an overview of HIV among black MSM. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/risk/racialethnic/bmsm/facts/index.html Fri, 13 May 2013 21:00 EST CDC welcomes today’s announcement by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) – an independent panel of non-federal experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine -- of a grade “A” recommendation for routine HIV screening. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap/ehap/fyi/050113.html Thu, 4 Apr 2013 21:00 EST The purpose of this letter is to clarify questions and concerns raised by grantees and sub-grantees of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) about HIV testing and linkage to care. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/022513/index.htm Thu, 4 Apr 2013 21:00 EST Slides based on HIV Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity have been updated with information from the 2011 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/race-ethnicity/index.htm Thu, 4 Apr 2013 21:00 EST Slides based on HIV Surveillance in Adolescents and Young Adults have been updated with information from the 2011 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/adolescents/index.htm Thu, 28 Mar 2013 21:00 EST Slides based on HIV Surveillance in Urban and Nonurban Areas have been updated with information from the 2011 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/urban-nonurban/index.htm Tue, 26 Mar 2013 21:00 EST HIV infection affects American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in ways that are not always apparent because of their small population size. This fact sheet discusses how HIV impacts the American Indian and Alaska Native communities. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/aian.htm Wed, 20 Mar 2013 21:00 EST Today, March 20th, marks National Native HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NNHAAD), a day to recognize the impact of HIV/AIDS on Native communities. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/032013/index.htm Wed, 20 Mar 2013 21:00 EST HIV infection affects American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in ways that are not always apparent because of their small population size. This fact sheet discusses how HIV impacts the American Indian and Alaska Native communities. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/aian.htm Wed, 20 Mar 2013 13:00 EST This updated fact sheet discusses how co-infection of HIV and TB affects people diagnosed with one or both diseases. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/hivtb.htm Tue, 19 Mar 2013 13:00 EST March 10 is National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NWGHAAD), a time when organizations and communities across the United States come together to offer support, encourage discussion, and teach women and girls about the prevention of HIV, the importance of getting tested, and how to live with and manage HIV infection. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/030813/index.htm Tue, 12 Mar 2013 10:00 EST At the end of 2010, an estimated 25% of adults and adolescents aged 13 years or older living with a diagnosis of HIV in the United States were women. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/index.htm Fri, 8 Mar 2013 10:00 EST Priority health-risk behaviors are often are established during childhood and adolescence and extend into adulthood. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), established in 1991, monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youths and young adults. This updated report discusses changes that have been made to YRBSS since 2004 and provides an updated, detailed description of the features of the system. This report also includes results of new methods studies on the use of computer-based data collection and describes enhancements made to the technical assistance system that supports state, territorial, tribal, and large urban school district surveys. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6201a1.htm?s_cid=rr6201a1_e Fri, 1 Mar 2013 10:00 EST Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released its 2011 HIV Surveillance Report. This report presents data on diagnoses of HIV infection through 2011, and reported to CDC through June 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/022813/index.htm Thu, 28 Feb 2013 12:00 EST This fact sheet has been updated to reflect new data as presented in the 2011 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/us.htm Thu, 28 Feb 2013 12:30 EST The annual HIV Surveillance Report provides an overview on the current epidemiology of HIV disease in the United States and dependent areas. CDC funds state and territorial health departments to collect surveillance data on persons diagnosed with HIV infection; all personal identifiers are removed from these data before being transmitted to CDC via a secure data network. Data are analyzed by CDC and then displayed by age, race, sex, transmission category, and jurisdiction (where appropriate). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2011report/index.htm Thu, 28 Feb 2013 12:00 EST Slides based on epidemiology of HIV infection have been updated with information from the 2011 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/general/index.htm Thu, 28 Feb 2013 12:00 EST HIV testing data used in this report come from the National HIV Prevention Program Monitoring and Evaluation System. Test level NHM E data from 52 of 59 health departments were taken from the 2010 HIV Testing Report which shows where testing events were conducted health care or non-health care settings. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/reports/pdf/PEBUpdate_HIVTesting_BudgetAllocationData_1_29_2013.pdf Wed, 27 Feb 2013 12:30 EST This surveillance supplemental report complements the 2010 HIV Surveillance Report by presenting additional data on persons aged 50 years and older. In this report, the term older refers to adults aged 50 years and older. This report is intended to guide public health strategies that focus on preventing the spread of HIV among older adults in the United States and U.S. dependent areas as well as to assist with planning for HIV treatment and care needs http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol18no3/index.htm"> Mon, 18 Feb 2013 15:30 EST These guidelines generally represent the state of knowledge regarding the use of ARV agents. However, because the science of HIV evolves rapidly, the availability of new agents and new clinical data may change therapeutic options and preferences. Key changes were made to the update the March 28, 2012 version of the guidelines. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/1/adult-and-adolescent-arv-guidelines/0/a Wed, 13 Feb 2013 15:30 EST The purpose of this report is to examine HIV testing trends from 2000 to 2011 in the United States in order to consider the impact of CDC's Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings and other factors that may influence HIV testing. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/reports/pdf/Testing%20Trends_cleared_01282013.pdf Mon, 11 Feb 2013 15:30 EST Improving HIV Surveillance Among American Indians And Alaska Natives in the United States and Effective HIV Surveillance Among Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders were recently added to the HIV prevention strategy section of the site. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/nhas/index.htm Mon, 11 Feb 2013 15:00 EST African Americans have the most severe burden of HIV of all racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Compared with other races and ethnicities, African Americans account for a higher proportion of HIV infections at all stages of disease—from new infections to deaths. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/index.htm Mon, 05 Feb 2013 12:00 EST Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention released two new resources to support non-clinical HIV testing programs. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/013113/index.htm Thu, 31 Jan 2013 17:00 EST From 2000 to 2010, HIV disease death rates decreased approximately 70% for both black and white men aged 25–44 years. Rates decreased by 53% for black men aged 45–54 years and 34% for white men aged 45–54 years. Throughout the period, HIV disease death rates for black men were at least six times the rates for white men. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6203a7.htm?s_cid=mm6203a7_e Thu, 31 Jan 2013 14:00 EST Slides on HIV incidence based on the 2010 HIV Surveillance Report have been updated. http://wwwdev.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/mortality/index.htm Tue, 28 Jan 2013 11:00 EST Historically, people living with HIV and AIDS have had a difficult time obtaining private health insurance and have been particularly vulnerable to insurance industry abuses. Consistent with the goals of the President’s National HIV/AIDS Strategy, the Affordable Care Act makes considerable strides in addressing these concerns and advancing equality for people living with HIV and AIDS. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/affordablecare.html Mon, 28 Jan 2013 11:00 EST This fact sheet discusses HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy. Since the mid-1990s, HIV testing and preventive interventions have resulted in more than a 90% decline in the number of children perinatally infected with HIV in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/perinatal/index.htm Mon, 28 Jan 2013 2:00 EST This surveillance supplemental report (part B) complements the 2010 HIV Surveillance Report and part A of the surveillance supplemental report by presenting the results of additional focused analyses to measure progress toward achieving selected objectives of the NHAS and the DHAP Strategic Plan. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol18no2/index.htm Tue, 22 Jan 2013 11:00 EST As a concept and a strategy, treating HIV-infected persons to improve their health and to reduce the risk of onward transmission—also known as treatment as prevention—refers to the personal and public health benefits of using ART to continuously suppress HIV viral load in the blood and genital fluids, which decreases the risk of transmitting the virus to others. This Issue Brief discusses treatment as prevention and also put the practice into perspective. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/treatment/resources/factsheets/tap.htm Fri, 11 Jan 2013 11:00 EST This surveillance supplemental report complements the 2010 HIV Surveillance Report by presenting data on diagnoses of HIV infection during 2010 and persons living with a diagnosis of HIV infection at year-end 2009 (HIV prevalence) for adults and adolescents (aged 13 years and older) residing in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs; population of 500,000 or more) in the United States and Puerto Rico. Consistent with CDC’s approach of High-Impact HIV Prevention, HIV programs may use this information to target populations and areas at greatest need for HIV prevention and treatment services. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol18no1/index.htm Thu, 10 Jan 2013 11:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced a 5-year funding opportunity, PS13-1302, for health departments in states and territories to collect and report HIV case surveillance data to the National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) in May of 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS13-1302/index.htm Wed, 9 Jan 2013 11:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announces the availability of fiscal year 2013 funds for a cooperative agreement program for community-based organizations (CBOs) to develop and implement HIV Prevention Programs in the following two categories: Category A: HIV Prevention Programs for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and Category B: HIV Prevention Programs for the United States Virgin Islands. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS13-1310/index.htm Tue, 8 Jan 2013 11:00 EST Today the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released estimates of HIV incidence among adults and adolescents in the United States for the years 2007-2010. These estimates, published in the online HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report, show that while the epidemic has been relatively stable overall at 50,000, per year, there are noteworthy findings among some hard-hit populations. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/121912/index.htm Wed, 19 Dec 2012 16:00 EST CDC estimates that 1,148,200 persons aged 13 years and older are living with HIV infection, including 207,600 (18.1%) who are unaware of their infection. Over the past decade, the number of people living with HIV has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable. Still, the pace of new infections continues at far too high a level—particularly among certain groups. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/us.htm Wed, 19 Dec 2012 13:00 EST As an integrated component of the NHSS, HIV incidence surveillance incorporates into routine case surveillance the collection of data on HIV testing and antiretroviral use history and results from the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS) in the states and cities that conduct HIV incidence surveillance. These data are used to generate annual estimates of the number of new HIV infections, including those diagnosed (new HIV infections in the period of interest among persons who had an HIV test during the period and became aware of their infection) and undiagnosed (new HIV infections in the period of interest among persons who were not yet aware of their infection). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol17no4/index.htm Wed, 19 Dec 2012 11:00 EST This report discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections attributed to male-to-male sexual contact which comprised 64% of the estimated new HIV infections in the United States in 2009. Assessing the geographic distribution of HIV infection by transmission category can help public health programs target prevention resources to men who have sex with men (MSM) in areas where HIV infection from male-to-male sexual contact is most frequent. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6147a3.htm?s_cid=mm6147a3_e Thu, 29 Nov 2012 14:00 EST Today is National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (NLAAD). This year’s theme is Hispanics United to End AIDS. This observance is coordinated by the Latino Commission on AIDS in partnership with public health, faith, and community organizations to draw the nation’s attention to the impact of HIV on Hispanic/Latino populations. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/112712/index.htm Thu, 29 Nov 2012 14:00 EST This report discusses HIV infection in youth. In 2009, 6.7% of the estimated 1.1 million persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States were youths (defined in this report as persons aged 13–24 years); more than half of youths with HIV (59.5%) were unaware of their infection. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm61e1127a1.htm?s_cid=mm61e1127a1_e Thu, 29 Nov 2012 10:00 EST This report is the HIV Prevention Funding Allocations at CDC-Funded State and Local Health Departments, 2010. The report contains data for funding allocations to HIV testing in the United States, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/reports/pdf/PEB_2010_Funding_Allocation.pdf Wed, 13 Nov 2012 10:00 EST This report summarizes current (as of 2011) public health recommendations and guidelines from multiple agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) for science-based public health strategies for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and tuberculosis (TB) (referred to collectively as infectious diseases) among persons who use drugs illicitly and their contacts (sex and drug-using partners) in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6105a1.htm?s_cid=rr6105a1_e Thu, 8 Nov 2012 10:00 EST This report presents the baseline estimates of the percentage of persons tested for HIV in the United States among adults, adolescents, and pregnant women by select characteristics from several data sources containing HIV testing information. In addition, an HIV surveillance baseline is included to help monitor the effects of the implementation of the CDC’s Revised Recommendations. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/reports/pdf/AHITS_Baseline_Report.pdf Wed, 31 Oct 2012 10:00 EST The Care and Prevention in the United States (CAPUS) Demonstration Project is a 3-year cross-agency demonstration project led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The purpose of the project is to reduce HIV and AIDS-related morbidity and mortality among racial and ethnic minorities living in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1210/resources/factsheet/index.htm Fri, 26 Oct 2012 10:00 EST Today is National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (NLAAD). This year’s theme is Hispanics United to End AIDS. This observance is coordinated by the Latino Commission on AIDS in partnership with public health, faith, and community organizations to draw the nation’s attention to the impact of HIV on Hispanic/Latino populations. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/101512/index.htm Mon, 15 Oct 2012 15:45 EST In the United States, Hispanics or Latinos are disproportionately affected by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2010, new diagnoses of HIV infection among Hispanics or Latinos occurred at an annual rate that was 2.8 times that of non-Hispanic whites (20.4 versus 7.3 per 100,000 persons). To further assess HIV infection among Hispanics or Latinos in the United States, CDC analyzed the geographic distribution of new diagnoses in 2010 in 46 states and Puerto Rico and the characteristics of those diagnosed http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6140a2.htm?s_cid=mm6140a2_e%0d%0a Fri, 12 Oct 2012 12:10 EST CDC-funded HIV testing services are monitored with data reported by grantees in through Annual Progress Reports (APRs) and at the individual test level through the National HIV Prevention Program Monitoring and Evaluation (NHME) system. These NHME data, which represent a subset of all HIV testing data reported in the APRs, are submitted to CDC in a standardized format. This report includes data from all health departments for five program announcements, but primarily focuses on NHME test-level data. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/reports.htm Tue, 2 Oct 2012 12:10 EST Slides on HIV surveillance in urban and nonurban areas based on the 2010 HIV Surveillance Report have been updated. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/urban-nonurban/index.htm Fri, 21 Sep 2012 12:10 EST New FAQs have been added to the Secretary’s Minority AIDS Initiative Funding for Care and Prevention in the United States (CAPUS) Demonstration Project FOA. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1210/resources/faqs/index.htm Fri, 21 Sep 2012 11:10 EST Slides on Maps based on the 2010 HIV Surveillance Report have been updated. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/2010report/index.htm Tue, 4 Sep 2012 12:10 EST The mission of this fellowship program is to recruit, mentor, and train investigators to conduct domestic HIV/AIDS prevention research in communities of color. The fellows will be located in various branches in the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, headquartered in Atlanta, GA. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/aboutdhap/orise/ Wed, 29 Aug 2012 15:30 EST Since January 2011, data from studies of PrEP among heterosexual men and women have become available, and on July 16, 2012, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a label indication for reduction of risk for sexual acquisition of HIV infection among adults, including both heterosexuals and MSM. This interim guidance includes consideration of the new information and addresses pregnancy and safety issues for heterosexually active adults at very high risk for sexual HIV acquisition that were not discussed in the previous interim guidance for the use of PrEP in MSM. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6131a2.htm?s_cid=mm6131a2_w Thu, 8 Aug 2012 11:30 EST The CDC has released new interim guidance on PrEP. Physicians considering the use of anti-HIV medication to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV through heterosexual sex should ensure that patients are confirmed to be uninfected prior to use and provided regular testing and other key prevention services. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/index.htm Thu, 8 Aug 2012 11:30 EST This fact discusses how inmates in jails and prisons across the United States (US) are disproportionately affected by multiple health problems, including HIV, other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), tuberculosis (TB), and viral hepatitis. Each year, an estimated 1 in 7 persons living with HIV pass through a correctional facility. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/correctional/ Fri, 27 Jul 2012 10:30 EST In the United States, the HIV and AIDS epidemic is not evenly distributed across states and regions. Generally, HIV and AIDS are concentrated in urban areas, so states reporting higher rates of persons living with a diagnosis of HIV infection or AIDS usually contain major metropolitan areas where their epidemics are focused. However, some generalities about the epidemic can be understood by considering regional aspects. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/geographic.htm Fri, 27 Jul 2012 10:30 EST The pediatric HIV surveillance slide set has been with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/pediatric/index.htm Thu, 26 Jul 2012 10:05 EST Slides on HIV surveillance in injection drug users, have been updated with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/idu/resources/slides/index.htm Mon, 23 Jul 2012 10:00 EST This new site focuses on the how legal policies are facilitators or barriers to effective HIV prevention. CDC has focused on the public health implications of state statutes and regulations across key HIV prevention topic areas, such as HIV testing, Medicaid reimbursement for routine HIV screening, laboratory reporting and viral load data for HIV surveillance purposes, and criminalization of potential HIV exposure. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/law/index.htm Tue, 20 Jul 2012 12:45 EST The HIV Planning Guidance, formerly known as the HIV Prevention Community Planning Guidance is now available. The guidance supports this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) 12-1201. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1201/index.htm Tue, 20 Jul 2012 11:05 EST Updated Prep Information: FDA Approval of Drug for HIV Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/index.htm Mon, 16 Jul 2012 17:35 EST Slides on AIDS surveillance trends from 1985-2010, have been updated with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/trends/index.htm Mon, 16 Jul 2012 13:05 EST This is another in a series of occasional MMWR reports titled CDC Grand Rounds. These reports are based on grand rounds presentations at CDC on high-profile issues in public health science, practice, and policy. TB and HIV act synergistically within a population to cause excess morbidity and mortality. PWHA are more likely to develop TB disease because of their immunodeficiency; HIV infection is the most powerful risk factor for progressing from TB infection to disease. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6126a3.htm?s_cid=mm6126a3_e Thu, 5 Jul 2012 15:05 EST As a requirement of the PS12-1201 Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA), health department grantees must complete and submit a Jurisdictional HIV Prevention Plan and a Comprehensive Program Plan. These plans cover the project period from January 1, 2012 – December 31, 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1201/required_plans.htm Thu, 5 Jul 2012 13:05 EST To assess previous HIV testing patterns among adults and adolescents newly diagnosed with HIV infection, CDC analyzed data for the period 2006–2009 from 18 jurisdictions participating in HIV incidence surveillance through CDC's National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS). This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that among adults and adolescents for whom testing history information (THI) was available, 41% were diagnosed with HIV infection at their first HIV test, and 59% had a negative test at some point before HIV diagnosis. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6124a2.htm?s_cid=mm6124a2_e Thu, 21 Jun 2012 13:05 EST This surveillance supplemental report (part A) complements the 2010 HIV Surveillance Report by presenting the results of focused analyses to measure progress toward achieving selected objectives of NHAS and the DHAP Strategic Plan. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol17no3/index.htm Thu, 21 Jun 2012 11:35 EST Slides on HIV infection surveillance in adolescents and young adults, have been updated with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/adolescents/index.htm Fri, 13 Jun 2012 16:35 EST PS13-1302, is a 5-year funding opportunity for health departments in states and territories to collect and report HIV case surveillance data to the National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS13-1302/index.htm Fri, 1 Jun 2012 12:25 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announces the availability of Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 funds for a cooperative agreement program to enhance HIV mobilization among organizations serving gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1211/index.htm Thu, 25 May 2012 12:25 EST Slides on HIV infection surveillance in men who have sex with men, have been updated with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/msm/index.htm Thu, 24 May 2012 13:25 EST This fact sheet provides an overview of HIV among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/index.htm Wed, 23 May 2012 4:00 EST From 2008 through 2011, CDC convened several workgroups to consider revision of various aspects of the HIV surveillance case definition. This document summarises the February 2012 meeting. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/reports/pdf/HIV_Case_Def_Consult_Summary.pdf Thu, 4 May 2012 2:25 EST The Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) recently released its inaugural annual report, Accelerating Progress, Investing for Impact. This report provides an overview of some of the HIV prevention activities conducted and supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during late 2010 to the end of 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/pdf/DHAP_AnnualReport.pdf Thu, 4 May 2012 7:25 EST This new page covers the activities of the Behavioral and Clinical Surveillance Branch. This branch implements scientifically rigorous HIV research studies and surveillance systems that meet critical local, state, and national HIV prevention needs for characterizing persons who are at risk for HIV infection or who have recently acquired HIV or have HIV-related morbidities. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/bcsb/index.htm Thu, 3 May 2012 10:50 EST The Expanded Testing Initiative aimed to increase the reach of HIV testing to disproportionately affected populations. PS07-768 Expanded and Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Testing for Populations Disproportionately Affected by HIV, Primarily African Americans (October 2007 through September 2010), focused on the expansion of HIV testing to African Americans. This fact sheet highlights the key findings. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/pdf/expanded_HIV_testing_and_african_americans.pdf Thu, 10 Apr 2012 9:50 EST Slides on HIV infection surveillance in women have been updated with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/women/index.htm Thu, 9 Apr 2012 9:50 EST In the United States, 46% of high school students have had sexual intercourse and potentially are at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and pregnancy. The National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States recommends educating young persons about HIV before they begin engaging in behaviors that place them at risk for HIV infection. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6113a2.htm?s_cid=mm6113a2_e%0d%0a Thu, 5 Apr 2012 12:00 EST Understanding patient and provider perspectives is an integral component of evaluating clinical programs to improve clinical services. The purpose of this evaluation toolkit is to offer a package of evaluation materials that can be used to determine the effect that expanded HIV screening activities has on patient attitudes toward and accepting HIV testing. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/reports/pdf/CDC_Evaluation_Toolkit_Routine_HIV_Screening.pdf Mon, 2 Apr 2012 12:00 EST The slide set covering HIV Mortality has been updated through 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/mortality/index.htm Mon, 30 Mar 2012 12:00 EST Slides on HIV infection surveillance by race/ethnicity have been updated with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/race-ethnicity/index.htm Tue, 27 Mar 2012 12:00 EST Slides based on epidemiology of HIV infection have been updated with information from the 2010 HIV surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/general/index.htm Tue, 20 Mar 2012 12:00 EST Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released its HIV Surveillance Report, 2010, Vol. 22. This report presents data for diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS through December 31, 2010 and reported to CDC through June 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/031412/index.htm Wed, 14 Mar 2012 12:00 EST CDC’s 2010 HIV Surveillance Report includes estimated numbers and rates of diagnoses of HIV infection based on data from 51 areas (46 states and 5 U.S. dependent areas) that have had confidential, name-based HIV infection reporting since at least January 2007, with reporting to CDC since at least June 2007. The 46 states represent approximately 92% of cumulative AIDS diagnoses in the 50 states and the District of Columbia through 2010. New states included in this year’s report are California, Delaware, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington (state). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/index.htm Wed, 14 Mar 2012 12:00 EST One in every 139 women will be diagnosed with HIV infection at some point in her lifetime. To call the nation’s attention to the impact of HIV and AIDS on women and girls, tomorrow, March 10, is National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NWGHAAD). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/030912/index.htm Mon, 05 Mar 2012 12:00 EST Category C funds are provided to health departments to develop Demonstration Projects to Implement and Evaluate Innovative, High-Impact HIV Prevention Interventions and Strategies. These funds were awarded to jurisdictions already implementing and evaluating existing or promising HIV prevention practices that support achievement of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) goals. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1201/index.htm Mon, 05 Mar 2012 12:00 EST Despite a recent reduction in the number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections attributed to injecting drug use in the United States, 9% of new U.S. HIV infections in 2009 occurred among injecting drug users (IDUs). To monitor HIV-associated behaviors and HIV prevalence among IDUs, CDC's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS) conducts interviews and HIV testing in selected metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). This report summarizes data from 10,073 IDUs interviewed and tested in 20 MSAs in 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6108a1.htm?s_cid=mm6108a1_e Fri, 01 Mar 2012 17:00 EST Injection Drug Users (IDUs) in the United States (U.S.) are at increased risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite a recent reduction in the number of HIV infections attributed to injecting drug use in the U.S., IDUs remain a substantial proportion of those becoming infected with HIV. In 2009, 12% of new HIV infections in the U.S. occurred among IDUs. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/030112/index.htm Fri, 01 Mar 2012 17:00 EST African Americans face the most severe burden of HIV of all racial/ethnic groups in the United States (US). Despite representing only 14% of the US population in 2009, African Americans accounted for 44% of all new HIV infections in that year. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/spanish/afroamericanos/ Thu, 28 Feb 2012 12:00 EST HIV incidence surveillance (HIS) provides the most representative picture of HIV trends and the impact of HIV on the public’s health and related prevention efforts. Data from HIS are critical to assessing the goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and the Division of HIV/AIDS HIV Prevention’s Strategic Plan. On September 27–28, 2011 CDC hosted a consultation to consider options for HIS and estimation in the United States. Participants were experts with a variety of perspectives including state and local HIS staff, statisticians, researchers, care providers, laboratorians, and representatives from relevant national and international organizations. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/pdf/cahivis.pdf Thu, 23 Feb 2012 18:00 EST CDC remains committed to reducing the devastating impact of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Through prevention programs, research and evaluation efforts, surveillance activities, and policy development, CDC is working to ensure resources are used effectively in the fight against the epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/state-awards/index.htm Fri, 17 Feb 2012 18:00 EST The HIV epidemic is a serious public health issue in the Latino1 community. In 2009, Latinos accounted for 20% (9,400) of new HIV infections while representing approximately 16% of the total US population. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/spanish/latinos/index.htm Thu, 16 Feb 2012 12:00 EST Reporting viral load and CD4 counts is a critical first step in calculating community viral load. In August 2011, CDC released Guidance on Community Viral Load: Measures, Definitions, and Methods for Calculation to describe the concept of community viral load and provide definitions of and methods for calculating community viral load and related measures. The Guidance proposes common language for viral load (VL) measurements, which include four measures of viral load for an HIV-infected population. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/viral_load.htm Mon, 07 Feb 2012 10:00 EST Today is National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NBHAAD). The theme for this observance day, “I Am My Brother/Sister’s Keeper: Fight HIV/AIDS!” holds much significance as we reflect on opportunities to bring an end to the spread of HIV in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/020712/index.htm Mon, 07 Feb 2012 10:00 EST After multiple discussions and considerations, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has elected to postpone the next HPLS until 2013. HPLS is an important meeting for HIV prevention in the United States. We appreciate your leadership and support for HPLS and your ongoing commitment to ending the HIV epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/020612/index.htm Mon, 06 Feb 2012 10:00 EST This is a brief summary of a consultation sponsored by DHAP in collaboration with the Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA), HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB), sponsored a Consultation on Monitoring and Use of Laboratory Data Reported to HIV Surveillance, March 9-10, 2011, in Atlanta, Georgia. The purpose of the consultation was to explore science, program, and ethical considerations for collection and use of laboratory indicators in HIV surveillance for public health action and monitoring. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/pdf/Using_HIV_Laboratory_Data.pdf Wed, 25 Jan 2012 12:00 EST Recent surveillance data show that young persons in the United States are markedly affected by HIV. The 2009 HIV Surveillance Report, published by the Cen¬ters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), revealed that the estimated number and estimated rate of annual diagnoses of HIV infection remained stable from 2006 through 2009 in the 40 states with mature confidential name-based HIV infection reporting. However, during this period, the estimated rates of diagnoses of HIV infection among persons aged 15– 19 years increased 25%, and that among persons aged 20–24 years increased 31%. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2009supp_vol17no2/index.htm Tue, 24 Jan 2012 9:00 EST CDC is now into its third year of the Act Against AIDS (AAA) campaign, and we want to take this opportunity to share with you some of the highlights of the first 2 years and the many exciting activities that are underway. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/011312/index.htm Tue, 13 Jan 2012 9:00 EST The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009 (formerly the Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act) was first enacted into law in 1990, and amended in 1996, 2000, 2006, and 2009. In FY2010, HRSA, for the fourth year in a row, used total counts of living cases of HIV and living cases of AIDS in the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Program Parts A and B (formerly Titles I and II) allocation formulae. Prior to FY2007, only AIDS cases, adjusted by a survival rate (estimated living AIDS cases), were used in the formulae. Beginning in FY2007, persons living with HIV (non-AIDS) as well as persons living with AIDS, as reported to and confirmed by the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are used to calculate funding allocation amounts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2009supp_vol17no1/index.htm Tue, 10 Jan 2012 7:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP) released its Atlas, a new tool that will allow users to create maps, charts, and tables using HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB surveillance data. http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/atlas/ Mon, 6 Jan 2012 14:00 EST The purpose of this report is to provide a summary of HIV CT data that can be used to facilitate program monitoring and evaluation at the local, state, and national levels. For example, HIV CT data are routinely analyzed and used to describe HIV testing patterns and changes over time. The report presents CDC-supported HIV CT data from 59 health departments, but primarily focuses on 43 health departments that sent test-level data for all four quarters of 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/reports/pdf/2005_HIV_CT_Report.pdf Mon, 6 Jan 2012 13:00 EST February 7, 2012 is National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NBHAAD). NBHAAD is a national community mobilization initiative designed to encourage HIV prevention, testing and treatment among Blacks and African Americans in the United States. This year’s theme is “I am My Brother’s/Sister’s Keeper: Fight HIV/AIDS. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/010612/index.htm Wed, 4 Jan 2012 3:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has begun awarding a total of nearly $339 million to state and local health departments for HIV prevention. The awards are part of CDC’s new high-impact approach for HIV prevention, and will match resources with the geographic regions most impacted by HIV. Funds were awarded to health departments in all 50 states, eight cities with heavy HIV burden, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, and the six Pacific Island jurisdictions. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1201/index.htm Wed, 4 Jan 2012 3:00 EST The CDC Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention is pleased to provide a basic guide to the cost-effectiveness analysis of HIV/AIDS prevention interventions. The purpose is to make this literature more accessible to researchers and to help prevention program staff and planners become more familiar with potential uses of economic evaluation. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/preventionprograms/ce/index.htm Fri, 30 Dec 2011 12:00 EST This fact sheet has been updated with information from the 2009 surveillance report as well as the 2011 incidence report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/spanish/latinos/index.htm Wed, 21 Dec 2011 17:00 EST This report provides a summary of HIV CT data and is intended to be used by HIV program managers and policy makers, HIV CT service providers, evaluators, researchers, and others at the local, state, and national levels who are interested in the public health implications of HIV prevention program data. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/reports/pdf/hiv_Testing_Report_2006_2007.pdf Wed, 14 Dec 2011 17:00 EST Publication of this document is a milestone in bringing together under one set of guidelines the security and confidentiality of all of our focus diseases. This guidance replaces any disease-specific security and confidentiality guidelines published previously. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/guidelines/security_confidentiality_hiv.htm Tue, 13 Dec 2011 8:33 EST Too many young people in the United States (US) are at risk for HIV infection. This risk is especially notable for young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM), especially young African American or Latino MSM, and all youth of minority races and ethnicities. Continual HIV prevention outreach and education efforts, including programs on abstinence, delaying the initiation of sex, and negotiating safer sex, are required as new generations replace the generations that benefited from earlier prevention strategies. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/youth/index.htm Mon, 05 Dec 2011 8:33 EST e-HAP FYI—one of a series of new communication products that expands the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention’s (DHAP) ability to reach you with timely, targeted information critical to our collective prevention efforts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/112911/index.htm Tues, 28 Nov 2011 2:33 EST Persons with HIV infection are disproportionately affected by viral hepatitis; about one-third of HIV-infected persons are coinfected with hepatitis B or hepatitis C, which can cause long-term (chronic) illness and death. Viral hepatitis progresses faster among persons with HIV infection, and persons who are infected with both viruses experience greater liver-related health problems than those who do not have HIV infection. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/factsheets/hepatitis.htm Tues, 22 Nov 2011 11:33 EST e-HAP FYI—one of a series of new communication products that expands the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention’s (DHAP) ability to reach you with timely, targeted information critical to our collective prevention efforts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/111611/index.htm Wed, 16 Nov 2011 11:33 EST This fact sheet has been updated with information from the 2009 surveillance report as well as the 2011 incidence report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/PDF/aa.pdf Tue, 8 Nov 2011 14:32 EST This fact sheet has been updated with information from the 2009 surveillance report as well as the 2011 incidence report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/pdf/latino.pdf Tue, 8 Nov 2011 14:30 EST This fact sheet provides an overview of HIV in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/us.htm Mon, 7 Nov 2011 10:30 EST MSM in the United States continue to engage in sexual and drug-use behaviors that increase the risk for HIV infection. Although many MSM had been tested for HIV infection, many had not received hepatitis vaccinations or syphilis testing, and only a small proportion had recently participated in a behavioral intervention. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6014a1.htm?s_cid=ss6014a1_e Thu, 27 Oct 2011 13:00 EST e-HAP FYI—one of a series of new communication products that expands the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention’s (DHAP) ability to reach you with timely, targeted information critical to our collective prevention efforts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/102011/index.htm Thu, 20 Oct 2011 13:00 EST The directory provides the most current information about each CBA provider and the services that are available. The directory also offers similar information about the services offered by each Prevention Training Center within the National Network of STD/HIV Prevention Training Centers (NNPTC). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/cba/directory.htm Mon, 17 Oct 2011 12:00 EST Tomorrow, October 15 is National Latino HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NLAAD). This year’s theme is Latinos Unite! Let's Stay Healthy! Get Tested for HIV! This observance, which is coordinated by Latino Commission on AIDS, in partnership with public health, faith and community organizations, provides an opportunity to draw the nation’s attention to the impact of the HIV epidemic on Latino populations. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/101411/ Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) awards about $300 million to 59 health departments (50 state health departments, 6 directly funded city health departments, and health departments in Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Washington, D.C.) each year under Program Announcement (PA) 04012 (HIV Prevention Projects for State and Local Health Departments) to deliver comprehensive HIV prevention programs/activities to prevent HIV transmission and acquisition in populations most heavily affected by the epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/reports/pdf/2008-2009_funding_allocations_report.pdf Thu, 13 Oct 2011 8:00 EST As of December 31, 2008, an estimated 663,084 persons were living with a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the 40 U.S. states that have had confidential name-based HIV infection reporting since at least January 2006. Although HIV surveillance programs in the United States collect information about persons who have received a diagnosis of HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), supplemental surveillance projects are needed to collect information about care-seeking behaviors, health-care use, and other behaviors among persons living with HIV. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6011a1.htm?s_cid=ss6011a1_e Thu, 1 Sep 2011 12:30 EST In the United States, prevention has already averted more than 350,000 HIV infections. Now, we have the potential to go much further. The nation’s HIV prevention efforts are guided by a single, ambitious strategy for combating the epidemic: the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS). Recent scientific breakthroughs have equipped us with an unprecedented number of effective tools to prevent infection. And in many of the communities hardest hit by HIV, there is growing leadership and momentum for change. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/dhap/pdf/nhas_booklet.pdf Mon, 22 Aug 2011 12:30 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1,178,350 Americans are living with HIV; of those, approximately 240,000 are unaware of their HIV-positive status. Increasing the number of persons who are aware of their status is a critical strategy for preventing HIV infections. As of 2008, over half a million African Americans are estimated to be infected with HIV, with 21.4% undiagnosed. To increase awareness of HIV status, CDC established the Expanded Testing Initiative (ETI), under which three programs have been launched. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/HIV-ETP.htm Mon, 22 Aug 2011 12:00 EST According to 2009 HIV surveillance data, women represented 24% of all diagnoses of HIV infection among United States (US) adults and adolescents in 40 states with long-established, confidential name-based reporting. In 2008, an estimated 25% of adults and adolescents living with HIV infection were female http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/index.htm Fri, 19 Aug 2011 16:00 EST The programs in REP are tested, science-based behavioral interventions with demonstrated evidence of effectiveness in reducing risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex, or in encouraging safer ones, such as using condoms and other methods of practicing safer sex. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/prev_prog/rep/index.htm Thu, 18 Aug 2011 10:00 EST Transgender communities in the United States (US) are among the groups at highest risk for HIV infection. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/transgender/index.htm Fri, 12 Aug 2011 16:00 EST In the United States, approximately one in three new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are transmitted via heterosexual contact (1). To monitor HIV risk behaviors and HIV prevalence among heterosexuals and other populations, CDC surveys persons in selected metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), using the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS). This report summarizes data collected from heterosexuals in 24 MSAs with a high prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that participated in NHBS during 2006--2007. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6031a1.htm?s_cid=mm6031a1_e Thu, 11 Aug 2011 14:00 EST The HIV in the United States 2006-2009 slide set has been updated with information from the latest HIV incidence report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/incidence/index.htm Thu, 11 Aug 2011 8:00 EST DHAP's Strategic Plan 2011-2015 (the Plan) is DHAP’s blueprint for achieving its vision of a future free of HIV. The Plan reflects the Division’s response to new opportunities and imperatives for HIV prevention created by critical shifts in the national, state, and local economic and policy environments, including the July 2010 release of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States (NHAS). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/ Fri, 12 Aug 2011 12:00 EST Maps Based on Data from 2009 HIV Surveillance Report have been updated with information from the 2009 surveillance report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/2009report_tables/index.htm Mon, 8 Aug 2011 9:00 EST HIV incidence is the measure of new HIV infections in a given period. In recent years, CDC has used new technology and methodology to more directly measure the number of new HIV infections in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/incidence.htm Wed, 3 Aug 2011 12:00 EST Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is essential for improving the health of people living with HIV and reducing new HIV infections. HIV testing improves the health of people living with HIV by identifying undiagnosed HIV infection and linking persons with HIV to medical care, treatment, and prevention services. HIV testing also significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission among those who learn they are living with HIV. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/reports/pdf/hiv_Testing_Report_2008_2009.pdf Fri, 29 Jul 2011 9:00 EST Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is categorized into two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Worldwide, most HIV infections are HIV-1, whereas HIV-2 largely has been confined to persons in or from West Africa. HIV-1 and HIV-2 have the same routes of transmission, and both can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); however, HIV-2 infections should be differentiated from HIV-1 infections because they are less likely to cause AIDS and their clinical management differs. CDC's current surveillance case definition for HIV infection applies to both variants of HIV but lacks criteria for differentiating between HIV-1 and HIV-2. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6029a3.htm?s_cid=mm6029a3_e Thu, 28 Jul 2011 15:00 EST The Evolution of HIV Testing: Then, Now and Beyond: This lecture highlights the pivotal role of testing in HIV prevention and treatment. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/30thAnniversary/index.htm Fri, 26 Jul 2011 9:00 EST The AIDS Surveillance - Trends slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/trends/index.htm Fri, 22 Jul 2011 8:00 EST The HIV Surveillance in Adolescents and Young Adults slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/adolescents/index.htm Fri, 22 Jul 2011 8:00 EST In the United States, an estimated 3.2 million persons are living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV transmission occurs primarily through percutaneous exposure to blood, and persons who inject drugs are at greatest risk for infection. The role of sexual transmission of HCV has not been well defined. However, reports over the past decade, mainly from Europe, have implicated sexual transmission of HCV among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--infected men who have sex with men (MSM). http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6028a2.htm?s_cid=mm6028a2_e Thu, 21 Jul 2011 14:00 EST The Pediatric HIV/AIDS Surveillance slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/pediatric/index.htm Wed, 20 Jul 2011 11:00 EST A new CDC study called the TDF2 study, along with a separate trial released today, provide the first evidence that a daily oral dose of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection can reduce HIV acquisition among uninfected individuals exposed to the virus through heterosexual sex. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/index.htm Thu, 14 Jul 2011 14:00 EST In 2002, CDC developed the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) System to help state and local health departments in areas with high AIDS prevalence monitor selected behaviors and assess the use of prevention programs and services in 3 groups at high risk of HIV infection: MSM, IDUs, and heterosexuals. This report summarizes data gathered from May 2005 through February 2006, the first data collec¬tion cycle among IDUs. The report provides descriptive data that serve as a baseline for monitoring trends in risk behaviors and that aid in identifying opportunities to prevent HIV among IDUs. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/pdf/hiv_surveillance_special_report_7.pdf Tue, 12 Jul 2011 8:00 EST The HIV Surveillance in Urban and Nonurban Areas slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/urban-nonurban/index.htm Fri, 8 Jul 2011 14:00 EST The Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning (ECHPP) Project is a 3-year demonstration project funded by CDC's Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) for the 12 municipalities with the highest number of people living with AIDS in the United States. As part of the response to the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS), the ECHPP project supports the 12 Cities Project which is directed by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/index.htm Fri, 1 Jul 2011 14:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has announced a 5-year HIV prevention funding opportunity for health departments in states, territories, and select cities. Providing funding to health departments has long been a central component of CDC’s HIV prevention strategy, and is CDC’s single largest investment in HIV prevention. CDC’s new funding opportunity represents a new direction in HIV prevention, and is designed to achieve a higher level of impact with every federal HIV prevention dollar. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS12-1201/index.htm Thu, 30 Jun 2011 13:00 EST The HIV Surveillance in Injection Drug Users slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/idu/resources/slides/index.htm Mon, 27 Jun 2011 17:00 EST Since 2006, CDC has recommended routine, opt-out human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening for patients in health-care settings with a prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection of ≥0.1%. Before September 2007, the Washington State Department of Corrections (WADOC) only provided HIV testing to inmates on request. In September 2007, WADOC began routine HIV opt-in screening in which inmates were notified that HIV screening would be performed during the prison intake medical evaluation if they consented. In March 2010, WADOC switched to a routine opt-out HIV screening model in which inmates are notified that HIV screening will be performed unless they decline. To assess the proportion of inmates screened and the number of infections diagnosed during the use of the three HIV testing policies, WADOC reviewed HIV testing data for male inmates undergoing intake medical evaluation during January 2006--December 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a3.htm?s_cid=mm6024a3_e Thu, 24 Jun 2011 10:00 EST Approximately 20% of the estimated 1.2 million persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States at the end of 2008 were not aware of their infection. Testing, diagnosis, medical care, treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and access to prevention services soon after HIV infection can prevent morbidity and mortality and reduce a person's risk for transmitting HIV. In 2006, CDC recommended screening patients aged 13--64 years for HIV infection in health-care settings that have a prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection of ≥0.1%. In October 2007, CDC initiated the Expanded HIV Testing Initiative (ETI), through which it funded 25 health departments to facilitate HIV screening and increase diagnoses of HIV infections and linkage to care among populations disproportionately affected by HIV, especially non-Hispanic blacks. This report describes the results of that effort. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6024a2.htm?s_cid=mm6024a2_e Thu, 24 Jun 2011 10:00 EST The articles in this supplement present a diversity of methods for monitoring and evaluating HIV counseling, testing, and referral (CTR) and HIV testing services, as well as for using data to improve the planning and implementation of these services. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/evaluation/pdf/AEAP2011.pdf Thu, 23 Jun 2011 13:00 EST TB is particularly dangerous for people with HIV infection. People who have both HIV infection and LTBI are 20 to 30 times as likely to develop active TB disease as those who do not have HIV infection. Worldwide, TB is the leading cause of death among persons with HIV infection and almost one in four deaths among people with HIV infection is due to TB. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/hivtb.htm Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:00 EST HIV Surveillance in Men who have Sex with Men slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/msm/index.htm Mon, 6 Jun 2011 15:00 EST Sexual minority youths are youths who identify themselves as gay or lesbian, bisexual, or unsure of their sexual identity or youths who have only had sexual contact with persons of the same sex or with both sexes. Population-based data on the health-risk behaviors practiced by sexual minority youths are needed at the state and local levels to most effectively monitor and ensure the effectiveness of public health interventions designed to address the needs of this population. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss60e0606a1.htm?s_cid=ss60e0606a1_e Mon, 6 Jun 2011 14:00 EST In the United States, CDC estimates that 1,178,350 persons were living with HIV at the end of 2008, with 594,496 having died from AIDS since 1981. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6021a1.htm Thu, 2 Jun 2011 14:00 EST Within 1 year of the initial report in 1981 of a deadly new disease that occurred predominantly in previously healthy persons and was manifested by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma, the disease had a name: acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Within 2 years, the causative agent had been identified: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6021a2.htm Thu, 2 Jun 2011 14:00 EST Although men who have sex with men (MSM) comprise an estimated 2% of the overall U.S. population aged ≥13 years, 59% of persons with diagnoses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States in 2009 were MSM, including MSM who inject drugs. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6021a3.htm Thu, 2 Jun 2011 14:00 EST HIV Surveillance in women slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/women/index.htm Fri, 20 May 2011 14:00 EST This week the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released findings from a large-scale clinical study which concluded that men and women with HIV reduced their risk of transmitting the virus to their heterosexual partners by 96% when taking oral antiretroviral therapy (ART). The study also found that treatment earlier in the course of HIV reduced the incidence of HIV-associated diseases, especially tuberculosis. These results represent the strongest evidence to date that early HIV treatment dramatically reduces the chance that an HIV positive individual will transmit the virus to a sexual partner. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/05132011/discordant.htm Fri, 13 May 2011 14:00 EST In February 1994, the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group Protocol 076 demonstrated that zidovudine (ZDV) could reduce the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission from 25% to 8% [1]. As a result, a United States Public Health Service (USPHS) task force issued recommendations in August 1994 for the use of ZDV to reduce perinatal HIV transmission. These guidelines were updated in July 2008 and include treatment options for HIV-infected pregnant women and for infants born to HIV-infected women. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol16no2/index.htm Tue, 3 May 2011 10:00 EST HIV Surveillance in by Race/Ethnicity slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/race-ethnicity/index.htm Tue, 28 Apr 2011 08:43:00 EST HIV Surveillance in Epidemiology of HIV Infection slide set has been updated with information from the 2009 HIV Surveillance Report. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/general/index.htm Thu, 22 Apr 2011 08:22:00 EST Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with HIV infection is critical for treatment success and HIV prevention. As we continue our efforts to optimize health outcomes for individuals living with HIV, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)—with support from adherence experts as well as scientists at the Health Resources and Services Administration, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse —is pleased to announce that we have identified eight evidence-based interventions focusing on medication adherence that improve medication adherence behaviors and viral suppression. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/04062011/medadh.htm Wed, 20 Apr 2011 5:00:00 EST Today, FHI announced that it will stop the FEM-PrEP study of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among heterosexual women. The decision was made after a regularly scheduled interim review of data by the trial’s independent data monitoring committee determined that the trial could not demonstrate efficacy even if it continued to its originally-planned conclusion. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/femprep.htm Mon, 18 Apr 2011 08:00:00 EST Community health centers (CHCs) are important facilities which implement routine HIV testing consistent with the 2006 recommendations issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). These CHCs serve as the primary care medical home and family physician for over 16 million people, in 6,000 sites, located in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/guideline.htm Thu, 14 Apr 2011 14:00:00 EST The first cases of AIDS were reported in the June 5th, 1981, issue of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). Since that time people with HIV, researchers, clinicians, allied health professionals, non-profit organizations, the government, activists and many others have created a shared history as we have worked to overcome hurdles and celebrated advances in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/30thAnniversary/index.htm Wed, 06 Apr 2011 14:00:00 EST Reported CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Results for Adults and Adolescents with HIV Infection—37 States, 2005–2007 Once considered an acute illness characterized by progressive immune system deterioration, HIV infection is now considered a treatable chronic condition. Since the mid-1990s, when highly active antiretroviral therapy became widely available, HIV-infected persons have been able to live longer and more productive lives. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol16no1/index.htm Wed, 06 Apr 2011 11:00:00 EST This year, CDC will commemorate 30 years of fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. To highlight our collective progress and examine existing challenges, CDC is launching an online community that will serve as an information and communication portal. Here, we invite you to share your voice to remind us of the accomplishments, inspire one another with stories of perseverance and success, and position ourselves and our work for the road ahead. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/040611/index.htm Wed, 06 Apr 2011 08:00:00 EST Over the years, the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed various surveillance systems for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating data on HIV infection and AIDS. Through these surveillance systems, DHAP monitors many facets of the evolving HIV epidemic in the United States. This fact sheet contains information on the six surveillance systems—all part of CDC’s national HIV surveillance system—that DHAP currently uses. The data from these systems inform and guide the critical decisions that ensure HIV prevention funds are directed to those populations most affected by the disease. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/surveillance.htm Fri, 31 Mar 2011 14:00:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collects, analyzes, and disseminates surveillance data on HIV infection and AIDS; these data are the nation’s source of timely information on the HIV epidemic. HIV surveillance data are used by CDC’s public health partners in other federal agencies, health departments, nonprofit organizations, and academic institutions to help target prevention efforts, plan for services, and develop policy. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/surveillance-table.htm Fri, 31 Mar 2011 14:00:00 EST e-HAP FYI—one of a series of new communication products that expands the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention’s (DHAP) ability to reach you with timely, targeted information critical to our collective prevention efforts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/032511/ Wed, 30 Mar 2011 17:00:00 EST New Funding Opportunity Announcement: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention Projects for Young Men of Color Who Have Sex with Men and Young Transgender Persons of Color The purpose of the program is to support the development and implementation of effective community-based HIV Prevention Programs that serve Young Men of Color Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM of color) and Young Transgender (YTG) persons of color and their partners at high risk for acquiring or transmitting HIV; to increase the number of YMSM of color and YTG persons of color who are aware of their HIV status and linked to care, treatment, and prevention services; to build the capacity of CDC-funded CBOs delivering selected structural interventions, behavioral interventions, outreach or Enhanced HIV Testing with Personalized Cognitive Counseling to YMSM of color and/or YTG persons of color and their partners at high risk for acquiring or transmitting HIV; to ensure provision of HIV prevention and care services; and to promote collaboration and coordination of HIV prevention efforts among CBOs, health departments, and private agencies. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS11-1113/index.htm Tue, 22 Mar 2011 5:00:00 EST In spite of these successes, TB still remains a serious threat, especially for those infected with HIV. HIV is the single most powerful risk factor for TB disease and one of the leading causes of death among people infected with HIV. Among the 1.7 million lives that TB claimed in 2009, 380,000 were among people with HIV infection. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/032111/index.htm Mon, 21 Mar 2011 5:00:00 EST This report presents national estimates of several measures of sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual identity among males and females 15-44 years of age in the United States, based on the 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). These data are relevant to demographic and public health concerns, including fertility and sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers and adults. Data from the 2006-2008 NSFG are compared with data from the 2002 NSFG and other national surveys. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr036.pdf Mon, 21 Mar 2011 3:27:00 EST Routine screening of organ donors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has made transmission of HIV through organ transplantation rare in the United States. However, despite routine screening, transmission of HIV can be an uncommon complication of organ transplantation and is a public health concern. In 2010, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH) was notified of a potential transplant-related HIV infection. This report summarizes the results of the subsequent public health investigation, which confirmed HIV transmission through transplantation of an organ from a living donor. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6010a1.htm?s_cid=mm6010a1_e Fri, 18 Mar 2011 8:10:00 EST Through December 2001, there were 57 documented cases of occupational HIV transmission to health care workers in the United States, and only one reported case has been confirmed since 2001. Occupational transmission of HIV is reported in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV Surveillance Report1 in the transmission category that includes hemophilia, blood transfusion, perinatal exposure, and risk factor not reported or not identified. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/spanish/resources/factsheets/hcwprev.htm Tue, 15 Mar 2011 10:00:00 EST CDC remains committed to reducing the devastating impact of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Through prevention programs, research and evaluation efforts, surveillance activities, and policy development, CDC is working to ensure resources are used effectively in the fight against the epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/state-awards/index.htm Fri, 11 Mar 2011 15:00:00 EST Premastication (i.e., chewing foods or medicines before feeding to a child) was reported recently as a route of human immunodeficiency (HIV) transmission through blood in saliva and has been associated with transmission of other pathogens. Approximately 14% of caregivers in the United States report premastication; however, the frequency of this behavior among HIV-infected caregivers is unknown. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6009a2.htm?s_cid=mm6009a2_e Wed, 2 Mar 2011 15:00:00 EST The slide set covering HIV Mortality has been updated through 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/mortality/index.htm Wed, 2 Mar 2011 15:00:00 EST The Basic Statistics page has been updated with information from the CDC HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/basic.htm Mon, 28 Feb 2011 17:00:00 EST Through December 2001, there were 57 documented cases of occupational HIV transmission to health care workers in the United States, and only one reported case has been confirmed since 2001. Occupational transmission of HIV is reported in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV Surveillance Report1 in the transmission category that includes hemophilia, blood transfusion, perinatal exposure, and risk factor not reported or not identified. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/hcwprev.htm Mon, 28 Feb 2011 11:00:00 EST In November 2010, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced the results of the iPrEx trial, a large research study examining whether a pill containing drugs used to treat HIV can also help prevent HIV infection — an approach called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/ Fri, 25 Feb 2011 13:00:00 EST New tools to prevent HIV are urgently needed to stem the estimated 2.6 million new HIV infections that occur worldwide each year. Recent research has shown that a new approach called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, can reduce the risk of contracting HIV in gay and bisexual men at high risk of infection, when combined with existing prevention measures. Ongoing studies are evaluating this approach in other populations at risk for HIV, including heterosexuals and injection drug users. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/ Fri, 25 Feb 2011 13:00:00 EST This report summarizes information about HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and 5 U.S. dependent areas (this report, formerly known as the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, has been renamed the HIV Surveillance Report). http://www.cdc.gov//hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2009report/index.htm Fri, 25 Feb 2011 12:00:00 EST CDC has identified HIV prevention as a winnable battle. With additional effort and support for evidence-based, cost-effective strategies that we can implement now, we will have a significant impact on our nation's health. http://www.cdc.gov/winnablebattles/HIV/index.html Fri, 18 Feb 2011 14:00:00 EST During 2001--2006, new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses among black men aged 13--24 years who have sex with men (MSM) in 33 states increased by 93%. The Wisconsin Division of Public Health (WDPH) recently reported to CDC a 144% increase during 2000--2008 in HIV diagnoses among black MSM aged 15--29 years in Milwaukee County. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6004a3.htm?s_cid=mm6004a3_e%0d%0a Thu, 3 Feb 2011 14:00:00 EST Blacks/African Americans have been affected disproportionately by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection since early in the epidemic. Despite representing a smaller proportion (13.6%) of the U.S. population, blacks/African Americans accounted for half of the HIV diagnoses in adolescents and adults in 37 states during 2005—2008. Data from the National HIV Surveillance System were used to estimate numbers, percentages, and rates of HIV diagnoses in blacks/African Americans during 2005--2008. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6004a2.htm?s_cid=mm6004a2_e Thu, 3 Feb 2011 14:00:00 EST Interim Guidance: Preexposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Men Who Have Sex with Men An estimated 56,000 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur each year in the United States (1). Men who have sex with men (MSM) account for 53% of the estimated incident infections, and surveillance data suggest that the annual number of new HIV infections among MSM has been rising since the mid-1990s. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6003a1.htm?s_cid=mm6003a1_w Thu, 27 Jan 2011 13:00:00 EST Among MSM, African American/Black MSM is the subgroup most disproportionately affected. Among African American/Black MSM, more new HIV infections (52%) occurred in young Black MSM (aged 13–29 years) than any other racial or ethnic age group of MSM in 2006. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/resources/other/AAMSMhighlights.htm Wed, 26 Jan 2011 5:00:00 EST Many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth and those who are questioning their sexual orientation are happy and thrive during their adolescent years. Going to a school that has created a safe and supportive learning environment for all students and having caring and accepting parents are especially important. http://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/youth.htm Wed, 26 Jan 2011 14:00:00 EST e-HAP FYI—one of a series of new communication products that expands the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention’s (DHAP) ability to reach you with timely, targeted information critical to our collective prevention efforts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/011911 Tue, 19 Jan 2011 4:00:00 EST The slide set covering HIV Surveillance in Adolescents and Young Adults has been updated through 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/trends/index.htm Tue, 18 Jan 2011 5:00:00 EST Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM)1 represent approximately 2% of the US population, yet are the population most severely affected by HIV and are the only risk group in which new HIV infections have been increasing steadily since the early 1990s. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5912a1.htm?s_cid=rr5912a1_e Fri, 17 Dec 2010 12:00:00 EST The term sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is used to refer to a variety of clinical syndromes caused by pathogens that can be acquired and transmitted through sexual activity. Physicians and other health-care providers play a critical role in preventing and treating STDs. These guidelines for the treatment of STDs are intended to assist with that effort. Although these guidelines emphasize treatment, prevention strategies and diagnostic recommendations also are discussed. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5912a1.htm?s_cid=rr5912a1_e Thu, 16 Dec 2010 14:00:00 EST The HIV epidemic is a serious threat to the Hispanic/Latino community. While Hispanics/ Latinos1 represented approximately 15% of the United States (US) population, the rate of new HIV infections among Latinos was 2.5 times that of whites in 2006. During that same year, Latinos accounted for 17% of new HIV infections in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/spanish/hispanics/index.htm Fri, 10 Dec 2010 12:00:00 EST The slide set covering HIV Surveillance in Urban and Nonurban Areas has been updated through 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/urban-nonurban/index.htm Wed, 8 Dec 2010 17:00:00 EST The slide set covering HIV Surveillance in Adolescents and Young Adults has been updated through 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/adolescents/index.htm Thu, 2 Dec 2010 17:00:00 EST On December 1, CDC and its partners commemorate World AIDS Day to raise awareness of the impact of HIV/AIDS and recognize the success and progress of HIV programs made to date. We also commit ourselves to continue our battle against HIV. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/120110/index.htm Wed, 1 Dec 2010 11:00:00 EST The HIV epidemic is a serious threat to the Hispanic/Latino community. While Hispanics/ Latinos1 represented approximately 15% of the United States (US) population, the rate of new HIV infections among Latinos was 2.5 times that of whites in 2006. During that same year, Latinos accounted for 17% of new HIV infections in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/hispanics/index.htm Wed, 1 Dec 2010 11:00:00 EST CDC used 2001--2009 data from the National Health Interview Survey to estimate percentages of persons aged 18--64 years who reported ever being tested for HIV in the United States. Data from the National HIV Surveillance System were used to estimate numbers, percentages, and rates of HIV diagnoses, AIDS diagnoses, and late diagnoses of HIV infection (defined as an AIDS diagnosis made ≤12 months from an initial HIV diagnosis) for persons diagnosed with HIV infection during 2001--2008 and reported to CDC through June 2009; these were used to determine populations and regions most affected by HIV and AIDS, late diagnoses, and trends in late diagnoses over time. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm59e1130a1.htm?s_cid=mm59e1130a1_e%0d%0a Tue, 30 Nov 2010 15:00:00 EST Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) incidence increased from 125 cases per 100,000 population in 1990 to 142 cases per 100,000 population in 2004, primarily because of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Persons with HIV are at increased risk for TB disease, and those with TB have a high risk for death. This is documented most clearly in resource-limited settings, where limited access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and other health-care services contribute to the elevated mortality. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5946a2.htm?s_cid=mm5946a2_e%0d%0a Wed, 24 Nov 2010 15:00:00 EST Today, the National Institutes of Health announced the results of the international iPrEx clinical trial, co-sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, that examined whether a pill containing two drugs used to treat HIV can also help prevent HIV infection – an approach called pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv Tue, 23 Nov 2010 9:00:00 EST Persons who inject drugs should use a new, sterile needle and syringe for each injection. Syringe exchange programs (SEPs) provide free sterile syringes and collect used syringes from injection-drug users (IDUs) to reduce transmission of bloodborne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5945a4.htm?s_cid=mm5945a4_e Thu, 19 Nov 2010 14:00:00 EST The slide set covering HIV surveillance in Injection Drug Users (IDU) has been updated through 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/idu/resources/slides/index.htm Mon, 8 Nov 2010 16:00:00 EST Maps based on the HIV Infection and AIDS Surveillance Report have been updated through 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/2008report_tables/index.htm Tue, 2 Nov 2010 16:00:00 EST Welcome to e-HAP FYI—one of a series of communication products that expands the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention’s (DHAP) ability to reach you with timely, targeted information critical to our collective prevention efforts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/102010/index.htm Tue, 26 Oct 2010 15:00:00 EST CDC recently published an NCHHSTP White Paper on Social Determinants of Health called Establishing a Holistic Framework to Reduce Inequities in HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STDs, and Tuberculosis in the United States . This white paper outlines the strategic vision of CDC’s National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention for reducing health disparities and promoting health equity related to our conditions of interest. The purpose of the white paper is to advance a holistic approach to the design of our public health programs to advance the health of communities and increase their opportunities for healthy living. http://www.cdc.gov/socialdeterminants/ Fri, 22 Oct 2010 10:00:00 EST Structural-level condom distribution interventions or programs (CD programs) are efficacious in increasing condom use, increasing condom acquisition or condom carrying, promoting delayed sexual initiation or abstinence among youth, and reducing incident STIs. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/condom_distribution.htm Thu, 21 Oct 2010 17:00:00 EST HIV Surveillance in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) slide set through 2008 http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/msm/index.htm Thu, 21 Oct 2010 15:00:00 EST Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through transfusion of contaminated blood components was documented in the United States in 1982. Since then, the risk for transfusion-transmitted HIV infection has been almost eliminated by the use of questionnaires to exclude donors at higher risk for HIV infection and the use of highly sensitive laboratory screening tests to identify infected blood donations. The risk for acquiring HIV infection through blood transfusion today is estimated conservatively to be one in 1.5 million, based on 2007—2008 data. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5941a3.htm?s_cid=mm5941a3_e Thu, 21 Oct 2010 15:00:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) proudly announces that it is offering two-year post-doctoral research fellowships- -the 2011-2013 DHAP/ORISE Post-Doctoral Research Fellowships for HIV Prevention in Communities of Color. The mission of this fellowship program is to recruit, mentor, and train investigators to conduct domestic HIV and AIDS prevention research in communities of color. The fellows will be located in various branches in the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), headquartered in Atlanta, GA. Applications will be accepted from November 1, 2010 until December 31, 2010. The fellowships will begin August 1, 2011 and end July 31, 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/aboutdhap/orise/index.htm Mon, 18 Oct 2010 17:00:00 EST The purpose of this program is to create a National Network of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Prevention Training Centers (NNPTC). The Prevention Training Centers (PTCs) will provide high-quality curriculum development, training and training assistance for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) for health care professionals and prevention specialists across the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS11-1103/index.htm Mon, 18 Oct 2010 15:00:00 EST Updated Slide Set: HIV Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity. HIV Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity slide set through 2008 http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/race-ethnicity/index.htm Thu, 14 Oct 2010 17:00:00 EST Updated Slide Set: HIV Surveillance in Women. HIV Surveillance in Women slide set through 2008 http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/women/index.htm Thu, 14 Oct 2010 17:00:00 EST In 2008, the annual rate of diagnosis with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States for Latinos (25.0 per 100,000 population) was approximately three times that for whites (8.2) (1). To calculate the estimated lifetime risk (ELR) and age-conditional risk for diagnosis of HIV infection among Latinos in 37 states and Puerto Rico, CDC analyzed HIV surveillance data, vital statistics data on general and HIV-specific mortality, and U.S. census data from 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5940a2.htm?s_cid=mm5940a2_w Thu, 14 Oct 2010 12:00:00 EST The eighth annual National Latino AIDS Awareness Day comes at a time of renewed national commitment and optimism regarding HIV prevention, due to President Obama's recently-announced National HIV/AIDS Strategy, which focuses our nation's efforts in the fight against HIV. http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/NLAADStatement.html Thu, 14 Oct 2010 12:00:00 EST Annual hospitalizations estimated from hospital discharges during 1997--2007 with any-listed HIV/AIDS diagnoses. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5938a6.htm?s_cid=mm5938a6_e%0d%0a Fri, 1 Oct 2010 14:00:00 EST HIV Surveillance in Epidemiology of HIV Infection slide set through 2008 http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/general/ Mon, 27 Sep 2010 14:00:00 EST September 27, 2010 is National Gay Men’s HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (NGMHAAD)—a day to not only bring attention to and promote understanding of the disproportionate burden of HIV among gay and bisexual men, but also to recommit ourselves to the fight to end this devastating epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/direct/092410/ Fri, 24 Sep 2010 13:00:00 EST Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2006, 57% of new HIV infections in the United States occurred among MSM (1). To estimate and monitor risk behaviors, CDC's National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system (NHBS) collects data from metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using an anonymous cross-sectional interview of men at venues where MSM congregate, such as bars, clubs, and social organizations. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5937a2.htm?s_cid=mm5937a2_w Thu, 23 Sep 2010 12:00:00 EST Approximately one in five (19 percent) men who have sex with men (MSM) in a study of 21 major U.S. cities is infected with HIV, and nearly half (44 percent) of those men are unaware of their infection, according to a new analysis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/Newsroom/ngmHAAD2010PressRelease.html Thu, 23 Sep 2010 12:00:00 EST Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM)1 represent approximately 2% of the US population, yet are the population most severely affected by HIV and are the only risk group in which new HIV infections have been increasing steadily since the early 1990s. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/index.htm Thu, 23 Sep 2010 12:00:00 EST Gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent an incredibly diverse community. Gay and bisexual men have both shared and unique experiences and circumstances that affect their physical health and mental health needs as well as their ability to receive high-quality health services. http://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/ Thu, 23 Sep 2010 12:00:00 EST The African American topic page, and the HIV among African Americans factsheet has been updated with current surveillance information. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/index.htm Mon, 13 Sep 2010 10:00:00 EST HIV Surveillance Report Supplemental: HIV/AIDS Data through December 2007. In FY2009, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), for the third year in a row, used total counts of living cases of HIV and living cases of AIDS in the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Program Parts A and B (formerly Titles I and II) allocation formulae. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2009supp_vol15no1/index.htm Thu, 2 Sep 2010 13:00:00 EST The first issue of e-HAP Pubs, our bi-monthly list of new publication from the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) authors and collaborators. This is one item in our series of new communication products to keep you informed about important research and activities related to HIV prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/pubs/082010/index.htm Tue, 17 Aug 2010 16:00:00 EST According to UNAIDS, the United States (U.S.) has a concentrated HIV epidemic, primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM and injection drug users) (IDUs). While the HIV epidemic has not had a broad impact on the general U.S. population, it has greatly affected the economically disadvantaged in many urban areas. We sought to characterize the HIV epidemic in impoverished urban areas of the U.S. and determine whether the epidemic in these areas meets the UNAIDS definition of a generalized epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/other/poverty.htm Mon, 09 Aug 2010 15:00:00 EST The U.S. HIV epidemic has claimed more than 575,000 lives, and 56,300 Americans were newly infected with HIV in 2006. HIV prevention efforts to date have helped hundreds of thousands of people avoid infection, but have not reached enough of those currently at risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV with highly effective interventions to turn the course of the epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/us-epi-future-courses.htm Mon, 09 Aug 2010 15:00:00 EST Welcome to e-HAP FYI—one of a series of new communication products that expands the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention’s (DHAP) ability to reach you with timely, targeted information critical to our collective prevention efforts. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/082010/index.htm Mon, 09 Aug 2010 15:00:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that it has awarded $42 million to 133 community-based organizations (CBOs) to help implement HIV prevention efforts among populations at greatest risk. Please visit the CDC HIV funding page for more information. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/ps10-1003/ Tue, 03 Aug 2010 9:00:00 EST This report information about how its resources are being spent is available to our partners and the public. Attached is the information regarding the awards to states. These are the cooperative agreements for FY 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/state-awards/ Tue, 03 Aug 2010 9:00:00 EST This podcast provides an overview of CDC's HIV prevention capacity building efforts with community-based organizations and health departments. Created: 7/29/2010 by National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Date Released: 7/29/2010. Series Name: CDC Featured Podcasts http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/cba/index.htm Fri, 30 Jul 2010 13:00:00 EST The Basic Statistics page has recently been updated with information from the 2008 HIV Surveillance Report: Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/basic.htm Wed, 28 Jul 2010 10:00:00 EST The CAPRISA microbicide trial results are an exciting step forward for HIV prevention. While these findings may need to be confirmed by other research to meet requirements for licensure by FDA and other regulatory bodies throughout the world, they suggest that we could soon have a new method to help reduce the heavy toll of HIV among women around the world. http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/CAPRISAMediaStatement.html Mon, 19 Jul 2010 15:00:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention today released a first-of-its-kind analysis showing that 2.1 percent of heterosexuals living in high-poverty urban areas in the United States are infected with HIV. This analysis suggests that many low-income cities across the United States now have generalized HIV epidemics as defined by the United Nations Joint Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/povertyandhivpressrelease.html Mon, 19 Jul 2010 15:00:00 EST Today (Tuesday, July 13), the White House will debut the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS). At 2:00 p.m. (Eastern), you are invited to watch the live-streaming of the White House briefing on the Strategy and Implementation Plan. The United States Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Secretary Sebelius will take part in that event, as will Melody Barnes, Domestic Policy Adviser and the Director of the Domestic Policy Council and Jeff Crowley Director of the Office of National AIDS Policy and Senior Advisor on Disability Policy at the White House. http://aids.gov/federal-resources/policies/national-hiv-aids-strategy/ Tue, 13 Jul 2010 14:00:00 EST CDC estimates that more than one million people are living with HIV in the United States. One in five (21%) of those people living with HIV is unaware of their infection. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/us.htm Fri, 09 Jul 2010 12:00:00 EST On July 7, HHS released guidance for programs interested in implementing, with FY2010 appropriated dollars, syringe services programs (SSPs) for injection drug users (IDUs) as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program. The term SSP is inclusive of syringe access, disposal, and needle exchange programs, as well as referral and linkage to HIV prevention services, substance abuse treatment, and medical and mental health care. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/guidelines/syringe.htm Fri, 08 Jul 2010 10:00:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) is launching a series of five targeted HIV/AIDS communication products for partners. The first products will be published this month and will continue to roll out throughout the summer. These will replace and enhance existing communication tools, such as DHAP News, and will be distributed under the name e-HAP, which stands for electronic HIV/AIDS prevention information system. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/ehap/resources/fyi/fyi070710.pdf Wed, 07 Jul 2010 22:00:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) works with other federal agencies, state and local health departments, national organizations, community-based organizations, the private sector, and advocates to reduce the spread of HIV in the U.S http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/cdcprev.htm Wed, 07 Jul 2010 12:00:00 EST The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among incarcerated persons in the United States (1.5%) is approximately four times greater than the prevalence among persons in community settings (0.4%). In 2006, CDC recommended HIV testing in correctional facilities and elsewhere as part of routine medical evaluation. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5924a3.htm?s_cid=mm5924a3_e%0d%0a Thu, 24 Jun 2010 16:00:00 EST In the District of Columbia (DC), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) case rate is nearly 10 times the U.S. rate and higher than comparable U.S. cities, such as Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Detroit, and Chicago. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5924a2.htm?s_cid=mm5924a2_e%0d%0a Thu, 24 Jun 2010 16:00:00 EST This report presents interview data collected during the 2005 pilot cycle of the MMP. Data were collected from January 2006 through August 2007. A total of 13 project areas were funded to conduct data collection activities for this pilot cycle. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/pdf/MMP_2005_Report_6.pdf Mon, 21 Jun 2010 11:00:00 EST This report summarizes information about HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and 5 U.S. dependent areas (this report, formerly known as the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, has been renamed the HIV Surveillance Report). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2008report/index.htm Mon, 14 Jun 2010 11:00:00 EST Summary of changes made to the HIV Surveillance Report including terminology, data display and formatting. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/factsheets/summary_changes.htm Mon, 14 Jun 2010 11:00:00 EST MMWR report on The Youth Risk Behavioral Surveillance System monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5905a1.htm?s_cid=ss5905a1_e Thu, 3 Jun 2010 16:00:00 EST CDC remains committed to reducing the devastating impact of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Through prevention programs, research and evaluation efforts, surveillance activities, and policy development, CDC is working to ensure resources are used effectively in the fight against the epidemic. The funding information on these pages reflects cooperative agreements for domestic HIV prevention. Please visit this page frequently as new budget information becomes available. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/state-awards/index.htm Wed, 12 May 2010 10:00:00 EST Questions and Answers on the Use of HIV Medications to Help Prevent the Transmission of Effective ART that suppresses viral load to undetectable levels may be a promising tool to help slow the spread of HIV in populations. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/treatment/resources/qa/art.htm Thu, 15 Apr 2010 16:00:00 EST Questions and Answers on HIV and AIDS Basic Information and HIV Transmission were recently updated. All of the Questions and Answers on HIV and AIDS can be accessed from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/index.htm. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/index.htm Tue, 14 Apr 2010 16:00:00 EST Last fall, the Office of National AIDS Policy (ONAP) asked Americans to give their input for the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, which will be released in the coming months. These recommendations are only a subset of the input that was received; many more recommendations for the National HIV/AIDS Strategy are detailed in the community discussions report. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/04/08/onap-releases-report-community-recommendations-national-hivaids-strategy Mon, 13 Apr 2010 15:00:00 EST Yvonne Green, RN, CNM, MSN, the director of CDC’s Office of Women’s Health, has a message for clinicians who care for pregnant women: A quick test can detect HIV. If HIV is caught early, you have the ability to give hope and impact a pregnant woman and the lifelong health of her infant. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/perinatal/1test2lives/resources/other/green.htm Mon, 5 Apr 2010 15:00:00 EST Basic information about HIV and AIDS, including information on the virus, its origins, symptoms, and testing. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/basic/index.htm Mon, 5 Apr 2010 15:00:00 EST The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announces the availability of fiscal year 2010 funds for a cooperative agreement program for health departments to increase HIV testing opportunities for populations disproportionately affected by HIV. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/funding/PS10-10138/index.htm Thu, 1 Apr 2010 15:00:00 EST A data analysis released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention underscores the disproportionate impact of HIV and syphilis among gay and bisexual men in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/msm/resources/research/msm.htm Thu, 1 Apr 2010 15:00:00 EST A data analysis released today by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention underscores the disproportionate impact of HIV and syphilis among gay and bisexual men in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/Newsroom/msmpressrelease.html Wed, 10 Mar 2010 17:00:00 EST A compilation of the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention’s (CDC’s) resources on male circumcision for HIV prevention in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/research/index.htm#biomedical Mon, 8 Mar 2010 15:00:00 EST This strategic plan represents a collaborative effort by staff in the NCHHSTP Office of the Director (OD), the Center’s divisions and branches, and other key partners within and outside CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/docs/10_NCHHSTP%20strategic%20plan%20Book_semi%20final508.pdf Mon, 1 Mar 2010 11:00:00 EST Since the early 1990s, the annual number of diagnoses of perinatally acquired AIDS and HIV infection has declined by approximately 90% in the United States as a result of routine HIV screening of pregnant women and the availability of effective interventions to prevent transmission. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5904a2.htm?s_cid=mm5904a2_e Thu, 4 Feb 2010 16:00:00 EST